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Background: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is mandatory before transvenous lead extraction (TLE), but its usefulness remains underestimated. This study aims to describe the broad range of TEE findings in TLE candidates, as well as their influence on procedure complexity, major complications (MCs) and long-term survival. Methods: Preoperative TEE was performed in 1191 patients undergoing TLE. Results: Lead thickening (OR = 1.536; p = 0.007), lead adhesion to heart structures (OR = 2.531; p < 0.001) and abnormally long lead loops (OR = 1.632; p = 0.006) increased the complexity of TLE. Vegetation-like masses on the lead (OR = 4.080; p = 0.44), lead thickening (OR = 2.389; p = 0.049) and lead adhesion to heart structures (OR = 6.341; p < 0.001) increased the rate of MCs. The presence of vegetations (HR = 7.254; p < 0.001) was the strongest predictor of death during a 1-year follow-up period. Conclusions: TEE before TLE provides a lot of important information for the operator. Apart from the visualization of possible vegetations, it can also detect various forms of lead-related scar tissue. Build-up of scar tissue and the presence of long lead loops are associated with increased complexity of the procedure and risk of MCs. Preoperative TEE performed outside the operating room may have an impact on the clinical decision-making process, such as transferring potentially more difficult patients to a more experienced center or having the procedure performed by the most experienced operator. Moreover, the presence of masses or vegetations on the leads significantly increases 1-year and all-cause mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) has become an essential non-invasive imaging modality in the diagnosis and management of various cardiac conditions. Its ability to provide detailed assessments of myocardial perfusion and scar tissue without ionizing radiation offers distinct advantages over other imaging techniques. Aim is to evaluate the role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) in assessing myocardial perfusion and scar tissue and to investigate the correlation of CMR findings with clinical parameters and outcomes, including angina symptoms, history of myocardial infarction, and revascularization procedures. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted with a sample size of 75 patients who had clinical indications for CMR. The study included adult’s aged 18 years and older, excluding those with contraindications to MRI or severe renal impairment. CMR imaging was performed using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, incorporating cine imaging, stress and rest perfusion imaging, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), and T1 and T2 mapping. Results: The study found that 30% of participants exhibited myocardial perfusion defects, with a mean scar burden of 15% across the study cohort. Participants with angina symptoms, a history of myocardial infarction, or those who underwent revascularization procedures had higher scar burdens and lower left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF). Significant correlations were observed between CMR findings and clinical outcomes, with participants who had a history of myocardial infarction showing the highest scar burden (mean 30%) and lowest LVEF (mean 45%). Conclusion: CMR is a valuable tool for evaluating myocardial perfusion and scar tissue, with significant correlations to clinical outcomes. This study confirms the importance of CMR in the management of cardiovascular diseases and suggests that further research and advancements are necessary to enhance its accessibility and utility in diverse healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Post-mastectomy physiotherapy typically includes massage, exercise, and stretching, but often fails to treat post-surgical scar tissue, a significant contributor to long-term disability. This study aimed to compare conventional therapy with myofascial manual therapy for treating post-surgical scar tissue in post-mastectomy patients and to determine the effectiveness of these treatments. Methods The study was an experimental controlled study with pre- and post-testing of two parallel groups. Forty-eight women experiencing shoulder and/or upper torso impairment following mastectomy were randomly allocated to either a control group ( n = 21) or a myofascial therapy group ( n = 27). Conventional physiotherapy involving exercise and massage or myofascial therapy was used. Pre- and post-therapy measurements included muscle length, pain intensity, range of motion (ROM), and scar mobility. Results Myofascial therapy was superior to conventional physiotherapy in reducing the percentage of patients with below-normal muscle lengths at several sites. Significant decreases from baseline were observed in the treatment group for the pars clavicularis, descending trapezius, pars sternocostalis, latissimus dorsi, and levator scapulae muscles. Myofascial therapy also improved mobility in the scar area, with increases of 3 mm relative to the xiphoid process and 4 mm relative to the coracoid. Conclusions Our study indicates that myofascial interventions improve upper limb ROM and muscle elasticity in the upper limb girdle of post-mastectomy patients. These findings provide empirical evidence supporting the benefits of myofascial intervention over conventional physiotherapy in the treatment of post-surgical scar tissue in this patient group.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) arising within scar tissue is a rare but clinically significant phenomenon. This comprehensive review aims to provide a succinct overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the etiological factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of BCC. This study constitutes a literature review pertaining to BCC, with a particular emphasis on BCC developing within scar tissue. It also provides a clinical case presentation of a patient who had developed BCC in a BCG post-vaccination scar and a review of analogous findings available in the existing literature. Despite the fact that an array of mechanisms play a role in injury-related BCC growth, the main mechanism remains ambiguous and yet to be elucidated. The review also includes a detailed description of the various therapeutic options available for BCC, ranging from surgical interventions to novel pharmacological treatments. By examining these intersections, the review seeks to elucidate the potential mechanisms, identify risk factors, and suggest considerations for clinical practice. The findings underscore the importance of vigilant dermatological assessment in patients with scar tissue and those recently vaccinated, aiming to improve early detection and optimize management strategies for BCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Post-mastectomy physiotherapy typically includes massage, exercise, and stretching, but often fails to treat postsurgical scar tissue, a significant contributor to long-term disability. This study aimed to compare conventional therapy with myofascial manual therapy for treating post-surgical scar tissue in post-mastectomy patients and to determine the effectiveness of these treatments. Methods. The study was an experimental controlled study with pre- and post-testing of two parallel groups. Forty-eight women experiencing shoulder and/or upper torso impairment following mastectomy were randomly allocated to either a control group (n = 21) or a myofascial therapy group (n = 27). Conventional physiotherapy involving exercise and massage or myofascial therapy was used. Pre- and post-therapy measurements included muscle length, pain intensity, range of motion (ROM), and scar mobility. Results. Myofascial therapy was superior to conventional physiotherapy in reducing the percentage of patients with belownormal muscle lengths at several sites. Significant decreases from baseline were observed in the treatment group for the pars clavicularis, descending trapezius, pars sternocostalis, latissimus dorsi, and levator scapulae muscles. Myofascial therapy also improved mobility in the scar area, with increases of 3 mm relative to the xiphoid process and 4 mm relative to the coracoid. Conclusions. Our study indicates that myofascial interventions improve upper limb ROM and muscle elasticity in the upper limb girdle of post-mastectomy patients. These findings provide empirical evidence supporting the benefits of myofascial intervention over conventional physiotherapy in the treatment of post-surgical scar tissue in this patient group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keloids are abnormal skin growths occurring in a significant portion of the global population. Despite their pervasiveness, the underlying pathophysiology of this scarring process is yet to be fully understood. In this review article, we delve into the current literature on the pathophysiological mechanisms of keloids. We take a top-down approach, first looking at host factors such as genetics and endocrine factors and then taking a more granular approach describing specific control factors such as germline keloid predisposition variants, epigenetics and transcriptomics, inflammatory and immune dysregulation, and the role of profibrotic and angiogenic cell signaling pathways. We then discuss current knowledge gaps, propose further research avenues, and explore potential future treatment options considering our increased understanding of keloid pathogenesis.

