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High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of the lunar surface are crucial for lunar exploration missions and scientific research. The emergence of advanced technologies, such as Shape-from-Shading (SfS), has enabled the generation of pixel-wise high-resolution DEMs from monocular images of the lunar surface. However, SfS encounters significant challenges in locations with limited illumination, such as the lunar south pole, where the surface is largely covered by shadows. Therefore, this paper presents a novel shadow-constrained SfS approach for pixel-wise 3D surface reconstruction at the lunar south pole. The proposed approach uses multiple high-resolution images captured under different illumination conditions and an existing low-resolution DEM as the inputs and generates a high-resolution DEM with the same resolution as that of the input image through hierarchical SfS processing incorporating shadow constraints. Experiments were conducted using actual images collected by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) at the lunar south pole. Comparisons with respect to photogrammetric DEMs generated from stereo NAC images show that the DEMs generated using the proposed approach exhibit the smallest root mean square error (RMSE). Moreover, shaded relief images rendered from the DEMs generated using the proposed approach demonstrate the highest similarity to the actual NAC images. Detailed profile comparisons further validate the effectiveness of the shadow constraint in optimizing 3D reconstruction in regions in proximity to shadows and within shadowed regions. The proposed shadow-constrained SfS approach can be used to generate high-resolution DEMs to support future missions to explore the lunar south pole, with applications including landing site evaluation and route planning for lunar probes or astronauts.

Light availability and distribution play an important role in every ecosystem as these affect a variety of ecosystem processes and functions. To estimate light availability and distribution, light simulations can be used. Many previous models were based on highly simplified tree models and geometrical assumptions about tree form, or were sophisticated and computationally demanding models based on 3D data which had to be acquired in every season to be simulated. The aim of this study was to model the shadow cast by individual trees at high spatial and temporal resolution without the need for repeated data collection during multiple seasons. For our approach, we captured trees under leaf-off conditions using terrestrial laser scanning and simulated leaf-on conditions for individual trees over the remainder of the year. The model was validated against light measurements ( n = 20,436 ) collected using 60 quantum sensors underneath an apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) on a sunny and cloudless summer day. On this day, the leaves and the shadow were simulated with a high spatial (1 cm) and temporal resolution (1 min). The simulated values were highly correlated with the measured radiation at r = 0.84 . Additionally, we simulated the radiation for a whole year for the sample apple tree (tree height: 6.6 m, crown width: 7.6 m) with a resolution of 10 cm and a temporal resolution of 10 min. Below the tree, an area of 49.55 m² is exposed to a radiation reduction of at least 10%, 17.74 m² to at least 20% and only 0.12 m² to at least 30%. The model could be further improved by incorporating branch growth, curved leaf surfaces, and gravity to take the weight of the foliage into account. The presented approach offers a high potential for modelling the light availability in the surroundings of trees with an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shadows, as all other objects that surround us, are incorporated into the body and extend the body mediating perceptual information. The current study investigates the hypothesis according to which the perception of object shadows would predict the perception of body shadows. 38 participants (19 males and 19 females) aged 23 years on average were immersed into a virtual reality environment and instructed to perceive and indicate the coincidence or non coincidence between the movement of a ball shadow with regard to ball movement on the one hand, and between their body shadow and their body position in space on the other. Their brain activity was recording via a 32-channel EEG system, in which beta (13.5-30 Hz) oscillations were analyzed. A series of Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) revealed that the beta dynamic oscillations patterns of the bilateral occipito-parieto-frontal pathway associated with the perception of ball shadow appeared to be a significant predictor of the increase in beta oscillations across frontal areas related to the body shadow perception and the decrease in beta oscillations across frontal areas connected to the decision making of the body shadow. Taken together, the findings suggest that inferential thinking ability relative to body shadow would be reliably predicted from object shadows and that the bilateral beta oscillatory modulations would be indicative of the formation of predictive neural frontal assemblies, which encode and infer body shadow neural representation, that is, a substitution of the physical body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent observations of black hole shadows have revolutionized our ability to probe gravity in extreme environments. This manuscript presents a novel analytic method to calculate, in leading-order terms, the key parameters of photon sphere and shadow radius. This method offers advantages for complex metrics where traditional approaches are cumbersome. We further explore the impact of black hole mass on the photon sphere radius, providing insights into black hole interactions with their surroundings. Our findings contribute significantly to black hole physics and gravity under extreme conditions. By leveraging future advancements in observations, such as the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT), this work paves the way for even more precise tests of gravity near black holes.

Extracting building heights from single-view remote sensing images greatly enhances the application of remote sensing data. While methods for extracting building height from single-view shadow images have been widely studied, it remains a challenging task. The main reasons are as follows: 1) the traditional method for extracting shadow information exhibits low accuracy; and 2) the use of only shadow information to extract building height results in limited application scenarios. To solve the above problems, this article introduces building side and shadow information to complement each other, and proposes a building height extraction method from high-resolution single-view remote sensing images using shadow and side information. First, we propose the RMU-Net method, which utilizes multiscale features for the extraction of shadow and side information. This method aims to address issues related to pixel detail loss and imprecise edge segmentation, which result from significant scale differences within segmentation targets. Additionally, we employ the area threshold method to optimize the segmentation results, specifically to tackle small stray patches and holes, enhancing the overall integrity and accuracy of shadow and side information extraction. Second, we propose a method for building height extraction that integrates shadow and side information based on an enhanced proportional coefficient model. The accuracy of measuring building side and shadow lengths is improved by incorporating the fishing net method, informed by our analysis of the geometric relationships among buildings. Finally, we establish a dataset containing building shadow and side information from remote sensing images, and select multiple areas for experimental analysis. The results demonstrate a shadow extraction accuracy of 91.03% and a side extraction accuracy of 90.29%. Additionally, the average absolute error (MAE) for building height extraction is 1.22, while the average root mean square error is 1.21. Furthermore, the proposed method's validity and scalability are affirmed through experimental analyses of applicability and anti-interference performance in extensive areas.

Accurate estimation of fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) is essential for assessing the ecological environment and acquiring ecological information. However, under natural lighting conditions, shadows in vegetation scenes can easily lead to confusion between shadowed vegetation and shadowed soil, leading to misclassification and omission errors. This issue limits the precision of both vegetation extraction and FVC estimation. To address this challenge, this study introduces a novel deep learning model, the Mixture of Modality Transformer (MoMFormer), which is specifically designed to mitigate shadow interference in vegetation extraction. Our model uses the Swin-transformer V2 as a feature extractor, effectively capturing vegetation features from a dual-modality (regular-exposure RGB and high dynamic range HDR) dataset. A dynamic aggregation module (DAM) is integrated to adaptively blend the most relevant vegetation features. We selected several state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods and conducted extensive experiments using a self-annotated dataset featuring diverse vegetation–soil scenes and compare our model with several state-of-the-art methods. The results demonstrate that MoMFormer achieves an accuracy of 89.43 % on the HDR-RGB dual-modality dataset, with an FVC accuracy of 87.57 %, outperforming other algorithms and demonstrating high vegetation extraction accuracy and adaptability under natural lighting conditions. This research offers new insights into accurate vegetation information extraction in naturally lit environments with shadows, providing robust technical support for high-precision validation of vegetation coverage products and algorithms based on multimodal data. The code and datasets used in this study are publicly available at https://github.com/hhhxiaohe/MoMFormer.

