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PurposeDirect myelin imaging can improve the characterization of myelin-related diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this study, we explore a novel method to directly image myelin using inversion recovery-prepared hybrid encoding (IR-HE) UTE MRI.MethodsThe IR-HE sequence uses an adiabatic inversion pulse to suppress the long T2 white matter signal, followed by 3D dual-echo HE utilizing both single point imaging and radial frequency encoding, for which the subtraction image between 2 echoes reveals the myelin signal with high contrast. To reduce scan time, it is common to obtain multiple spokes per IR. Here, we invented a novel method to improve the HE, adapted for the multi-spoke IR imaging-termed interleaved HE-for which single point imaging encoding is interleaved between radial frequency encodings near nulling point to allow more efficient IR-signal suppression. To evaluate the proposed approach, a computer simulation, myelin phantom experiment, an ex vivo experiment with a cadaveric multiple sclerosis brain, and an in vivo experiment with 8 healthy volunteers and 13 multiple sclerosis patients were performed.ResultsThe computer simulation showed that IR-interleaved HE allows for improved contrast of myelin signal with reduced imaging artifacts. The myelin phantom experiment showed IR-interleaved HE allows direct imaging of myelin lipid with excellent suppression of water signal. In the ex vivo and in vivo experiments, the proposed method demonstrated highly specific imaging of myelin in white matter of the brain.ConclusionIR-interleaved HE allows for time-efficient, high-contrast direct myelin imaging and can detect demyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis patients.

PURPOSE:Quantitative imaging methods could improve diagnosis of rotator cuff degeneration, but the capability of quantitative MR and US imaging parameters to detect alterations in collagen is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess quantitative MR and US imaging measures for detecting abnormalities in collagen using an in vitro model of tendinosis with biochemical and histological correlation. METHOD:36 pieces of supraspinatus tendons from 6 cadaveric donors were equally distributed into 3 groups (2 subjected to different concentrations of collagenase and a control group). Ultrashort echo time MR and US imaging measures were performed to assess changes at baseline and after 24 h of enzymatic digestion. Biochemical and histological measures, including brightfield, fluorescence, and polarized microscopy, were used to verify the validity of the model and were compared with quantitative imaging parameters. Correlations between the imaging parameters and biochemically measured digestion were analyzed. RESULTS:Among the imaging parameters, macromolecular fraction (MMF), adiabatic T1ρ, T2*, and backscatter coefficient (BSC) were useful in differentiating between the extent of degeneration among the 3 groups. MMF strongly correlated with collagen loss (r=-0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.90,-0.66), while the adiabatic T1ρ (r = 0.66; CI: 0.42,0.81), T2* (r = 0.58; CI: 0.31,0.76), and BSC (r = 0.51; CI: 0.22,0.72) moderately correlated with collagen loss. CONCLUSIONS:MMF, adiabatic T1ρ, and T2* measured and US BSC can detect alterations in collagen. Of the quantitative MR and US imaging measures evaluated, MMF showed the highest correlation with collagen loss and can be used to assess rotator cuff degeneration.

PurposeTo investigate the effect of stretching sampling window on quantitative 3D ultrashort TE (UTE) imaging of cortical bone at 3 T.MethodsTen bovine cortical bone and 17 human tibial midshaft samples were imaged with a 3T clinical MRI scanner using an 8-channel knee coil. Quantitative 3D UTE imaging biomarkers, including T1 , T2∗ , magnetization transfer ratio and magnetization transfer modeling, were performed using radial or spiral Cones sampling trajectories with various durations. Errors in UTE-MRI biomarkers as a function of sampling time were evaluated using radial sampling as a reference standard.ResultsFor both bovine and human cortical bone samples, no significant differences were observed for all UTE biomarkers (single-component T2∗ , bicomponent T2∗ and relative fractions, T1 , magnetization transfer ratio, and magnetization transfer modeling of macromolecular fraction) for spiral sampling windows of 992 µs to 1600 µs compared with a radial sampling window of 688 µs.ConclusionThe total scan time can be reduced by 76% with quantification errors less than 5%. Quantitative UTE-MRI techniques can be greatly accelerated using longer sampling windows without significant quantification errors.

PurposeIn this study, we explore the feasibility of a new imaging scheme for quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): continuous single-point imaging (CSPI), which uses a pure phase encoding strategy to achieve true phase imaging and improve QSM accuracy.MethodsThe proposed CSPI is a modification of conventional SPI to allow acquisition of multiple echoes in a single scan. Immediately following a phase encoding gradient, the free induction decay is continuously sampled with extremely high temporal resolution to obtain k-space data at a fixed spatial frequency (i.e., at a fixed k-space coordinate). By having near-0 readout duration, CSPI results in a true snapshot of the transverse magnetization at each TE. Additionally, parallel imaging with autocalibration is utilized to reduce scan time, and an optional temporal averaging strategy is presented to improve signal-to-noise ratio for objects with low proton density or short T2* decay. The reconstructed CSPI images were input to a QSM framework based on morphology enabled dipole inversion.ResultIn an experiment performed using iron phantoms, susceptibility estimated using CSPI showed high linearity (R2 = 0.9948) with iron concentration. Additionally, reconstructed CSPI phase images showed much reduced ringing artifact compared with phase images obtained using a frequency encoding strategy. In an ex vivo experiment performed using human tibia samples, estimated susceptibilities ranged from -1.6 to -2.1 ppm, in agreement with values reported in the literature (ranging from -1.2 to -2.2 ppm).ConclusionWe have demonstrated the feasibility of using CSPI to obtain true phase images for QSM.