Our previous research studies have demonstrated the role of microRNA133b (miR133b) in healing the contused spinal cord when administered either intranasally or intravenously 24 h following an injury. While our data showed beneficial effects of exogenous miR133b delivered within hours of a spinal cord injury (SCI), the kinetics of endogenous miR133b levels in the contused spinal cord and rostral/caudal segments of the injury were not fully investigated. In this study, we examined the miR133b dysregulation in a mouse model of moderate unilateral contusion injury at the fifth cervical (C5) level. Between 30 min and 7 days post-injury, mice were euthanized and tissues were collected from different areas of the spinal cord, ipsilateral and contralateral prefrontal motor cortices, and off-targets such as lung and spleen. The endogenous level of miR133b was determined by RT-qPCR. We found that after SCI, (a) most changes in miR133b level were restricted to the injured area with very limited alterations in the rostral and caudal parts relative to the injury site, (b) acute changes in the endogenous levels were predominantly specific to the lesion site with delayed miR133b changes in the motor cortex, and (c) ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres responded differently to unilateral SCI. Our results suggest that the therapeutic window for exogenous miR133b therapy begins earlier than 24 h post-injury and potentially lasts longer than 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacuum-assisted excision biopsy (VAEB) provides a safe alternative to surgical excision for selected (low-risk) B3 breast lesions. We report a case of imaging findings that mimicked malignancy in a patient one year post-VAEB. Awareness of this entity is important to prevent misdiagnosis and unnecessary surgical excision.

Tendon injuries, while prevalent, present significant challenges regarding their structural and functional restoration. Utilizing alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-Ai9-scleraxis (Scx)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice, which exhibit both Scx (a tendon cell marker) and α-SMA (a myofibroblast marker), we explored the effects of metformin (Met) on tendon healing, repair, and its mechanisms of action. Our findings revealed that intraperitoneal (IP) injections of Met, administered before or after injury, as well as both, effectively prevented the release of HMGB1 into the tendon matrix and reduced circulating levels of HMGB1. Additionally, Met treatment increased and activated AMPK and suppressed TGF-β1 levels within the healing tendon. Tendon healing was also improved by blocking the migration of α-SMA+ myofibroblasts, reducing the prevalence of disorganized collagen fibers and collagen type III. It also enhanced the presence of collagen type I. These outcomes highlight Met's anti-fibrotic properties in acutely injured tendons and suggest its potential for repurposing as a therapeutic agent to minimize scar tissue formation in tendon injuries, which could have profound implications in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) arising within scar tissue is a rare but clinically significant phenomenon. This comprehensive review aims to provide a succinct overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the etiological factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of BCC. This study constitutes a literature review pertaining to BCC, with a particular emphasis on BCC developing within scar tissue. It also provides a clinical case presentation of a patient who had developed BCC in a BCG post-vaccination scar and a review of analogous findings available in the existing literature. Despite the fact that an array of mechanisms play a role in injury-related BCC growth, the main mechanism remains ambiguous and yet to be elucidated. The review also includes a detailed description of the various therapeutic options available for BCC, ranging from surgical interventions to novel pharmacological treatments. By examining these intersections, the review seeks to elucidate the potential mechanisms, identify risk factors, and suggest considerations for clinical practice. The findings underscore the importance of vigilant dermatological assessment in patients with scar tissue and those recently vaccinated, aiming to improve early detection and optimize management strategies for BCC.

Abstract Background Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML), resulting from severe trauma or surgical ablation, is a pathological condition preventing myofibers regeneration, since skeletal muscle owns the remarkable ability to restore tissue damage, but only when limited in size. The current surgical therapies employed in the treatment of this pathology, which particularly affects military personnel, do not yet provide satisfactory results. For this reason, more innovative approaches must be sought, specifically skeletal muscle tissue engineering seems to highlight promising results obtained from preclinical studies in VML mouse model. Despite the great results obtained in rodents, translation into human needs a comparable animal model in terms of size, in order to validate the efficacy of the tissue engineering approach reconstructing larger muscle mass (human-like). In this work we aim to demonstrate the validity of a porcine model, that has underwent a surgical ablation of a large muscle area, as a VML damage model. Results For this purpose, morphological, ultrasound, histological and fluorescence analyses were carried out on the scar tissue formed following the surgical ablation of the peroneus tertius muscle of Sus scrofa domesticus commonly called mini-pig. In particular, the replenishment of the damaged area, the macrophage infiltration and the vascularization at different time-points were evaluated up to the harvesting of the scar upon six months. Conclusion Here we demonstrated that following VML damage, there is an extremely poor regenerative process in the swine muscle tissue, while the formation of fibrotic, scar tissue occurs. The analyses performed up to 180 days after the injury revealed the development of a stable, structured and cellularized tissue, provided with vessels and extracellular matrix acquiring the status of granulation tissue like in human.