Numerical simulations of dust emission processes are essential for dust cycle modeling and dust‐atmosphere interactions. Models have coarse spatial resolutions which, without tackling sub‐grid scale heterogeneity, bias finely resolved dust emission. Soil surface wind friction velocity (us*) drives dust emission non‐linearly with increasing model resolution, due mainly to thresholds of sediment entrainment. Albedo is area‐integrated, scales linearly with resolution, is related to us* and hence represents its sub‐grid scale heterogeneity. Calibrated albedo‐based global dust emission estimates decreased by only 2 Tg y−1 (10.5%) upscaled from 0.5 to 111 km, largely independent of resolution. Without adjusting wind fields, this scaling uncertainty is within recent estimates of global dust emission model uncertainty (±14.9 Tg y−1). This intrinsic scaling capability of the albedo‐based approach offers considerable potential to reduce resolution dependency of dust cycle modeling and improve the representation of local dust emission in Earth system models and operational air quality forecasting. Plain Language Summary: Global computer models for atmospheric dust were developed to understand the global dust cycle. However, these coarse resolution global dust models cannot accurately represent small‐scale dust emission processes and partly cause different dust emission estimations between the models. Using our new approach based on satellite products, we show that global dust emission estimation is largely independent of model resolution. Key Points: Wind friction velocity calibrated to linearly upscaled albedo was largely independent of model resolution between 0.5 and 111 kmWithout modifying wind fields, global dust emissions decreased by only 10.5% (within model uncertainty) from 0.5 to 111 km model resolutionSub‐grid scale heterogeneity is necessary to accurately represent grain‐scale sediment supply and entrainment in large scale modeling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A special class of monotone Boolean functions coming from shadow minimization theory of finite set-systems – KK-MBF functions – is considered. These functions are a descriptive model for systems of compatible groups of constraints, however, the class of all functions is unambiguously complex and it is sensible to study relatively simple subclasses of functions such as KK-MBF. Zeros of KK-MBF functions correspond to initial segments of lexicographic order on hypercube layers. This property is used to simplify the recognition. Lexicographic order applies priorities over constraints which is applicable property of practices. Query-based algorithms for KK-MBF functions are investigated in terms of their complexities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clear images are crucial for the optimal performance of various high-level vision-based tasks. However, some inevitable causes, such as bad weather and underwater conditions degrade scene visibility. The tiny particles present in the air absorb and scatter light, causing severe attenuation that results in unclear, low-brightness, and poor-contrast images. Several techniques have been introduced to restore the degradation. However, no model exists to date that can restore multiple degradations using a single model. Therefore, to improve the scene visibility, a unified model called a Multidomain Contextual Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (MCCGAN) is designed, which uses the same parameters across the domains to restore multiple degradations such as fog, haze, rain streaks, snowflakes, smoke, shadows, underwater, and muddy underwater. The proposed model has a novel addition of multiple 1 × 1 convolutional context encoding bottleneck layers between a simple lightweight eight-block encoder and decoder with skip connections which learns the context of each input domain thoroughly, thus generating better-restored images. The MCCGAN is qualitatively and quantitatively compared to various state-of-the-art image-to-image translation models and tested on a few real unseen image domains such as smog, dust, and lightning, and the obtained results successfully improved scene visibility, proving the generalizability of MCCGAN. Moreover, the MS-COCO 2017 validation dataset is used for comparing the performance of object detection, instance segmentation, and image captioning on (1) weather-degraded images, (2) restored images by MCCGAN, and (3) ground truth images, and the results demonstrated the success of our model. An ablation study is also carried out to check the significance of the discriminator, skip connections, and bottleneck layers in MCCGAN, and the analysis suggests that MCCGAN performs better by adding a discriminator, skip connections, and four bottleneck layers in the generator architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article centers on two novels by Italian writer Antonio Tabucchi--Requiem: A hallucination and For Isabel: A mandala. It analyzes the polysemic elements that constitute the symbolic construction of both works, supported by the main tenets of Jungian psychology and in particular the notions of coniunctio oppositorum, individuation, and journey of self-discovery. The investigation explores the relationship of Tabucchi's narrative with works by Ferdinando Pessoa and Herman Hesse. Homologies between the author's view of the self, cognition, human reality, and the formal structure of the novels are examined through the Bakhtinian notion of dialogical narrative and through his metaliterary and self-reflexive mode of writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on building height estimation using remote sensing imagery mainly focus on urban buildings with relatively regular shape and relatively flat terrain, and pay little attention to large buildings with complex terrain like dams. A new dam height measurement method was proposed in this paper, which used shadow measurement data and metadata from multiple image sources. The method not only considers the geometric relationship between the sun, the satellite and the dam, but also considers the influence of the satellite zenith and introduces the correction factor, which brings the higher precision. Two dams with a maximum height of more than 200 m were studied, and the dam height is estimated by considering the topography around the dam and the shape of the dam. The experimental results show that the Mean Relative Error (MRE) of the estimated dam height using our proposed method are 3.1% and 4.7% for our two study areas, while the MRE of the traditional models is more than 13%. By doing so, we are able to calculate dam height and obtain information on temporal changes in dam height during the construction process, even in situations without a Digital Surface Model (DSM). Therefore, the proposed method will be propitious to the dynamic supervision of the construction process of the dams effectively.

Shadows, as all other objects that surround us, are incorporated into the body and extend the body mediating perceptual information. The current study investigates the hypothesis according to which the perception of object shadows would predict the perception of body shadows. 38 participants (19 males and 19 females) aged 23 years on average were immersed into a virtual reality environment and instructed to perceive and indicate the coincidence or non coincidence between the movement of a ball shadow with regard to ball movement on the one hand, and between their body shadow and their body position in space on the other. Their brain activity was recording via a 32-channel EEG system, in which beta (13.5–30 Hz) oscillations were analyzed. A series of Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) revealed that the beta dynamic oscillations patterns of the bilateral occipito-parieto-frontal pathway associated with the perception of ball shadow appeared to be a significant predictor of the increase in beta oscillations across frontal areas related to the body shadow perception and the decrease in beta oscillations across frontal areas connected to the decision making of the body shadow. Taken together, the findings suggest that inferential thinking ability relative to body shadow would be reliably predicted from object shadows and that the bilateral beta oscillatory modulations would be indicative of the formation of predictive neural frontal assemblies, which encode and infer body shadow neural representation, that is, a substitution of the physical body.