Intracortical bone porosity is a key microstructural parameter that determines bone mechanical properties. While clinical MRI visualizes the cortical bone with a signal void, ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI can acquire high signal from cortical bone, thus enabling quantitative assessments. Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging combined with UTE-MRI can indirectly assess protons in the bone collagenous matrix, which are inversely related to porosity. This study aimed to examine UTE-MT MRI techniques to evaluate intracortical bone porosity. Eighteen human cortical bone specimens from the tibial and fibular midshafts were scanned using UTE-MT sequences on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner and on a high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanner. A series of MT pulse saturation powers (500°, 1000°, 1500°) and frequency offsets (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 kHz) were used to measure the macromolecular fraction (MMF) and macromolecular T2 (T2MM ) using a two-pool MT model. The measurements were made on 136 different regions of interest (ROIs). ROIs were selected at three cortical bone layers (from endosteum to periosteum) and four anatomical sites (anterior, mid-medial, mid-lateral, and posterior) to provide a wide range of porosity. MMF showed moderate to strong correlations with intracortical bone porosity (R = -0.67 to -0.73, p

Head morphogenesis requires complex signal relays to enable precisely coordinated proliferation, migration, and patterning. Here, we demonstrate that, during mouse head formation, taspase1-mediated (TASP1-mediated) cleavage of the general transcription factor TFIIA ensures proper coordination of rapid cell proliferation and morphogenesis by maintaining limited transcription of the negative cell cycle regulators p16Ink4a and p19Arf from the Cdkn2a locus. In mice, loss of TASP1 function led to catastrophic craniofacial malformations that were associated with inadequate cell proliferation. Compound deficiency of Cdkn2a, especially p16Ink4a deficiency, markedly reduced the craniofacial anomalies of TASP1-deficent mice. Furthermore, evaluation of mice expressing noncleavable TASP1 targets revealed that TFIIA is the principal TASP1 substrate that orchestrates craniofacial morphogenesis. ChIP analyses determined that noncleaved TFIIA accumulates at the p16Ink4a and p19Arf promoters to drive transcription of these negative regulators. In summary, our study elucidates a regulatory circuit comprising proteolysis, transcription, and proliferation that is pivotal for construction of the mammalian head., Introduction Morphogenesis of mammalian heads is a complex process coordinating differential cell proliferation, death, migration, and patterning in all germ layers. Craniofacial malformations in humans are major congenital disorders and [...]

Head morphogenesis requires complex signal relays to enable precisely coordinated proliferation, migration, and patterning. Here, we demonstrate that, during mouse head formation, taspase1-mediated (TASP1-mediated) cleavage of the general transcription factor TFIIA ensures proper coordination of rapid cell proliferation and morphogenesis by maintaining limited transcription of the negative cell cycle regulators p16lnk4α and pl9Arf from the Cdkn2α locus. In mice, loss of TASP1 function led to catastrophic craniofacial malformations that were associated with inadequate cell proliferation. Compound deficiency of Cdkn2α, especially p16lnk4α deficiency, markedly reduced the craniofacial anomalies of TASP1-deficent mice. Furthermore, evaluation of mice expressing noncleavable TASP1 targets revealed that TFIIA is the principal TASP1 substrate that orchestrates craniofacial morphogenesis. ChIP analyses determined that noncleaved TFIIA accumulates at the p16lnk4a and p19Arf promoters to drive transcription of these negative regulators. In summary, our study elucidates a regulatory circuit comprising proteolysis, transcription, and proliferation that is pivotal for construction of the mammalian head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taspase1, a highly conserved threonine protease encoded by TASP1, cleaves nuclear histone-modifying factors and basal transcription regulators to orchestrate diverse transcription programs. Hereditary loss-of-function mutation of TASP1 has recently been reported in humans as resulting in an anomaly complex syndrome, which manifests with hematological, facial, and skeletal abnormalities. Here, we demonstrate that Taspase1-mediated cleavage of TFIIAα-β, rather than of MLL1 or MLL2, in mouse embryos was required for proper fetal liver hematopoiesis and correct segmental identities of the axial skeleton. Homozygous genetic deletion of Taspase1 disrupted embryonic hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and quiescence states and axial skeleton fates. Strikingly, mice carrying knockin noncleavable mutations of TFIIAα-β, a well-characterized basal transcription factor, displayed more pronounced fetal liver and axial skeleton defects than those with noncleavable MLL1 and MLL2, 2 trithorax group histone H3 trimethyl transferases. Our study offers molecular insights into a syndrome in humans that results from loss of TASP1 and describes an unexpected role of TFIIAα-β cleavage in embryonic cell fate decisions.