Our previous research studies have demonstrated the role of microRNA133b (miR133b) in healing the contused spinal cord when administered either intranasally or intravenously 24 h following an injury. While our data showed beneficial effects of exogenous miR133b delivered within hours of a spinal cord injury (SCI), the kinetics of endogenous miR133b levels in the contused spinal cord and rostral/caudal segments of the injury were not fully investigated. In this study, we examined the miR133b dysregulation in a mouse model of moderate unilateral contusion injury at the fifth cervical (C5) level. Between 30 min and 7 days post-injury, mice were euthanized and tissues were collected from different areas of the spinal cord, ipsilateral and contralateral prefrontal motor cortices, and off-targets such as lung and spleen. The endogenous level of miR133b was determined by RT-qPCR. We found that after SCI, (a) most changes in miR133b level were restricted to the injured area with very limited alterations in the rostral and caudal parts relative to the injury site, (b) acute changes in the endogenous levels were predominantly specific to the lesion site with delayed miR133b changes in the motor cortex, and (c) ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres responded differently to unilateral SCI. Our results suggest that the therapeutic window for exogenous miR133b therapy begins earlier than 24 h post-injury and potentially lasts longer than 7 days.

Background: Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML), resulting from severe trauma or surgical ablation, is a pathological condition preventing myofibers regeneration, since skeletal muscle owns the remarkable ability to restore tissue damage, but only when limited in size. The current surgical therapies employed in the treatment of this pathology, which particularly affects military personnel, do not yet provide satisfactory results. For this reason, more innovative approaches must be sought, specifically skeletal muscle tissue engineering seems to highlight promising results obtained from preclinical studies in VML mouse model. Despite the great results obtained in rodents, translation into human needs a comparable animal model in terms of size, in order to validate the efficacy of the tissue engineering approach reconstructing larger muscle mass (human-like). In this work we aim to demonstrate the validity of a porcine model, that has underwent a surgical ablation of a large muscle area, as a VML damage model. Results: For this purpose, morphological, ultrasound, histological and fluorescence analyses were carried out on the scar tissue formed following the surgical ablation of the peroneus tertius muscle of Sus scrofa domesticus commonly called mini-pig. In particular, the replenishment of the damaged area, the macrophage infiltration and the vascularization at different time-points were evaluated up to the harvesting of the scar upon six months. Conclusion: Here we demonstrated that following VML damage, there is an extremely poor regenerative process in the swine muscle tissue, while the formation of fibrotic, scar tissue occurs. The analyses performed up to 180 days after the injury revealed the development of a stable, structured and cellularized tissue, provided with vessels and extracellular matrix acquiring the status of granulation tissue like in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleft lip and palate are the most common congenital malformations which require early primary cleft surgery in all infants. The surgical treatment of cleft lip and palate deformities results in the formation of scar tissue. However, the scarred tissue has sparsely been immunohistochemically evaluated to date. Herein, we report the differences in the cellular expression of various proteins in the scar and nearby healthy tissue of a 35-year-old patient who underwent cleft correction surgery during infancy. The scar tissue showed basal cell proliferation, prominent cysts, and fibrotic connective tissue. An increased expression of both interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and IL-10 in the scar tissue was noted, although the balance favored an anti-inflammatory environment. No differences in the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) and TIMP-2 were found whilst an increased expression of PAX-9 and MSX-1 was observed in the scar tissue, which co-localized with RYK expression. Temporal studies like the present one can aid in advancing our understanding of the longitudinal processes governing wound healing morpho-pathogenesis in cleft-affected patients.

Despite important advances in the pre-clinical animal studies investigating the neuroinhibitory microenvironment at the injury site, traumatic injury to the spinal cord remains a major problem with no concrete response. Here, we examined whether (1) intranasal (IN) administration of miR133b/Ago2 can reach the injury site and achieve a therapeutic effect and (2) NEO100-based formulation of miR133b/Ago2 can improve effectiveness. 24 h after a cervical contusion, C57BL6 female mice received IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 or miR133b/Ago2/NEO100 for 3 days, one dose per day. The pharmacokinetics of miR133b in the spinal cord lesion was determined by RT-qPCR. The role of IN delivery of miR133b on motor function was assessed by the grip strength meter (GSM) and hanging tasks. The activity of miR133b at the lesion site was established by immunostaining of fibronectin 1 (FN1), a miR133b target. We found that IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 (1) reaches the lesion scar and co-administration of miR133b with NEO100 facilitated the cellular uptake; (2) enhanced the motor function and addition of NEO100 potentiated this effect and (3) targeted FN1 expression at the lesion scar. Our results suggest a high efficacy of IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 to the injured spinal cord that translates to improved healing with NEO100 further potentiating this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tendon injuries, while prevalent, present significant challenges regarding their structural and functional restoration. Utilizing alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-Ai9-scleraxis (Scx)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice, which exhibit both Scx (a tendon cell marker) and α-SMA (a myofibroblast marker), we explored the effects of metformin (Met) on tendon healing, repair, and its mechanisms of action. Our findings revealed that intraperitoneal (IP) injections of Met, administered before or after injury, as well as both, effectively prevented the release of HMGB1 into the tendon matrix and reduced circulating levels of HMGB1. Additionally, Met treatment increased and activated AMPK and suppressed TGF-β1 levels within the healing tendon. Tendon healing was also improved by blocking the migration of α-SMA+ myofibroblasts, reducing the prevalence of disorganized collagen fibers and collagen type III. It also enhanced the presence of collagen type I. These outcomes highlight Met’s anti-fibrotic properties in acutely injured tendons and suggest its potential for repurposing as a therapeutic agent to minimize scar tissue formation in tendon injuries, which could have profound implications in clinical practice.