This article traces Jonathan Swift’s legacy in the work of three modern Irish poets: Jessica Traynor, Rita Ann Higgins and Derek Mahon. I use two motifs to explore this inheritance: institutions and shadows. Using the work of Genevieve Lloyd, I argue that meaningful engagement with Enlightenment’s legacy must recognise its moral ambiguity and emotional complexity through the metaphor of shadow. Institutions, whether in the case of St Patrick’s Hospital, Dublin (Ireland’s first psychiatric hospital, founded by Swift), the residential institutions of the twentieth century or the modern apparatus of Direct Provision, embody a continuing legacy of suffering, control and containment. Imagination and empathy are the difficult but necessary means through which these legacies must be acknowledged and confronted.

Abstract Lightweight block ciphers are the essential encryption algorithm for devices with limited resources. Its goal is to ensure the security of data transmission through resource-constrained devices. Impossible differential cryptanalysis is one of the most effective cryptanalysis on block ciphers, and assessing the ability of resisting this attack is a basic design criterion. Shadow is a lightweight block cipher proposed by Guo et al. (IEEE Internet Things J 8(16):13014–13023, 2021). It utilizes a combination of ARX operations and generalized Feistel structure to overcome the weakness of the traditional Feistel structure that only diffuses half in one round. In this paper, we focus on the differential property of Shadow and its security against impossible differential cryptanalysis. First, we use the SAT method to automatically search for a full-round impossible differential distinguisher of Shadow-32. Then, based on the experimental results, we prove that Shadow has a differential property with probability 1 based on the propagation of the state. Further, we can obtain an impossible differential distinguisher for an arbitrary number of rounds of Shadow. Finally, we perform a full key recovery attack on the full-round Shadow-32 and Shadow-64. Both experimentally and theoretically, our results indicate that Shadow is critically flawed, and regardless of the security strength of the internal components and the number of rounds applied, the overall cipher remains vulnerable to impossible differential cryptanalysis.

Lightweight block ciphers are the essential encryption algorithm for devices with limited resources. Its goal is to ensure the security of data transmission through resource-constrained devices. Impossible differential cryptanalysis is one of the most effective cryptanalysis on block ciphers, and assessing the ability of resisting this attack is a basic design criterion. Shadow is a lightweight block cipher proposed by Guo et al. (IEEE Internet Things J 8(16):13014–13023, 2021). It utilizes a combination of ARX operations and generalized Feistel structure to overcome the weakness of the traditional Feistel structure that only diffuses half in one round. In this paper, we focus on the differential property of Shadow and its security against impossible differential cryptanalysis. First, we use the SAT method to automatically search for a full-round impossible differential distinguisher of Shadow-32. Then, based on the experimental results, we prove that Shadow has a differential property with probability 1 based on the propagation of the state. Further, we can obtain an impossible differential distinguisher for an arbitrary number of rounds of Shadow. Finally, we perform a full key recovery attack on the full-round Shadow-32 and Shadow-64. Both experimentally and theoretically, our results indicate that Shadow is critically flawed, and regardless of the security strength of the internal components and the number of rounds applied, the overall cipher remains vulnerable to impossible differential cryptanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufis used fine arts to convey sufi wisdom in which words were insufficient and thus tried to convey their thoughts in a way people could understand. The impressiveness of the works of art built with sufi thought increased and these works found the opportunity to spread to a wider area. Sufis interpreted the shadow play, one of the famous traditional Turkish arts, and evaluated the materials as tools for conveying sufi thought. The culture from which the play originated and whether sufism played a role in its origins are still controversial matters. However, the fact that some narrations on the origin of shadow play in Anatolia are based on a sufi named Shaykh Küşterī is one of the elements that point to the fundamental unity of sufism and shadow play in this geography. The aim of this study, revealing sufis’ evaluations of the existence of the universe and the functionality of the shadow play in expressing sufi thought, based on the shadow play. There seem to be many sufi elements in the shadow play both structurally and in the curtain ghazals (perde gazel) in the play. In the ghazals sufi elements are worth being the subject of a voluminous study. Not only the narrations about the origin of the play, but also the sufi elements in the ghazals show how sufi thought played an active role in the shadow play. In the introduction, the origin of the shadow play, Shaykh Küşterī, and the historical and sufi personalities of Hajivat and Karagöz, who are the main characters of the play, have been analyzed. The relations of the names mentioned above with sufi circles will contribute to understanding the influence of sufi thought on the play. Sufi evaluations of the shadow play are included in the main text. The explanations of Ibn al-’Arabī (d. 638/1240) and Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273) on the metaphors of shadow and light, which are the essential elements of the play, have been dealt with, and the importance of these concepts in the mentioned the sufi understanding of existence has been analyzed. In the last part of this study, I try to explain the concepts that sufis use to express their understanding of existence, their equivalents in shadow play and the sufi structure of shadow play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we address the critical role of illumination in visual positioning and propose an illumination augmentation scheme to improve positioning accuracy under various illumination conditions. We use pix2pix GAN to train various illumination models that generate illumination images for 3D objects. These images are then used to augment the training of deep learning-based visual positioning models, such as OneShot. Our experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in the positioning accuracy of the object manipulation experiments conducted by an automated visual-servo manipulator. Illumination augmentations increased the success rate from 41 to 89% under severe illuminations and from 80 to 97% under ordinary illuminations. The proposed illumination augmentation scheme offers a practical solution for improving the visual positioning of objects in diverse and changing manufacturing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shadows are a special distortion in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. They often hamper proper image understanding and target recognition but also offer useful information, and therefore, the statistical modeling of SAR image shadows is imperative. In this endeavor, we systematically deduced the statistical models of shadows in multimodal SAR images, including single-look intensity and amplitude images and multilook intensity and amplitude images in a real domain and complex domain, respectively. In particular, for the filtered SAR image shadow, we introduced the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to characterize its statistics. We carried out an experiment on shadows in a real SAR image and conducted chi-square goodness-of-fit tests on the deduced models. Furthermore, we compared the deduced statistical models of shadows with state-of-the-art statistical models of SAR imagery. Finally, suggestions are given for selecting the optimal statistical model of shadows in multimodal SAR images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of border is a much-debated topic, also due to numerous planetary crises of political, economic, and religious origin. The present author supports both the usefulness and the necessity of the border qua psychological entity, insofar as its proper function allows for the process of psychological identification to occur. Moreover, the speed of major socio-cultural changes characterising the contemporary era is argued to be compromising the dynamic psychological balance between growth and transformation, whilst providing the illusion of the psyche as an undifferentiated whole.

