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Melanoma is a highly metastatic tumour originating from neural crest-derived melanocytes. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of neuron navigator 3 (NAV3) in relation to membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase MMP14, a major regulator of invasion, in 40 primary melanomas, 15 benign naevi and 2 melanoma cell lines. NAV3 copy number changes were found in 18/27 (67%) primary melanomas, so that deletions dominated (16/27 of samples, 59%). NAV3 protein was found to be localized at the leading edge of migrating melanoma cells in vitro. Silencing of NAV3 reduced both melanoma cell migration in 2-dimensional conditions, as well as sprouting in 3-dimensional collagen I. NAV3 protein expression correlated with MMP14 in 26/37 (70%) primary melanomas. NAV3 and MMP14 were co-expressed in all tumours with Breslow thickness 5 mm) melanomas. Altogether, NAV3 number changes are frequent in melanomas, and NAV3 and MMP14, while expressed in all thin melanomas, are often downregulated in thicker tumours, suggesting that the lack of both NAV3 and MMP14 favours melanoma progression.

PLA offers a competitive and CO2 neutral matrix to commonly used polyolefin polymer based composites. Moreover, the use of PLA reduces dependency on oil when producing composite materials. However, PLA has a tendency of hydrolytic degradation under melt processing conditions in the presence of moisture, which remains a challenge when processing PLA reinforced natural fibre composites. Natural fibres such as cellulose fibres are hygroscopic with 6–10 wt% moisture content at 50–70% relative humidity conditions. These fibres are sensitive to melt processing conditions and fibre breakage (cutting) also occur during processing. The degradation of PLA, moisture absorption of natural fibres together with fibre cutting and uneven dispersion of fibres in polymer matrix, deteriorates the overall properties of the composite. In the given research paper, bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) reinforced PLA compounds were successfully melt processed using BSKP with relatively high moisture contents. The effect of moist BSKP on the molecular weight of PLA, fibre length and the mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. By using moist never-dried kraft pulp fibres for feeding, the fibre cutting was decreased during the melt compounding. Even though PLA degradation occurred during the melt processing, the final damage to the PLA was moderate and thus did not deteriorate the mechanical properties of the composites. However, comprehensive moisture removal is required during the compounding in order to achieve optimal overall performance of the PLA/BSKP composites. The economic benefit gained from using moist BSKP is that the expensive and time consuming drying process steps of the kraft pulp fibres prior to processing can be minimized.

This review describes the state-of-the-art of material derived from the forest sector with respect to its potential for use in the packaging industry. Some innovative approaches are highlighted. The aim is to cover recent developments and key challenges for successful introduction of renewable materials in the packaging market. The covered subjects are renewable fibers and bio-based polymers for use in bioplastics or as coatings for paper-based packaging materials. Current market sizes and forecasts are also presented. Competitive mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties along with material availability and ease of processing are identified as fundamental issues for sustainable utilization of renewable materials.