Introduction: It has been previously reported that intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) are the main cause of uterine infertility. However, the histological origin of scar tissue present on the inner wall of the uterine cavity with IUAs has not been previously studied, which is particularly necessary for follow-up research and prevention and treatment. Methods: In this study, myometrium with normal uterus were assigned to the control group and scar tissues with IUAs were assigned to the experimental group. And pathological characteristics and transcriptomic were analyzed between the two groups. Results: We founded no difference was noted in the histological morphology and the α-SMA expression between the experimental and control groups. A total of 698 differentially expressed genes were identified between the two groups. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in cell proliferation, AP-1 complex formation, and angiogenesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that the target genes were significantly enriched in the AGE-RAGE, FOXO and TNF signaling pathway. Discussion: As far as we know, this is the first study to propose that the scar tissues are mainly derived from the myometrium and the first one to report differentially expressed genes in the scar tissues of IUAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scars usually do not show strong contrast under standard skin examination relying on dermoscopes. They usually develop after skin injury when the body repairs the damaged tissue. In general, scars cause multiple types of distress such as movement restrictions, pain, itchiness and the psychological impact of the associated cosmetic disfigurement with no universally successful treatment option available at the moment. Scar treatment has significant economic impact as well. Mueller matrix polarimetry with integrated autofocus and automatic data registration can potentially improve scar assessment by the dermatologist and help to make the evaluation of the treatment outcome objective. Polarimetry can provide new physical parameters for an objective treatment evaluation. We show that Mueller matrix polarimetry can enable strong contrast for in vivo scar imaging. Additionally, our results indicate that the polarization stain images obtained form there could be a useful tool for dermatology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that polarimetry can be used to monitor wound healing, which may help prevent scarring altogether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleft lip and palate are the most common congenital malformations which require early primary cleft surgery in all infants. The surgical treatment of cleft lip and palate deformities results in the formation of scar tissue. However, the scarred tissue has sparsely been immunohistochemically evaluated to date. Herein, we report the differences in the cellular expression of various proteins in the scar and nearby healthy tissue of a 35-year-old patient who underwent cleft correction surgery during infancy. The scar tissue showed basal cell proliferation, prominent cysts, and fibrotic connective tissue. An increased expression of both interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and IL-10 in the scar tissue was noted, although the balance favored an anti-inflammatory environment. No differences in the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) and TIMP-2 were found whilst an increased expression of PAX-9 and MSX-1 was observed in the scar tissue, which co-localized with RYK expression. Temporal studies like the present one can aid in advancing our understanding of the longitudinal processes governing wound healing morpho-pathogenesis in cleft-affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a case of attrition rupture of flexor digitorum profundus tendon of the right little finger in a 64-year-old lady caused by a prominent hook of hamate. The tendon was reconstructed primarily by palmaris longus tendon graft and was complicated by tendon graft twisting by scar tissue, resulting in the inability to fully extend the finger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: - The liver is irrevocably damaged and replaced with scar tissue as a result of the late-stage liver disease cirrhosis. Scar tissue prevents your liver from functioning properly. Cirrhosis typically develops decades after the onset of chronic liver disease. Men experience it twice as frequently as women. Clinical Findings:-Weakness, loss of appetite, easy bruising, skin yellowing (jaundice), itching, and weariness are all symptoms of cirrhosis. Diagnostic Evaluation: -Blood test: - HB % = 9.3gm%, total RBC count = 2. 99cu.mm, total WBC count = 11800cu.mm, total platelet count = 1.23 lac cu.mm, total protein = 6.5g/L, total bilirubin = 15.8g/L, lymphocytes = 10%, monocytes = 0.2%, albumin =2.2. Peripheral Smear: - RBCs - Normocytic mildly hypochromic Platelets - Reduced on smear APC - 38000 cells/mm2 as per cell counter no Haem parasite seen. Ultrasonography:-Options include liver needle biopsy, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). an innovative imaging technique called electrography. Therapeutic Intervention: - Inj. Albumin 20% × OD, Inj. Vitamin K 10mg ×OD, Inj. Optineuron ×OD, Inj. Pan 40mg × OD, Inj. Emset 4mg × SOS, Inj. Levoflox 500mg × OD. Outcome: - After treatment the patient show Improvement. His appetite is improved and skin condition is also improved and his Weakness is reduced. Conclusion:- With a known case of liver cirrhosis, the patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints of weakness, loss of appetite, easy bruising, jaundice, itching, and weariness. His condition improved after receiving the proper care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological consequence of most myocardial diseases. It is associated with the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins as well as fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts in the cardiac interstitium. This structural remodeling often results in myocardial dysfunctions such as arrhythmias and impaired systolic function in patients with heart conditions, ultimately leading to heart failure and death. An understanding of the precise mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis is still limited due to the numerous signaling pathways, cells, and mediators involved in the process. This review article will focus on the pathophysiological processes associated with the development of cardiac fibrosis. In addition, it will summarize the novel strategies for anti-fibrotic therapies such as epigenetic modifications, miRNAs, and CRISPR technologies as well as various medications in cellular and animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healing of deep skin wounds is a complex phenomenon evolving according with a fine spatiotemporal regulation of different biological events (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling). Due to the spontaneous evolution of damaged human dermis toward a fibrotic scar, the treatment of deep wounds still represents a clinical concern. Bioengineered full-thickness skin models may play a crucial role in this direction by providing a deep understanding of the process that leads to the formation of fibrotic scars. This will allow (i) to identify new drugs and targets/biomarkers, (ii) to test new therapeutic approaches, and (iii) to develop more accurate in silico models, with the final aim to guide the closure process toward a scar-free closure and, in a more general sense, (iv) to understand the mechanisms involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic aging of the skin. In this work, the complex dynamic of events underlaying the closure of deep skin wound is presented and the engineered models that aim at replicating such complex phenomenon are reviewed. Despite the complexity of the cellular and extracellular events occurring during the skin wound healing the gold standard assay used to replicate such a process is still represented by planar in vitro models that have been largely used to identify the key factors regulating the involved cellular processes. However, the lack of the main constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) makes these over-simplistic 2D models unable to predict the complexity of the closure process. Three-dimensional bioengineered models, which aim at recreating the closure dynamics of the human dermis by using exogenous biomaterials, have been developed to fill such a gap. Although interesting mechanistic effects have been figured out, the effect of the inflammatory response on the ECM remodelling is not replicated yet. We discuss how more faithful wound healing models can be obtained by creating immunocompetent 3D dermis models featuring an endogenous ECM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of one piece urinary sphincter (ZSI 375) in patients with history of multiple lower abdominal surgeries. A 26 year old man presented with severe stress urinary incontinence since 19 years ago. At the age of 7, he suffered severe pelvic injuries due to a car accident and underwent multiple surgeries and a very large skin graft in the lower abdominal area. We used ZSI 375 as a one-piece urinary sphincter to prevent visceral injury because of scar tissue dissection. No complication was observed during one year follow up.