Considering solar gain through the window (SGW), this study investigated the effects of installing shading on cooling load. Approving energy analysis for the base building (without shading), the cooling, heating, and annual energy demand were calculated. The best window angle and the best shading projection were obtained using the genetic algorithm. For the yearly minimum energy demand scenario, it was found that the window should be placed in the south direction, accompanied by the shading project with a maximum length of 20 cm. The results of the genetic algorithm revealed that for windows at the angle of 75–90°, the positive shading effects on annual energy demand become maximum. In this case, the shading reduces the yearly energy consumption by 3.1 %. The optimization showed that the shades have the best results for reducing the cold load for windows that are located in the azimuth angle between 135 and 180 °.

AbstractScott Robert Gillam says: The contrast in the visual field is the basis of the visual perception of things that fall within our field of vision, when we perceive the shape of the form, this means that there must be differences in the visible field, and wherever there are differences there must be some contrast, and this is The basis of visual perception of different bodies. (Scott 1968)The visual arts, whether they are two-dimensional such as photographic works, or three-dimensional works such as sculpture and architecture - when they are located in our visual fields, they awaken our visual senses and push them to pay attention to the light waves coming from reflective surfaces of all kinds. Immediately, our sensory organs, nervous system, and brain centers are alerted, and eventually respond to these influences.Light has proven that it was and still is one of the most important elements of the drama of formation for the art of photography, and the transition from one artistic era to another was contingent on changing the form and content of light as an advanced plastic element from one image to another. Methods and evolution of performance methods.In fact, light and shadow, with their special capabilities, had a direct impact on the various photographers who controlled the different forces between light and shadow and were able to adapt them to serve their artistic goals, and their own ideas.It is worth mentioning that the basis of (my pictorial concept), which dominates my paintings with this artistic experience, is focused on the dramatic value of both light and shadow within my artwork, which was not known before in my previous artistic experiences,And I hope that I have succeeded in my attempt to achieve the dramatic value within my artistic experience paintings

Light availability and distribution play an important role in every ecosystem as these affect a variety of ecosystem processes and functions. To estimate light availability and distribution, light simulations can be used. Many previous models were based on highly simplified tree models and geometrical assumptions about tree form, or were sophisticated and computationally demanding models based on 3D data which had to be acquired in every season to be simulated. The aim of this study was to model the shadow cast by individual trees at high spatial and temporal resolution without the need for repeated data collection during multiple seasons. For our approach, we captured trees under leaf-off conditions using terrestrial laser scanning and simulated leaf-on conditions for individual trees over the remainder of the year. The model was validated against light measurements (n=20,436) collected using 60 quantum sensors underneath an apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) on a sunny and cloudless summer day. On this day, the leaves and the shadow were simulated with a high spatial (1 cm) and temporal resolution (1 min). The simulated values were highly correlated with the measured radiation at r=0.84. Additionally, we simulated the radiation for a whole year for the sample apple tree (tree height: 6.6 m, crown width: 7.6 m) with a resolution of 10 cm and a temporal resolution of 10 min. Below the tree, an area of 49.55 m² is exposed to a radiation reduction of at least 10%, 17.74 m² to at least 20% and only 0.12 m² to at least 30%. The model could be further improved by incorporating branch growth, curved leaf surfaces, and gravity to take the weight of the foliage into account. The presented approach offers a high potential for modelling the light availability in the surroundings of trees with an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.

The general subject of this analysis is the presence of myths on social media, a heritage of the previous century’s mass culture, and in particular, for social movements. Social movements within networked communication are particularly endowed with mythologies, which draw on mass culture and on societies’ archetypal and psychological backgrounds. This fact justifies the hypothesis that the most effective and popular social movements resort to deeper mythological forms. The specific objective is to describe concrete myths in the language of digital social movements and to review the aspects of mythology in the scholarly literature on mythology from four fields. After tracing contents and impact, a qualitative analysis, focused on two examples justified by their digital origin, is performed: the “Anonymous” movement and “Je Suis Charlie” social mobilisation. Results show the persistence of two mythological motives: the profound hero’s monomyth, playing an essential identifying role, channelled through social networks, with hashtags as slogans, and the related myth of the shadow, the dark, “Anonymous” and hybrid identity. Connections and analogies with other recent examples are discussed ?such as the “Me Too” and “Black Lives Matter” cases?. The conclusion is the clear connection between these two myths and the communicative strength of social movements transmitted through social networks.El tema general de este análisis es la presencia de los mitos en las redes sociales, herencia de la cultura de masas del siglo anterior y en particular, en los movimientos sociales. Los movimientos sociales en las redes digitales se dotan de mitologías, sean retomadas del siglo anterior sean formas del fondo arquetípico y psicológico intemporal. Esta presencia justifica la hipótesis sobre si los movimientos más eficaces y populares recurren a formas mitológicas más profundas. El objetivo específico es describir mitos concretos que aparezcan en el lenguaje de los movimientos sociales específicamente digitales. Se revisan los rasgos de los mitos de acuerdo con los autores más prestigiosos de cuatro ámbitos científicos. Se extraen del rastreo de contenido e impacto dos ejemplos de origen digital: el movimiento «Anonymous» y la movilización social «Je Suis Charlie». Aplicando análisis heurístico, los resultados muestran la persistencia de dos motivos mitológicos muy concretos: el profundo monomito del héroe, que cumple un papel crucial identificativo en las canalizaciones mediante redes como Twitter, a partir del uso específico de los hashtags como eslóganes, y el mito asociado de la sombra, la identidad anónima, híbrida y oscura. Se presentan las funciones y analogías en otros movimientos recientes –como «Me Too» y «Black Lives Matter»–. Se concluye la conexión entre estos mitos y la fuerza comunicativa de los movimientos sociales que se transmiten en las redes.

This study aims to empirically study the effects of the allocation, distribution, and stabilization variables on the shadow economy and their impact on tax revenues. This research is descriptive-explorative and explanatory research. The research location is at the PKL Center, Jl. Fort Pancasila City of Mojokerto. The population of 369 with the Slovin tolerance formula of 0.01 was determined as a sample of 79 respondents. Data collection uses a questionnaire; data analysis is assisted by SmartPLS software version 3.3.7. The results show: 1) Allocations have a significant effect on the shadow economy; 2) Distribution has a significant effect on the shadow economy; 3) Stabilization has no effect on the shadow economy; 4) Allocations do not affect tax revenues; 5) Distribution has a significant effect on tax revenues; 6) Stabilization has a significant effect on tax revenues; 7) Shadow economy has a significant effect on tax revenues; 8) Allocations have an indirect effect on tax revenues through the shadow economy; 9) Distribution has an indirect effect on tax revenues through the shadow economy; 10) Stabilization has an indirect effect on tax revenues through the shadow economy.

