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Objective: Upper extremity angiography can make an important contribution to the diagnosis in vasculopathy. The present study was designed to assess the diagnostic role of upper extremity angiography in patients with disturbed circulation of the hand, according to a standardised protocol., Methods: The study was carried out in an outpatient setting in 103 patients suffering from bilateral Raynaud's phenomenon without any obvious underlying disease and who were unresponsive to nifedipine and aspirin. All patients had angiographies taken according to a standardized technique using vasodilating medication, and reviewed according to a standardised protocol that covered all the known characteristics of angiopathy such as diminished flow, stops, tortuosity, irregularity of the wall, tapering, collaterals and blushing., Results: Standardised angiograms showed vasculopathy compatible with primary vasospasm in 42 patients [all women; mean age 35.1 years], atherosclerotic vascular disease in 44 patients [M/F 9/35; mean age 46.7 years], peripheral embolism in 8 patients [M/F 4/4; mean age 38.4 years], vasculitis in 3 patients [3 women; mean age 38 years] and Buerger's disease in 3 patients [3 men; mean age 47 years]. Inter-observer differences were present in 4 cases, but consensus could be reached through open discussion. An unexpected 47% of patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease had dyslipidemia, frequently of familial origin., Conclusions: The standardised angiography protocol proved to be helpful in the assessment of upper extremity angiography. Surprisingly, a high prevalence of angiographic abnormalities compatible with atherosclerotic vascular disease could already be diagnosed in relatively young patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, of whom 47% showed hypercholesterolemia.

The results of scintiphotography with gallium-67 (67Ga), renography with technetium-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid, immunofluorescence of antibody coated bacteria, and determination of renal beta 2 microglobulin excretion were compared in 19 patients with upper and 15 patients with lower urinary tract infection. All patients with acute pyelonephritis showed an appreciable unilateral or bilateral uptake of 67Ga and an increased excretion of beta 2 microglobulin, whereas immunofluorescence of antibody coated bacteria yielded positive results in only 10. In patients with lower urinary tract infections excretion of beta 2 microglobulin and uptake of 67Ga were always normal, whereas immunofluorescence of antibody coated bacteria was positive in three cases. Scintiphotography with 67Ga and determination of renal beta 2 microglobulin excretion are currently the most reliable non-invasive methods of detecting acute pyelonephritis.