Despite important advances in the pre-clinical animal studies investigating the neuroinhibitory microenvironment at the injury site, traumatic injury to the spinal cord remains a major problem with no concrete response. Here, we examined whether (1) intranasal (IN) administration of miR133b/Ago2 can reach the injury site and achieve a therapeutic effect and (2) NEO100-based formulation of miR133b/Ago2 can improve effectiveness. 24 h after a cervical contusion, C57BL6 female mice received IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 or miR133b/Ago2/NEO100 for 3 days, one dose per day. The pharmacokinetics of miR133b in the spinal cord lesion was determined by RT-qPCR. The role of IN delivery of miR133b on motor function was assessed by the grip strength meter (GSM) and hanging tasks. The activity of miR133b at the lesion site was established by immunostaining of fibronectin 1 (FN1), a miR133b target. We found that IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 (1) reaches the lesion scar and co-administration of miR133b with NEO100 facilitated the cellular uptake; (2) enhanced the motor function and addition of NEO100 potentiated this effect and (3) targeted FN1 expression at the lesion scar. Our results suggest a high efficacy of IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 to the injured spinal cord that translates to improved healing with NEO100 further potentiating this effect.

Background: Skin regeneration from an injury without a scar is still a challenge. Methods: A murine model of a skin wound was treated with a combination of extract of astragalus and exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). CD11b+ and CD45 macrophages were detected and levels of cytokines were tested. Results: The expression of growth factors VEGF, FGF2 and EGF was elevated after treatment administered to MSCs. The administration of ethanolic extract of astragalus decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and simultaneously increased the levels of IL-10. The combination sped up the process of wound healing. A sustained-release gel with both ingredients was developed to enhance restoration from granulation. Conclusion: The extract of astragalus promotes the efficacy of MSC-derived exosomes in skin repair. Recovery from and regeneration of skin wounds are essential to maintaining epidermal function. Improving restoration and reducing scar tissue effectively need to be explored. Here, the authors investigated the potential role of extracts from the combination of an herbal plant (astragalus) and mesenchymal stem cells in wound healing. The administration of ethanolic extract of astragalus decreased the expression of inflammatory factors, increased the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts. The authors found that the combination treatment reduced the recovery time, with a lighter scar. Finally, the authors developed a slow-release gel with the mixture to prolong the effect and promote wound repair. Ethanolic extract of astragalus could enhance the properties of mesenchymal stem cells by effectively increasing recovery speed and improving prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to compare the effectiveness of corneal ulcer treatment by antibiotic therapy and local ultraviolet crosslinking in a clinical and morphological experimental study using the new Crosscor device. Material and methods. The study was performed on 15 rabbits (30 eyes) with a model of corneal ulceration caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 5 specimens each (10 eyes). Group 1 received local ultraviolet A range (UVA) crosslinking (CL) of the cornea using the Crosscor device (3 procedures lasting 5, 6 and 6 minutes each were given with intervals of three days). In group 2, CL was combined with antibacterial treatment (AB): instillations of tobramycin 0.3 % and ofloxacin ointment 3 mg / g were given 4 times a day for 14 days. In the control group, only AB treatment was given. The dynamics of inflammation, the intensity of turbidity and the size of the corneal ulcer were evaluated using biomicroscopy, fluorescein test, photoregistration of the anterior part of the eye, and according to a point system. Morphological changes in the cornea were determined using light microscopy (Leica with a DFC 420C digital camera). Results. In group 1 (CL) complete healing of the ulcer defect was noted on the 9th day of observation; in group 2 (CL + AB), the diameter of the corneal ulcer was reduced to 1.6 ± 0.5 mm, in the control group (AB) it was reduced to 1.9 ± 0.3 mm (p < 0.05). The total score of inflammatory changes on day 9 in the 1st group was 0.8 ± 1.3, in the 2nd group, 3.6 ± 0.8, and in the control group, 3.7 ± 0.4 (p < 0.05). On day 9, in all cases of the 1st group, a slight clouding of the cornea was formed (0–-1 point); in the 2nd group and in the control group in 90 % of cases a rough clouding of the cornea with vascularization was formed (3 points). Morphological examination of the eyes showed that only in the 1st group avascular scars with an ordered arrangement of fibrous tissue fibrils were formed. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a significantly higher efficiency of corneal ulcer treatment by local UVA crosslinking using Crosscor as compared with antibiotic therapy.

The understanding of Ilizarov’s biological principles is guiding clinical treatment. Ilizarov’s First Principle of Biology, Distraction Histogenesis, is a fundamental guidance for bone lengthening. The “Harbin Phenomenon” is an extension of “Transformation Histogenesis”, which was discovered by bone transport for bone defects treatment. It describes the transformation and regeneration capacities of scar tissues under slow and rhythmic distraction, and this transformation satisfies the morphological and functional requirements. This principle is a supplement to the first principle, and could be Ilizarov’s Second Principle of Biology. Together they form the basis to guide clinical bone transport treatment.

Autogenic free fat tissue (FFT) is widely used in neurosurgery. Since the 1960s, there has been discussion on the usefulness of fat graft in spinal surgery. Unfortunately, fat undergoes atrophy, fibrosis, and rebuild, and up to 55% of primary volume disappears. This review focuses on the following aspects: development of radiological assessment, evaluation of morphological changes, and the influence of fat graft on outcome. Fat graft in the spinal canal disappears after degeneration processes. High amounts of collagen in the studied tissue and proliferation of blood vessels were observed. Use of fat as a filler and dural sac sealer is well grounded; however, the prevention of scar formation is uncertain. The use of fat does not eliminate adhesion and scar formation near the dural sac. Meanwhile, as the results of the discussed studies show, routine use of fat graft in prevention of scar formation cannot be justified.

