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Herbal preparation Chlamyfin was investigated for its total polyphenol content, 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and anti-inflammatory and genotoxic properties. A high total polyphenol content provided evidence of high DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 4.96 ± 0.23 μg/ml). Analysis of the electrochemical behavior of Chlamyfin indicated high reducing ability, i.e., high antioxidant capacity, in agreement with the DPPH test. Analysis of myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibition by Chlamyfin suggested anti-inflammatory action (IC50 values of 5.40 μg/ml and 4.45 μg/ml for an incubation time of 10 and 30 min, respectively). For genotoxic assessment, oxidative stress was induced by irradiation of peripheral whole blood with gamma-radiation in vitro. In the presence of Chlamyfin, reduced incidence of micronuclei without disturbance to the proliferative potential of cells was evidenced in both irradiated and unirradiated samples, indicating its genoprotective properties. It was shown that Chlamyfin, in addition to its bactericidal effect, also possesses strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-genotoxic properties.

Metals are integral components of the natural environment, and their presence in the food supply is inevitable and complex. While essential metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper are crucial for various physiological functions and must be consumed through the diet, others, like lead, mercury, and cadmium, are toxic even at low concentrations and pose serious health risks. This study comprehensively analyzes the presence, importance, and consequences of metals in the food chain. We explore the pathways through which metals enter the food supply, their distribution across different food types, and the associated health implications. By examining current regulatory standards for maximum allowable levels of various metals, we highlight the importance of ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Furthermore, this research underscores the need for continuous monitoring and management of metal content in food, especially as global agricultural and food production practices evolve. Our findings aim to inform dietary recommendations, food fortification strategies, and regulatory policies, ultimately contributing to safer and more nutritionally balanced diets.

While recognizing the gaps in pesticide regulations that impact consumer safety, public health concerns associated with pesticide contamination of foods are pointed out. The strategies and research directions proposed to prevent and/or reduce pesticide adverse effects on human health and the environment are discussed. Special attention is paid to organophosphate pesticides, as widely applied insecticides in agriculture, veterinary practices, and urban areas. Biotic and abiotic strategies for organophosphate pesticide degradation are discussed from a food safety perspective, indicating associated challenges and potential for further improvements. As food systems are endangered globally by unprecedented challenges, there is an urgent need to globally harmonize pesticide regulations and improve methodologies in the area of food safety to protect human health.