The article illustrates the potential of shadow theatre for training purposes by describing, from the perspective of artistic creation, a particular experience of collaboration between a Swiss music conservatory and an Italian theatre company. This is an unusual experience because it is linked to an acting course for voice students undergoing further training. In contemporary opera productions, actions and gestures are almost as important as the voices. To give the students as concrete a stage experience as possible, the use of shadow theatre, inspired by the Jungian metaphor of the unconscious and the unspoken, allows a layering of different levels of approach: vocal, emotional, stage and character building. Musically, the choice of combining different repertoires, such as baroque and contemporary, was useful to stimulate reflection on the use of the voice and to explore unexpected sounds and depths. The shadows, together with a scenography function, were the means to represent concepts and sensations such as the double, the forms of the unconscious, the labyrinths of desire and the traces of dreams. The three editions of the project, each consisting of a week of rehearsals and a public performance, took place in 2015, 2016 and 2019.

The purpose of the article. It analyzes the components that influence the creation of movie images. Set the role of lighting in the shooting of an audiovisual product. Identify features and fragments when working with it. Prove the importance of the ability to use light sources in natural and pavilion locations. Identify the factors that affect the quality of the visual material. Research methodology. Such methods were used in the article: theoretical – analysis of movies, and publications; generalization – the influence of lighting on the quality of visual material; determination of interdependence (light, time of day and auxiliary objects that influence the creation of a frame); empirical – systematization of one’s own experience, determination of the relationship between lighting and the quality of visual material. Scientific novelty. The components that influence the creation of a visual image were analyzed for the first time, a detailed analysis of the dependence of the time of day and illumination in the field, which forms the illumination scheme, by means of theoretical analysis of films, the factors that influence the quality of the visual material are determined. Conclusions. In the course of the article, the main techniques of cinematography when creating audiovisual works are analyzed. The concepts of frame composition and the skill of conveying an emotional state are considered. The use of various lighting sources in natural and artificial locations is considered in detail. Based on the analysis of audiovisual products of leading masters, the importance of the ability to use different types of lighting sources has been proven. A list of the features and difficulties of using different types of lighting has been created and the key factors that have a direct impact on the quality of creating an audiovisual work have been outlined.

The photographer's awareness of the light in the scene is the key to good exposure, whether it is technically correct or an expression of creativity. The article deals with the role of light and its absence, shadow, in the field of photography. Several studies from history and the present are presented, linking the perception of light and its shadows from philosophical, artistic and technological points of view, illustrating the vastness and applicability of this field of research. Summarized studies and an eye tracking analysis of shadow perception support the author's claims about the role of light and shadow in the perception of Henri Cartier-Bresson's photographs. It is shown how shadows can reveal more to the viewer about the space surrounding the observed scene, function as individual objects, or even be used creatively to enhance the detection of focus within a photograph.

In The Prince with the Sad Eyes, the short story that we will here interpret as a parable in the context of Jung's theory of archetypes, Andrić shows a woman torn between her real and idealized partner, and her suffering as a consequence of a lack of discernment in the matters of the heart, a lack of self-knowledge, and most of all, the influences of the archetypes of the collective unconscious - the animus and the shadow. Andrić thematizes projection as a psychological mechanism of falling in love, which rules interpersonal relationships in other contexts, too. Through this woman's infatuation with the prince, Andrić sheds light on phenomena that take place between men and women every day: projecting, expecting, and disappointment experienced as betrayal. One cannot live with the animus, the archetypal figure responsible for falling in love: once a relationship becomes reality (sexuality is here a metonymic replacement for the whole of their real life, the reality of a relationship) all projections start disappearing and in most cases, are replaced with their negative counterpart, as archetypes are essentially dual in meaning. In a parable about the permanent misunderstanding between sexes in the process of falling in love, Andrić uses biblical signals (the tree of knowledge, miraculous healing, the genre of the parable) to point to the wrongness of the depicted world, that is the imaginary heaven, pursued in the wrong way and in the wrong place.

Urban land use classification is significant for urban development planning. Considering complex environments of urban surface features, traditional semantic segmentation methods are difficult to solve the problems of mixed pixels and limited spatial resolution of images. The subpixel mapping technology is an effective method to solve the above problems in urban land use classification. However, traditional subpixel mapping methods are sensitive to mountain shadow, high-rise building shadow and impermeable surface heterogeneity, resulting in false classification. Therefore, we propose a subpixel mapping method that can reduce the shadow effect. This method uses a multi-index feature fusion strategy to optimize the abundance of the shadow errors in the abundance image, and uses a super-resolution reconstruction neural network model to reconstruct the optimized abundance image for the subpixel mapping of urban land use. Experiments were conducted on sentinel-2 images obtained over Yuelu District of Changsha City, Hunan Province, China. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this article can effectively overcome the influence of building shadows and mountain shadows in urban land cover classification and is superior to traditional subpixel/pixel spatial attraction model, radial basis function, super-resolution subpixel mapping, and other methods in the effect and accuracy of urban land use subpixel mapping.

How might culture be embedded in artworks? As a Brazilian artist performing abroad, I often receive feedback suggesting that my solos are deeply related to my “roots”. Such experience led me to three reflections: 1. It is tempting to reduce a dance experience by seeing only; 2. It is ambitious to pinpoint someone’s culture through a dance; 3. Stereotypes prevent the exchange and flourishing of innovative ideas. In this paper, I will refer to my performance Sombreiro (2018) to explore how shadows can be used to connect people to culture. By sharing dance, psychology, history, and anthropology references, I will discuss how shadow aspects of Bahia served as choreographic strategies to suggest a sense of unknowing and otherness in the audience.

Residential photovoltaic systems often experience partial shading from chimneys, trees or other structures, which can induce hot-spots in the modules. If the temperature and frequency of these hot-spots are high, the module's reliability and safety may be at risk. IEC 61215-2:2021 hot-spot endurance test is utilized to evaluate the materials' ability to withstand partial shading. Since modules in residential systems can be subjected to higher temperatures than those in the open field, IEC TS 63126:2020 recommends adjusting the module temperature for the hot-spot endurance test according to the module's operating temperature. This study tested the hot-spot endurance of PERC, IBC and HJT modules under standard (55 °C) and more severe (75 °C, Level 2 condition in IEC TS 63126:2020) test conditions, as well as outdoor accelerated-ageing tests were performed with shadow masks. The results demonstrated that irrespective of environmental conditions, hot-spots can form at lower temperatures, with more shading-tolerant cells (i.e., cells with lower breakdown voltage) or with shorter strings. We also show that it is possible to shorten the effort- and time-consuming hot-spot endurance test described in the standard and obtain similar results. In addition, the hot-spot endurance test for residential PV systems was evaluated in terms of module temperatures and duration. In this respect, we propose to increase the testing temperatures of the hot-spot endurance testing for modules operating at high temperatures in IEC TS 63126:2020.