Abstract Background Tendon injuries occur frequently in human and equine athletes. Treatment options are limited, and the prognosis is often poor with functionally deficient scar tissue resulting. Fetal tendon injuries in contrast are capable of healing without forming scar tissue. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) may provide a potential cellular therapeutic to improve adult tendon regeneration; however, whether they can mimic the properties of fetal tenocytes is unknown. To this end, understanding the unique expression profile of normal adult and fetal tenocytes is crucial to allow validation of ESC-derived tenocytes as a cellular therapeutic. Methods Equine adult, fetal and ESC-derived tenocytes were cultured in a three-dimensional environment, with histological, morphological and transcriptomic differences compared. Additionally, the effects on gene expression of culturing adult and fetal tenocytes in either conventional two-dimensional monolayer culture or three-dimensional culture were compared using RNA sequencing. Results No qualitative differences in three-dimensional tendon constructs generated from adult, fetal and ESCs were found using histological and morphological analysis. However, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing revealed that ESC-derived tenocytes’ transcriptomic profile more closely resembled fetal tenocytes as opposed to adult tenocytes. Furthermore, this study adds to the growing evidence that monolayer cultured cells’ gene expression profiles converge, with adult and fetal tenocytes having only 10 significantly different genes when cultured in this manner. In contrast, when adult and fetal tenocytes were cultured in 3D, large distinctions in gene expression between these two developmental stages were found, with 542 genes being differentially expressed. Conclusion The information provided in this study makes a significant contribution to the investigation into the differences between adult reparative and fetal regenerative cells and supports the concept of using ESC-derived tenocytes as a cellular therapy. Comparing two- and three-dimensional culture also indicates three-dimensional culture as being a more physiologically relevant culture system for determining transcriptomic difference between the same cell types from different developmental stages.

Introduction: A disc herniation has traditionally been considered as disc tissue that has slipped out from an intervertebral disc. However, it was recently suggested that the disc herniation mass is a product of bioactive substances from the disc and that the disc hernia would more likely be scar tissue than herniated disc material. In this study, we aimed to analyze the structural components of experimentally induced disc herniations and compare with scar tissue and nucleus pulposus, in the rat. Methods: Twenty-eight rats had their L4-5 discs punctured. After three weeks, the nodule that had been formed over the puncture site, scar tissue from the spine musculature, and normal nucleus pulposus were harvested and processed for further analysis. Results: Proteomics analysis demonstrated that the formed nodule was more similar to scar tissue than to nucleus pulposus. Gene expression analysis showed that there was no resemblance between any tissues when looking at inflammatory genes but that, there was a clear resemblance between the nodule and scar tissue when analyzing extracellular matrix-related genes. Analysis of the GAG and polysaccharide size distribution revealed that only the nodule and scar tissue contained the shorter versions, potentially short chain hyaluronic acid that is known to induce inflammatory responses. The hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the nodule, disc tissue, and scar tissue indicated that the morphology of the nodule and scar tissue was very similar. Conclusions: The nodule formed after experimental disc puncture, and that resembles a disc hernia, has a more structural resemblance to scar tissue than disc tissue. The nodule is, therefore, more likely to be induced by disc-derived bioactive substances than being formed by herniated disc material.

Keloids are abnormal skin growths occurring in a significant portion of the global population. Despite their pervasiveness, the underlying pathophysiology of this scarring process is yet to be fully understood. In this review article, we delve into the current literature on the pathophysiological mechanisms of keloids. We take a top-down approach, first looking at host factors such as genetics and endocrine factors and then taking a more granular approach describing specific control factors such as germline keloid predisposition variants, epigenetics and transcriptomics, inflammatory and immune dysregulation, and the role of profibrotic and angiogenic cell signaling pathways. We then discuss current knowledge gaps, propose further research avenues, and explore potential future treatment options considering our increased understanding of keloid pathogenesis., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Scars usually do not show strong contrast under standard skin examination relying on dermoscopes. They usually develop after skin injury when the body repairs the damaged tissue. In general, scars cause multiple types of distress such as movement restrictions, pain, itchiness and the psychological impact of the associated cosmetic disfigurement with no universally successful treatment option available at the moment. Scar treatment has significant economic impact as well. Mueller matrix polarimetry with integrated autofocus and automatic data registration can potentially improve scar assessment by the dermatologist and help to make the evaluation of the treatment outcome objective. Polarimetry can provide new physical parameters for an objective treatment evaluation. We show that Mueller matrix polarimetry can enable strong contrast for in vivo scar imaging. Additionally, our results indicate that the polarization stain images obtained form there could be a useful tool for dermatology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that polarimetry can be used to monitor wound healing, which may help prevent scarring altogether.

The foreign body reaction is a complex biological process leading to the insulation of implanted artificial materials through a capsule of scar tissue. In particular, in chronic implantations of neural electrodes, the prediction of the scar tissue evolution is crucial to assess the implant reliability over time. Indeed, the capsule behaves like an increasing insulating barrier between electrodes and nerve fibers. However, no explicit and physically based rules are available to computationally reproduce the capsule evolution. In addition, standard approaches to this problem (i.e., Vandermonde-based and Lagrange interpolation) fail for the onset of the Runge phenomenon. More specifically, numerical oscillations arise, thus standard procedures are only able to reproduce experimental detections while they result in non physical values for inter-interval times (i.e., times before and after experimental detections). As a consequence, in this work, a novel framework is described to model the evolution of the scar tissue thickness, avoiding the onset of the Runge phenomenon. This approach is able to provide novel approximating functions correctly reproducing experimental data ( R 2 ≃ 0.92 ) and effectively predicting inter-interval detections. In this way, the overall performances of previous approaches, based on phenomenological fitting polynomials of low degree, are improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. It is generally known that dermal fillers are widely used in anti-aging medicine, to provide volume in healthy skin and mucous tissue. Fillers can also be successfully used with concave scars in order to lift the tissue and to give third dimension to the retracted skin surface. The aim of this case report was to show successful non-surgical treatment with hyaluron filler of the post-traumatically deformed upper lip. Case outline. We report a case of a woman with asymmetric partly incompetent upper lip, after trauma and primary surgical reconstruction. After almost 12 years, reconstruction with hyaluron filler was performed, using linear retrograde and bolus technique. Conclusion. Presented case correction of the posttraumatic scar of the upper lip illustrates that good aesthetic results could be achieved with hyaluron fillers.

