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1. Evaluating vacant middle seats and masks as Coronavirus exposure reduction strategies in aircraft cabins using particle tracer experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations

Author

James S. Bennett, Seif Mahmoud, Watts Dietrich, Byron Jones, and Mohammad Hosni

Subjects
aircraft cabin, COVID‐19, mask wearing, MS2 virus, tracer particles, vacant middle seat, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Electronic computers. Computer science, QA75.5-76.95
Abstract

Abstract Aircraft cabins have high‐performance ventilation systems, yet typically hold many persons in close proximity for long durations. The current study estimated airborne virus exposure and infection reductions when middle seats are vacant compared to full occupancy and when passengers wear surgical masks in aircraft. Tracer particle data reported by U.S. Transportation Command (TRANSCOM) and CFD simulations reported by Boeing were used along with NIOSH data, to build nonlinear regression models with particle exposure and distance from particle source as variables. These models that estimate exposure at given distances from the viral source were applied to evaluate exposure reductions from vacant middle seats. Reductions averaged 54% for the seat row where an infectious passenger is located and 36% for a 24‐row cabin containing one infectious passenger, with middle seats vacant. Analysis of the TRANSCOM data showed that universal masking (surgical masks) reduced exposures by 62% and showed masking and physical distancing provide further reductions when practiced together. For a notional scenario involving 10 infectious passengers, compared with no intervention, masking, distancing, and both would prevent 6.2, 3.8, and 7.6 secondary infections, respectively, using the Wells–Riley equation. These results suggest distancing alone, masking alone, and these practiced together reduce SARS CoV‐2 exposure risk in increasing order of effectiveness, when an infectious passenger is present.

Published
2023
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4. The global usage rate of bed nets during the last ten years: a systematic review and  meta-analysis

Author

Ahmed Mohamed Khalifa, Gehad Mohamed Tawfik, Nguyen Dinh Thuong, Loc Le Quang, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Mostafa Khaled Abdelsattar, Esraa Mahmoud Mostafa, Mona Hanafy Mahmoud, Ahmed E. Salama, Rana Hesham Shakaria, Mohamed M. Elsergany, Loai Jalal Sulaiman, Asmaa Ibrahim Rashidy, Marwa Biala, Abdelrahman Hamdy Abdelrahman, Mahmoud Ali AlFadaly, Hadeir Said Mohamed, Ali Ahmed-Fouad Abozaid, Seif Mahmoud Abdelghany, Balqees Al-Manaseer, Chikuni Gelly Simakechula, Ruth L. Chikuni, Kazuhiko Moji, Yara Mahmoud Mohamed, Mohammed Salah Desokey, Nguyen Tien Huy, Fatma Elzahraa Yasser Ali, Ahmed Magdy Sayed, and Mahmoud Abdulmonem Abulnaga

Subjects
Limited access, Bed nets, Endemic disease, Geography, Rest (finance), Meta-analysis, Free distribution, Demography
Abstract

Introduction: Malaria is an endemic disease especially in tropical areas transmitted by Anopheles species through their bites. Therefore, bed nets are considered one of the best methods for protection against their bites. However, many regions have limited access to bed nets and limited knowledge about their importance. Objectives: The objectives were to estimate rate of bed net possession and usage during a period of 10 years. The secondary objectives aimed to calculate prevalence of specific types of bed nets. Methods: We performed electronic search on 12 databases, and 106 studies was included obeying the criteria. Results: The studies eligible for our meta-analysis were 106. Most of the study participants were from Africa while the rest were from Asia and a few from southern America. The overall ownership rate of bed net households among countries was (72.1%, 95% CI: 62.9-79.7). An overall ownership rate in all countries of (event rate=52.5%, 95% CI: 37-67.4). The overall usage rate of bed net households among countries was (event rate=41.2%, 95% CI: 25.1-59.3) while bed net usage for individuals was (event rate= 41.2%, 95% CI: 25.1-59.3). Conclusion: This study suggests that the bed net ownership and usage rate among different countries are less satisfactory, hence not maximizing the potential benefit of the bed net. There is a crucial need to increase the awareness towards the bed net usage across the endemic areas and implement programs for free distribution of bed nets. Funding Statement: None. Declaration of Interests: None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare.

Published
2020

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