Destination choice models are a key component of any transport and land-use model. Applications in agent-based models allow for destination choice on an individual level including personal variables, like trip purpose, or situational variables. Commonly applied methodologies stem from econometrics, discrete choice theory and utility maximization using either revealed or stated preference data. This paper presents a framework to integrate cross-section flows between distinct geographic areas, which can be obtained from cordon surveys or mobile phone data. Proposed optimization methodology—based on extended shadow price theory—accommodates these complementary data sources as spatially distributed constraints, in addition to the destination capacity constraints such as workplaces. The new generic and robust optimization methodology accounts for constraints as observed on cross-section flows and destination capacities while maintaining econometric choice model theory. As a proof of concept, the suggested methodology is successfully applied in a real-case, agent-based application covering the tri-national Basel region with about 2 million residents, and a large set of 2 · 104 distinct destination alternatives. Due to different wage levels in all three countries and other reasons, the region’s cross-border commuter flows are highly asymmetric. Including data on cross-border flows obtained from a cordon survey, the choice model’s mean deviation declines by 20% and more on a cross-section level and even more so on a choice alternative level, compared to calculations ignoring shadow prices. Moreover, multiple scenario calculations show considerable improvements in planning and forecasting applications. The results demonstrate the suitability and relevance of the proposed approach to optimize destination choice models with limited destination capacities in geographical regions usually characterized by travel demand asymmetries.

The use of remote sensing for developing land cover maps in the Arctic has grown considerably in the last two decades, especially for monitoring the effects of climate change. The main challenge is to link information extracted from satellite imagery to ground covers due to the fine-scale spatial heterogeneity of Arctic ecosystems. There is currently no commonly accepted methodological scheme for high-latitude land cover mapping, but the use of remote sensing in Arctic ecosystem mapping would benefit from a coordinated sharing of lessons learned and best practices. Here, we aimed to produce a highly accurate land cover map of the surroundings of the Canadian Forces Station Alert, a polar desert on the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island (Nunavut, Canada) by testing different predictors and classifiers. To account for the effect of the bare soil background and water limitations that are omnipresent at these latitudes, we included as predictors soil-adjusted vegetation indices and several hydrological predictors related to waterbodies and snowbanks. We compared the results obtained from an ensemble classifier based on a majority voting algorithm to eight commonly used classifiers. The distance to the nearest snowbank and soil-adjusted indices were the top predictors allowing the discrimination of land cover classes in our study area. The overall accuracy of the classifiers ranged between 75 and 88%, with the ensemble classifier also yielding a high accuracy (85%) and producing less bias than the individual classifiers. Some challenges remained, such as shadows created by boulders and snow covered by soil material. We provide recommendations for further improving classification methodology in the High Arctic, which is important for the monitoring of Arctic ecosystems exposed to ongoing polar amplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to see how the effect of shadow training using the badminton step application on footwork agility. This research is experimental design. Research data collection was carried out by obtaining pre-test and post-test data with a sample of 10 athletes during the experimental study which was held at the UNJA Jambi Sports building. PB member. UNJA sampled in this study were over ten years old. Tohar's proposed 30-second leg exercise was used as an instrument in this investigation with a validity of 0.706 and reliability of 0.808. Data were analyzed quantitatively using normality and homogeneity tests and t-tests for hypothesis testing. Based on the results of the t-test, the researcher believes that giving shadow exercises using the badminton step application can make a good contribution because using the badminton step application can give orders to athletes during shadow training stably. The results showed that shadow training with badminton tank steps had an effect on footwork agility. Furthermore, the findings of the paired sample t-test on the pre-test and post-test data resulted in a value at -9000 with a significant (2-tailed) 0.000 < 0.05, supporting this conclusion. So based on the data obtained T-count is -9000 and has a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. It can be concluded that shadow training with badminton has an effect on an athlete's footwork agility. Therefore, it can be concluded that shadow training affects the application of the badminton steps on footwork. There is a significant influence in increasing footwork agility using shadow exercises with the application of badminton steps. Based on the results of the t-test, the researcher believes that giving shadow exercises using the badminton step application can make a good contribution because using the badminton step application can give orders to athletes during shadow training stably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate monitoring of long-term spatial and temporal changes in open-surface water bodies offers important guidance for water resource security and management. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the monitoring of water body changes is especially critical due to the dense population and drastic climate change. Due to the complexity of the physical environment in which the water bodies are located, the advantages and disadvantages of various water body detection rules can vary in large-scale areas. In this paper, we use Landsat 5/7/8 data to extract the area of water bodies in the study area and analyze their spatial and temporal trends from 1984 to 2020 using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. We propose an improved water body extraction rule based on an existing multi-indicator water body algorithm that combines impervious surface data and digital elevation model data. In this study, the performance of the improved algorithm was cross-validated using seven other water body indicator algorithms, and the results showed the following: (1) the rule accurately retained information about the water body while minimizing the interference of shadows on the extracted water body. (2) On the annual scale from 1984 to 2020, the open-surface water body dataset extracted using this improved rule showed that the turning point for the area of each water body type was 2011, with an overall decreasing trend in area before 2011 and an increasing trend in area after 2011, with the exception of special years, such as 1998. (3) The driving mechanism analysis showed that, overall, precipitation was positively correlated with the water body area and temperature was negatively correlated with the water body area. Additionally, human activities can have an impact on surface water dynamics. The key influencing factors are diverse for each water body type; it was found that seasonal water bodies were correlated with precipitation and paddy fields and permanent water bodies were correlated with temperature and urban construction. The accurate monitoring of the spatial and temporal dynamics of open-surface water performed in this study can shed light on the sustainable development of water resources and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to improve basic forehand drive technique skills. The research method used is sports action research method. The research procedures used are planning, implementation, observation, reflection. The subjects of this study were 31 semester 5 physical education students at PGRI Palembang University. This study applies the resulting method, namely in the form of variations with shadow exercises, the basic technical skills of forehand drive strokes in the game of tennis are increased. The results of the achievement score reached 82.65% where the result is the average score of students where students are the subjects of this study. In a good position, the shadow movement determines how a player anticipates the direction of a fast punch from the opponent, the shadow movement also looks at the opponent's direction so that the forehand returns according to the opponent's difficult places.