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological consequence of most myocardial diseases. It is associated with the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins as well as fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts in the cardiac interstitium. This structural remodeling often results in myocardial dysfunctions such as arrhythmias and impaired systolic function in patients with heart conditions, ultimately leading to heart failure and death. An understanding of the precise mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis is still limited due to the numerous signaling pathways, cells, and mediators involved in the process. This review article will focus on the pathophysiological processes associated with the development of cardiac fibrosis. In addition, it will summarize the novel strategies for anti-fibrotic therapies such as epigenetic modifications, miRNAs, and CRISPR technologies as well as various medications in cellular and animal models.

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Abstract Background Lameness, low BCS and scar tissue in the skin covering the tuber spina scapulae are known as risk factors for shoulder ulcer in sows. In a two-step study, the predictive ability of pre-farrowing clinical examination and the preventive effect of rubber mats on the development of shoulder ulcers in at-risk sows were evaluated. Material and methods The study included 659 sows that were clinically examined one week before farrowing to distinguish risk sows from no-risk sows. Sows with a BCS ≤ 2 and/or a locomotion score > 3 and/or scar tissue in the skin covering the tuber spina scapulae were classified as at risk of developing shoulder ulcers. The at-risk sows were randomly assigned to either a prevention group in which sows were stalled in farrowing crates equipped with rubber mats, or a non-prevention group in which sows were stalled in standard crates. The shoulder areas were photographed during the first two weeks of the lactation period. Results The chance of developing a shoulder ulcer was significantly higher for at-risk sows than for non-at-risk sows (OR 5.55, p

Ameliorating blood–brain barrier disruption and altering scar formation dynamics are potential strategies that may improve post-stroke recovery. CD36 is a class B scavenger receptor that plays a role in innate immunity, inflammation and vascular dysfunction and regulates post-stroke injury, neovascularization, reactive astrogliosis and scar formation. By subjecting WT and CD36KO mice to different MCAo occlusion durations to generate comparable acute lesion sizes, we addressed the role of CD36 in BBB dysfunction, scar formation and recovery. The majority of stroke recovery studies primarily focus on motor function. Here, we employed an extensive behavioral test arsenal to evaluate psychological and cognitive endpoints. While not evident during the acute phase, CD36 deficient mice displayed significantly attenuated BBB leakage and scar formation at three months after stroke compared to wild-type littermates. Assessment of motor (open field, rotarod), anxiety (plus maze, light-dark box), depression (forced swim, sucrose preference) and memory tests (water maze) revealed that CD36 deficiency ameliorated stroke-induced behavioral impairments in activity, hedonic responses and spatial learning and strategy switching. Our findings indicate that CD36 contributes to stroke-induced BBB dysfunction and scar formation in an injury-independent manner, as well as to the chronic motor and neurophysiological deficits in chronic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healing of deep skin wounds is a complex phenomenon evolving according with a fine spatiotemporal regulation of different biological events (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling). Due to the spontaneous evolution of damaged human dermis toward a fibrotic scar, the treatment of deep wounds still represents a clinical concern. Bioengineered full-thickness skin models may play a crucial role in this direction by providing a deep understanding of the process that leads to the formation of fibrotic scars. This will allow (i) to identify new drugs and targets/biomarkers, (ii) to test new therapeutic approaches, and (iii) to develop more accurate in silico models, with the final aim to guide the closure process toward a scar-free closure and, in a more general sense, (iv) to understand the mechanisms involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic aging of the skin. In this work, the complex dynamic of events underlaying the closure of deep skin wound is presented and the engineered models that aim at replicating such complex phenomenon are reviewed. Despite the complexity of the cellular and extracellular events occurring during the skin wound healing the gold standard assay used to replicate such a process is still represented by planar in vitro models that have been largely used to identify the key factors regulating the involved cellular processes. However, the lack of the main constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) makes these over-simplistic 2D models unable to predict the complexity of the closure process. Three-dimensional bioengineered models, which aim at recreating the closure dynamics of the human dermis by using exogenous biomaterials, have been developed to fill such a gap. Although interesting mechanistic effects have been figured out, the effect of the inflammatory response on the ECM remodelling is not replicated yet. We discuss how more faithful wound healing models can be obtained by creating immunocompetent 3D dermis models featuring an endogenous ECM.

An analysis of scar tissue is necessary to understand the pathological tissue conditions during or after the wound healing process. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining has conventionally been applied to understand the morphology of scar tissue. However, the scar lesions cannot be analyzed from a whole slide image. The current study aimed to develop a method for the rapid and automatic characterization of scar lesions in HE-stained scar tissues using a supervised and unsupervised learning algorithm. The supervised learning used a Mask region-based convolutional neural network (RCNN) to train a pattern from a data representation using MMDetection tools. The K-means algorithm characterized the HE-stained tissue and extracted the main features, such as the collagen density and directional variance of the collagen. The Mask RCNN model effectively predicted scar images using various backbone networks (e.g., ResNet50, ResNet101, ResNeSt50, and ResNeSt101) with high accuracy. The K-means clustering method successfully characterized the HE-stained tissue by separating the main features in terms of the collagen fiber and dermal mature components, namely, the glands, hair follicles, and nuclei. A quantitative analysis of the scar tissue in terms of the collagen density and directional variance of the collagen confirmed 50% differences between the normal and scar tissues. The proposed methods were utilized to characterize the pathological features of scar tissue for an objective histological analysis. The trained model is time-efficient when used for detection in place of a manual analysis. Machine learning-assisted analysis is expected to aid in understanding scar conditions, and to help establish an optimal treatment plan.