Monochromators for synchrotron radiation beamlines typically use perfect crystals for the hard X-ray regime and gratings for soft X-rays. There is an intermediate range, typically 1–3 keV (tender X-rays), which common perfect crystals have difficulties covering and gratings have low efficiency, although some less common crystals with high d-spacing could be suitable. To evaluate the suitability of these crystals for a particular beamline, it is useful to evaluate the crystals' performance using tools such as ray-tracing. However, simulations for double-crystal monochromators are only available for the most used crystals such as Si, Ge or diamond. Here, an upgrade of the SHADOW ray-tracing code and complementary tools in the OASYS suite are presented to simulate high d-spacing crystals with arbitrary, and sometimes complex, structures such as beryl, YB66, muscovite, etc. Isotropic and anisotropic temperature factors are also considered. The YB66 crystal with 1936 atomic sites in the unit cell is simulated, and its applicability for tender X-ray monochromators is discussed in the context of new low-emittance storage rings.

Shadows are widely used in the tracking of moving targets by video synthetic aperture radar (video SAR). However, they always appear in groups in video SAR images. In such cases, track effects produced by existing single-target tracking methods are no longer satisfactory. To this end, an effective way to obtain the capability of multiple target tracking (MTT) is in urgent demand. Note that tracking by detection (TBD) for MTT in optical images has achieved great success. However, TBD cannot be utilized in video SAR MTT directly. The reasons for this is that shadows of moving target are quite different from in video SAR image than optical images as they are time-varying and their pixel sizes are small. The aforementioned characteristics make shadows in video SAR images hard to detect in the process of TBD and lead to numerous matching errors in the data association process, which greatly affects the final tracking performance. Aiming at the above two problems, in this paper, we propose a multiple target tracking method based on TBD and the Siamese network. Specifically, to improve the detection accuracy, the multi-scale Faster-RCNN is first proposed to detect the shadows of moving targets. Meanwhile, dimension clusters are used to accelerate the convergence speed of the model in the training process as well as to obtain better network weights. Then, SiamNet is proposed for data association to reduce matching errors. Finally, we apply a Kalman filter to update the tracking results. The experimental results on two real video SAR datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-art methods, and the ablation experiment verifies the effectiveness of multi-scale Faster-RCNN and SimaNet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces Jonathan Swift's legacy in the work of three modern Irish poets: Jessica Traynor, Rita Ann Higgins and Derek Mahon. I use two motifs to explore this inheritance: institutions and shadows. Using the work of Genevieve Lloyd, I argue that meaningful engagement with Enlightenment's legacy must recognise its moral ambiguity and emotional complexity through the metaphor of shadow. Institutions, whether in the case of St Patrick's Hospital, Dublin (Ireland's first psychiatric hospital, founded by Swift), the residential institutions of the twentieth century or the modern apparatus of Direct Provision, embody a continuing legacy of suffering, control and containment. Imagination and empathy are the difficult but necessary means through which these legacies must be acknowledged and confronted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shadows are a special distortion in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. They often hamper proper image understanding and target recognition but also offer useful information, and therefore, the statistical modeling of SAR image shadows is imperative. In this endeavor, we systematically deduced the statistical models of shadows in multimodal SAR images, including single-look intensity and amplitude images and multilook intensity and amplitude images in a real domain and complex domain, respectively. In particular, for the filtered SAR image shadow, we introduced the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to characterize its statistics. We carried out an experiment on shadows in a real SAR image and conducted chi-square goodness-of-fit tests on the deduced models. Furthermore, we compared the deduced statistical models of shadows with state-of-the-art statistical models of SAR imagery. Finally, suggestions are given for selecting the optimal statistical model of shadows in multimodal SAR images.

The archetypal principles of the legal ideology of Ukrainian society at two primary levels of its functioning are substantiated – everyday (emotional-volitional) and theoretical-legal as a reflection of Myth and Logos. This allowed the author to consider legal ideology as a systemic unity of two inextricably linked components – mass moods, emotions, expectations and experiences, on the one hand, and a set of legal ideas, theories, views and norms that reflect, evaluate and target the process of social change, contribute to strengthening the legitimate foundations of the functioning of the state and society, ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms, positioning the country in Europe and the world, on the other hand. These components form, respectively, the lower and upper levels of manifestation of the essence of legal ideology as a reflection and meaningful embodiment of the Logos and Myth, Freedom and Good, Word, Chaos and Order as defining archetypes of the Ukrainian people. Archetypal principles of existence of the Ukrainian ethnos are embodied in rational, emotional, scientific, and psychological components of legal ideology as components of a holistic theoretical and legal phenomenon. The archetypal principles of the legal ideology of Ukrainian society prove the dissimilarity of state-corporate and municipal law as entities with different subjective definiteness and different functional purposes. This emphasizes the importance of ensuring the conditions of their complementarity within a single state: public administration as a purposeful rational activity must be balanced by the self-organizing potential of territorial communities following the archetypes of the Logos and Myth. The archetypal principles of the legal ideology of Ukrainian society allow us to state that Ukraine must become a democratic country of equal opportunities following the mental, socio-cultural, geopolitical, and geographical features of the ethnic group that gave the name to the state.

Malik is a 2021 Malayalam gangster thriller film directed by Mahesh Narayanan. The film recounts the rise of Sulaiman Ali as the ‘godfather’ of Ramadapally, a coastal town situated near Thiruvananthapuram city. The evolution of Sulaiman from the son of a school teacher to a violent alpha male gangster is directly related to the social space of Ramadapally, which is a ghettoized town of fisher folks belonging to marginalized communities. Hypermasculinity is the sociological exaggeration of masculine features such as physical or psychological aggression, strength, and male libido. Male social construction demands continuous reinforcement and exhibition of these traits. Along with the protagonist Sulaiman Ali, other characters David and Freddy are specimens of hypermasculine men in Malik. Henri Lefebvre says that the capitalist relations of production are reproduced in space and capitalism survives by producing and occupying space. In the neo-capitalist era, the state played a key role in the capitalist production of urban space. The intervention of the state in the process of the production of space is a motif in Malik. The impact of the state intervention and the conflict between the cores and peripheries of urban areas are formative forces in the development of strong, power-hungry, violent, risk-taking men like Sulaiman. This paper tries to understand the relationship between the development of hypermasculine traits in men with the socio-political conditions of the urban space inhabited by them by analyzing the hypermasculine characters in Malik.

Nonlinear electrodynamics is known as the generalizations of Maxwell electrodynamics at strong fields and presents interesting features such as curing the classical divergences present in the linear theory when coupled to general relativity. In this paper, we consider the asymptotically flat Reissner–Nordström black hole solution with higher-order magnetic correction in Einstein-nonlinear-Maxwell fields. We study the effect of the magnetic charge parameters on the black hole, viz., weak deflection angle of photons and massive particles using the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. Moreover, we apply Keeton–Petters formalism to confirm our results concerning the weak deflection angle. Apart from a vacuum, their influence in the presence of different media such as plasma and dark matter are probed as well. Finally, we examine the black hole shadow cast using the null-geodesics method and investigate its spherically in-falling thin accretion disk. Our inferences show how the magnetic charge parameter p affects the other physical quantities; so, we impose some constraints on this parameter using observations from the Event Horizon Telescope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of black hole shadows by considering the surrounding kinds of matter has attracted interest in recent years. In this paper, we use the ray-tracing method to study shadows and photon spheres of renormalization group improved (RGI) black holes, taking into account the different thin spherical accretion models. We find that an increase in the parameters Ω and γ, which are excited by renormalization group theory, can decrease the event horizon and the radius of the photon sphere while increasing the effective potential. For static and infalling accretions, these results indicate that black hole shadows are related to the geometry of spacetime, and are nearly unaffected by spherical accretions. However, due to the Doppler effect, the shadow in the infalling case is darker than the static one, and the intensities of the photon sphere decay more slowly from the photon sphere to infinity. In addition, the peak intensities out of the shadow increase with the parameters Ω and γ. Finally, it can be seen that the effect of Ω on the shadow is more distinct by comparing it with that of γ at the same parameter level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through its focus on the stream of thoughts of Marta L, overwhelmed by worry over the obvious signs of aging, Andrić's story The Woman on the Rock naturally encourages psychological interpretations. While challenging a psychoanalytic reading, we interpret The Woman on the Rock within the context of Jung's analytical psychology, employing the concept of archetypes, primarily the shadow, the persona, and the animus. We have pointed to Marta's grandiose self, the compensatory quality of her memories, as well as her ego ideal and the realization of her persona's inevitable adaptation. We dedicated a special section to her shame, which hasn't been given attention in literary science so far. The aging-related shame ongoing in the protagonist's stream of thought is connected with the shame she felt at the threshold of girlhood in front of others, in an episode that has an evident erotic connotation. Although the story illuminates Marta's relationships with the important men in her life, the key relationship in this story is Marta's relationship with herself and her body: the protagonist is preoccupied with self-evaluation, in a tumultuous, but just as necessary process of revalorizing her self assessment criteria. Marta is a typical father's daughter, who hasn't developed her female side because feminine qualities hadn't been affirmed in her raising. Hence she views her body through the eyes of a strict and judgmental animus, formed in great measure by her father's figure.

Recent observations of black hole shadows have revolutionized our ability to probe gravity in extreme environments. This manuscript presents a novel analytic method to calculate, in leading-order terms, the key parameters of photon sphere and shadow radius. This method offers advantages for complex metrics where traditional approaches are cumbersome. We further explore the impact of black hole mass on the photon sphere radius, providing insights into black hole interactions with their surroundings. Our findings contribute significantly to black hole physics and gravity under extreme conditions. By leveraging future advancements in observations, such as the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT), this work paves the way for even more precise tests of gravity near black holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to scrutinize the individuation process of Murakami Haruki’s protagonist, who feels a stark sense of loss and lack, in the novel Dance Dance Dance. The paper also focuses on “the other side” and death motifs that frequently emerge as the story goes. Sheep Man, Kiki and Gotanda represent the “shadow” of the protagonist. This article argues that the protagonist’s confrontation with his “shadow” - Sheep Man by entering his room, which symbolizes the other side enables him to reach his core identity. Unable to reunite with Kiki, the protagonist who experiences incompleteness, reaches integrity with Yumiyoshi which reveals Murakami’s deep understanding of the individual’s continual struggle as a lack of being. This study not only examines the protagonist’s search of “objet petit a” with Lacanian pscychoanalysis but also his struggle with his “shadow” during his individuation process with Jung’s “shadow” archetype as well as the persona archetype that emerge in the novel. This study attempts to contribute to Murakami Haruki studies to comprehend the inner self of the narrator in the novel, who experiences fragmentation utilizing both Lacanian psychoanalytic theory and Jungian psychoanalysis which provides a much more elaborate discussion on the unconscious functioning of the protagonist. ÖZ: Bu çalışmanın amacı Murakami Haruki’nin Dans Dans Dans romanında eksiklik ve yitirme duyguları hisseden başkişinin geçtiği bireyselleşme sürecini irdelemektir. Makalede ayrıca romanda sıklıkla yinelenen öteki taraf ve ölüm motiflerine odaklanılmaktadır. Koyun Adam, Kiki ve Gotanda başkişinin “gölge”sini temsil ederler. Bu makale, başkişinin “gölge”si - Koyun Adam ile öteki tarafı simgeleyen odasına girerek onunla yüzleşmesinin, başkişinin öz kimliğine ulaşmasını sağladığını savunmaktadır. Kiki ile bir araya gelemeyen ve tamamlanmamışlık deneyimleyen başkişinin Yumiyoshi ile bütünlüğe kavuşması Murakami'nin eksik özne olarak bireyin sürekli mücadelesi konusundaki derin anlayışını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, başkişinin “objet petit a” arayışının Lacancı psikanaliz ile tartışılmasının yanı sıra başkişinin bireyselleşme sürecinde “gölge”siyle mücadelesi de romanda ortaya çıkan Jung’un “gölge” arketipi ve persona arketipleriyle birlikte incelenecektir. Başkişinin bilinçdışı işleyişleri hakkında çok daha ayrıntılı bir tartışma olanağı sunan hem Lacancı psikanalitik kuram hem de Jungçu psikanalizden yararlanan bu çalışma, parçalanma yaşayan bu romandaki anlatıcının iç benliğini irdelemede Murakami Haruki çalışmalarına katkıda bulunmaya çalışmaktadır.

In any work of art, from literary to visual, theatrical and cinematographic, the presence of shadow, most of times associated with the presence of light, emerges as a particularly motivated sign. The very act of placing a shadow in a specific context makes the shadow subject to the same area of interpretation as the rest of the artwork. Within each artistic field, there are lots of meanings associated to shadow: from philosophical, theological and psychological to symbolic and metaphorical. According to the artistic medium it belongs to, the metaphor of shadow is usually engaged in creating and modifying the atmosphere, in visualising images, in diminishing or increasing the dramatic intensity and mainly in accumulating meaning. The present study intends to explore the transposition of the metaphor of shadow from its allegorical roots, as in Plato’s allegory of the cave, into new artistic environments such as literary and cinematographic. Be it employed in the service of an idea, as in Shakespeare’s Hamlet or used for creating a visual and cinematic effect as in Zeffirelli’s homonymous film, the metaphor of shadow adapted its means of expression in order to extend the area of significances.

This article focuses on the conception of frame elaborated by Pier Paolo Pasolini and Gina Pane in their respective works. It is first of all a matter of observing the role of the projection device in the genesis of their relationship to framing. Between body-image and plan-picture, their cuttings result from a “projective thought” which is also observed as a psychic mechanism. This self-reflexive dimension of the projective paradigm is then observed through a study of the use, by the two artists, of shadow and reflection, of glass and of mirror, as psychic and social, mnemonic and transformative mechanisms.