Autogenic free fat tissue (FFT) is widely used in neurosurgery. Since the 1960s, there has been discussion on the usefulness of fat graft in spinal surgery. Unfortunately, fat undergoes atrophy, fibrosis, and rebuild, and up to 55% of primary volume disappears. This review focuses on the following aspects: development of radiological assessment, evaluation of morphological changes, and the influence of fat graft on outcome. Fat graft in the spinal canal disappears after degeneration processes. High amounts of collagen in the studied tissue and proliferation of blood vessels were observed. Use of fat as a filler and dural sac sealer is well grounded; however, the prevention of scar formation is uncertain. The use of fat does not eliminate adhesion and scar formation near the dural sac. Meanwhile, as the results of the discussed studies show, routine use of fat graft in prevention of scar formation cannot be justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tendon injuries occur frequently in human and equine athletes. Treatment options are limited, and the prognosis is often poor with functionally deficient scar tissue resulting. Fetal tendon injuries in contrast are capable of healing without forming scar tissue. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) may provide a potential cellular therapeutic to improve adult tendon regeneration; however, whether they can mimic the properties of fetal tenocytes is unknown. To this end, understanding the unique expression profile of normal adult and fetal tenocytes is crucial to allow validation of ESC-derived tenocytes as a cellular therapeutic. Methods: Equine adult, fetal and ESC-derived tenocytes were cultured in a three-dimensional environment, with histological, morphological and transcriptomic differences compared. Additionally, the effects on gene expression of culturing adult and fetal tenocytes in either conventional two-dimensional monolayer culture or three-dimensional culture were compared using RNA sequencing. Results: No qualitative differences in three-dimensional tendon constructs generated from adult, fetal and ESCs were found using histological and morphological analysis. However, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing revealed that ESC-derived tenocytes' transcriptomic profile more closely resembled fetal tenocytes as opposed to adult tenocytes. Furthermore, this study adds to the growing evidence that monolayer cultured cells' gene expression profiles converge, with adult and fetal tenocytes having only 10 significantly different genes when cultured in this manner. In contrast, when adult and fetal tenocytes were cultured in 3D, large distinctions in gene expression between these two developmental stages were found, with 542 genes being differentially expressed. Conclusion: The information provided in this study makes a significant contribution to the investigation into the differences between adult reparative and fetal regenerative cells and supports the concept of using ESC-derived tenocytes as a cellular therapy. Comparing two- and three-dimensional culture also indicates three-dimensional culture as being a more physiologically relevant culture system for determining transcriptomic difference between the same cell types from different developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marjolin's ulcers are rare and aggressive malignant transformations seen in scar tissue and chronic wounds. The majority of the malignant transformations are due to squamous cell carcinoma. Here, Trudie Young gives an overview of the condition -- its incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis as well as therapeutic management options and treatment plans required to ensure optimal care and good quality of life for patients with Marjolin's ulceration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foreign body reaction is a complex biological process leading to the insulation of implanted artificial materials through a capsule of scar tissue. In particular, in chronic implantations of neural electrodes, the prediction of the scar tissue evolution is crucial to assess the implant reliability over time. Indeed, the capsule behaves like an increasing insulating barrier between electrodes and nerve fibers. However, no explicit and physically based rules are available to computationally reproduce the capsule evolution. In addition, standard approaches to this problem (i.e., Vandermonde-based and Lagrange interpolation) fail for the onset of the Runge phenomenon. More specifically, numerical oscillations arise, thus standard procedures are only able to reproduce experimental detections while they result in non physical values for inter-interval times (i.e., times before and after experimental detections). As a consequence, in this work, a novel framework is described to model the evolution of the scar tissue thickness, avoiding the onset of the Runge phenomenon. This approach is able to provide novel approximating functions correctly reproducing experimental data (R2≃0.92) and effectively predicting inter-interval detections. In this way, the overall performances of previous approaches, based on phenomenological fitting polynomials of low degree, are improved.

A certain cell type can be isolated from different organs in the adult body that can differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, providing significant support for the existence of a certain type of small, vascular-associated, pluripotent stem cell ubiquitously distributed in all organs in the adult body (vaPS cells). These vaPS cells fundamentally differ from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells in that the latter possess the necessary genetic guidance that makes them intrinsically pluripotent. In contrast, vaPS cells do not have this intrinsic genetic guidance, but are able to differentiate into somatic cells of all three lineages under guidance of the microenvironment they are located in, independent from the original tissue or organ where they had resided. These vaPS cells are of high relevance for clinical application because they are contained in unmodified, autologous, adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs). The latter can be obtained from and re-applied to the same patient at the point of care, without the need for further processing, manipulation, and culturing. These findings as well as various clinical examples presented in this paper demonstrate the potential of UA-ADRCs for enabling an entirely new generation of medicine for the benefit of patients and healthcare systems.

Purpose. The paper reports the results of a comparative study of strength-elastic properties of the skin of the upper and lower eyelids, eyebrows, conjunctiva as well as those of free transplants (excess skin of the upper eyelid, skin of the posterior surface of the auricle, the inner surface of the shoulder, the lip mucosa) in normal conditions and scar deformations. Material and methods. In the study 210 standard-size samples were cut from tissues removed during reconstructive plastic surgeries of traumas and burns of the eye and eye adnexa. In order to determine the biomechanical parameters, the samples were loaded until a rupture using the Autograph Universal Testing Machine (Shimadzu, Japan) and checked for the tension-deformation dependence. This dependence was used to calculate the elasticity modulus, the tensile strength, and the maximum longitudinal deformation of the examined tissue. Results. The obtained results revealed differences in strength-elastic parameters of the skin of the upper and the lower eyelids and also the eyebrow area. It was determined, that the elasticity modulus (E) of scardeformed skin in the eyebrow area (Е=6.3±2.1 MPa) was higher than that of the lower eyelid area (Е=4.3±0.8 MPa) and the upper eyelid area (Е=3.6±0.5 MPa). The elasticity modulus of the skin of the inner surface of the shoulder (Е=4.0±0.5 MPa) is close to that of the scar-deformed skin of the lower eyelid, while the value of E for the posterior surface of the auricle is close to that of the upper eyelid scar-deformed skin (Е=2.5±0.4 MPa). The maximum rigidity was found to characterize the conjunctiva with burn-induced scars (Е=3.8±2.0 MPa), while the minimum rigidity was displayed by the conjunctiva of eyes with traumatic lesions without scars (Е=0.7±0.2 MPa). The elasticity modulus of lip mucosa (E=2.2±0.3 MPa), close to the respective parameter of scar-deformed conjunctiva (Е=1.9±0.4 MPa), shows that, from the biomechanical point of views, this tissue can be regarded as fully suitable for plastic surgery of the conjunctiva. Conclusions. Matching biomechanical parameters of periorbital area tissues and free transplants should be considered when choosing the transplants and developing the treatment plan of reconstructive plastic surgeries of traumatic scar deformities of eyelids and the conjunctiva.