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Chinese primitive philosophy, as the unity of cosmological ontology, epistemology and methodology of the Chinese philosophical system, is a complete and mature philosophical system formed in the late primitive society as early as before the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is also the unity of the concept of Yin and Yang and constant life that is sublimated from the human-beings’ basic cultural consciousness: life consciousness and reproduction consciousness. The Chinese primitive culture, from the painted pottery culture 7,000 years ago to today, from the underground archaeological culture to the group culture on the ground, is a plastic art based on the concept of viewing objects and taking images. It is a broad concept of fine arts that determines the philosophical view, artistic view, emotional temperament, psychological quality and national spirit of the Chinese nation. The most primitive culture and primitive philosophy in China have been preserved with extremely rich and complete historical remains in the group’s cultural and social life. It is for this reason that China is the only country with an ancient history of civilization that has not experienced a cultural break. The primitive culture and philosophical system of China, as the philosophical basis and main connotation of ethnic group culture, are completely accumulated in the ethnic groups’ social life. Folk art, which has accumulated the hundreds of millions of working masses’ wisdom in China, is the mother of the Chinese national culture and art that has been inherited from primitive society until today with distinct national and regional characteristics. It is a long-standing cultural form with the longest history, the widest mass participation, the most distinct regional characteristics and the richest cultural connotation in the Chinese national cultural form. The rapid development of the times makes the traditional folk customs and folk arts, which are generally deposited in the rural areas of China, become precarious. As a result, the research advantages of the unique human culture and the original culture of China will cease to exist. Therefore, it is an urgent historical task to make use of this advantage to study the original culture of China and the philosophical genes of the Chinese nation. Protection is imminent, and inheritance is the historical mission, which highlights the deeper significance of studying primitive culture and primitive philosophy in modern society. Riassunto: La filosofia originale cinese è una sublimazione della coscienza culturale umana di base - la coscienza della vita e della riproduzione - che è l’unificazione del “Concetto di yin e yang” e del “Concetto di ciclo di vita “ in cui “lo yin e lo yang si uniscono per creare tutte le cose, e il ciclio dà una vita senza fine. La cultura originale cinese determina la visione filosofica, la visione artistica, il temperamento emotivo, la benessere psicologica e lo spirito nazionale della nazione cinese. Il sistema filosofico cinese, che rappresenta l’unificazione della cosmologia, dell’epistemologia e della metodologia della nazione cinese, è un sistema filosofico completo e maturo che si è formato nella società tardo primitiva molto prima delle Dinastie Xia, Shang e Zhou. La cultura originale cinese, dalla cultura della ceramica dipinta di 7.000 anni fa fino ai giorni nostri, dalla cultura archeologica sotterranea alla cultura di massa terrestre, è un concetto ampio di belle arti, determinato da una visione filosofica dell’arte plastica di osservare gli oggetti e prendere immmagini. La cultura originale e la filosofia originale della Cina primitiva sono ancora conservate in un’eredità storica estremamente ricca e completa nella vita sociale della cultura di massa. Per questo motivo la Cina è l’unico Paese tra le civiltà antiche che non aver subito una frattura culturale.

Nurses are the backbone of any healthcare system. However, nurses are still struggling withmany challenges particularly in the developing world. One of the biggest challenge of today’snurse is the clinical application of nursing theoretical concepts into routine practice. Thepurpose of this scholarly paper is to explicitly describe the Nightingale nursing theory intoclinical practice in light of a clinical scenario particularly three core concepts (Bed andbedding, proper ventilation of ward, and proper hygienic dressing) in order to demonstrationthe evidence based practice in nursing care

Introduction: To protect patients and healthcare providers from healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), standard precautions have been promoted universally. Nurses are the forefront force in patient care; therefore, evidence-based and up to date knowledge and practices can play a vital role in helping nurses apply standard precautions (SPs). Methods: The analytical cross-sectional study design was used. Through purposive sampling, the data were collected from 320 nurses, via, a self-administered questionnaire, from April to May 2017, from a public tertiary level hospital in Islamabad. The validity and reliability of each section was established. Mean and standard deviation were computed for continuous variables’ whereas; frequencies with percentages were calculated for categorical variables. The Multiple linear regression was applied for inferential statistics, maintaining 95% CI for important associations. Results: Out of 320 participants, the mean age of the participants were 33.04 ± 6.65 years. More than half of the study participants (66.88%) were females’ whereas 33.13% were male nurses. The mean knowledge and practice were 19.6 ±3.3 and 13.00± 5.23, respectively, with a maximum score of 24 and 25. The results showed that the knowledge of the participants were better as compared to practices, though, in general knowledge they were reported as relatively deficient. Continuing training sessions on SPs revealed a significant 0.66 (95% C.I; 1.07, 3.67) relationship with the knowledge score in the final model. Practices were found to be better. Similarly, the Hep. B vaccinated nurses showed a positive impact of 1.49 (95% C.I; 0.07, 2.91) on the level of practices in MLR. Conclusion: The overall level of knowledge and practices among female nurses regarding standard precautions were inadequate. The study findings highlighted the need to continue intensive and in-service trainings sessions on SPs of infection control, using innovative approaches.

Pakistan and Afghanistan share the longest border in the northwest with each other. Afghanistan is the most influential factor for Pakistani policymakers in terms of foreign policy. Relations of both the countries have not been cordial since the inception of Pakistan. Internal circumstances affected Pakistan in one way or another during the Cold War era and the invasion of the USSR. Between different powers, this country became a focus regarding of interest after 9/11. The western border has become very uncertain due to Indian’s involvement. With relation to Afghanistan, Pakistan has always been a victim of instability. Pakistan's internal peace has greatly disrupted by the movement across the border. By smuggling weapons, drugs and terrorists anti-state actors have always used this border to destabilize the country. Being already weakened country, Pakistan overwhelmed by migration of a large number of Afghan citizens. To assess the effects of the instability in Afghanistan on Pakistan, numerous attempts are being made. In addition, this study will aim at the classification of the features and political objectives of the players concerned in the conflict on violence in Afghanistan. It will analyze the evolution of the peace course in Afghanistan as well as its significance for regional solidity.

In conjunction with the modern ideas of neocolonialism and neo-imperialism, the present world is witnessing the occurrence of a relatively new and persistent state of neo-subalternity under which the men and women of the third-world countries and their diasporic communities are forced to live a life under socio-political duress. The present study concerns with the development of this state of affairs and has sought to locate the theoretical explanation of this phenomenon. It has been found that the neo-subaltern identifier can most aptly be attributed to the women of these effected postcolonial communities at home or scattered around the globe. They are subjected to the conditions of foreign coloniality as well as local patriarchal hierarchy. Most recent examples of this bias are witnessed among the diasporic communities in the western cosmopolitans where the post 9/11nationalist sensibility, in reaction to an alleged religious terrorism, has given rise to a set of prejudiced policies and compulsive social behaviors that are against these subalterns’ rightful interests. Among these diaspora communities, the Muslim women’s symbols of modesty are especially portrayed with prejudice and a malevolent preconception. Under neocolonial and patriarchal control, these sunaltern women live as ‘slaves of the slaves’ in the Marxist sense of the word. The present study has sought to locate these paradigms of power at the subaltern theoretical level.

Duty to care is the first oath that each nurse must take while entering in nursing profession. It’s not only mean to provide care but also protect the patient from potential harm in term of giving infection from himself/herself. This commentary paper is based on a scenario, addressing an ethical conflict between a duty nurse and management, where administration wants a sick nurse to give care to an organ transplant patient. This paper also aimed to give critical review and identify the possible solution for such a routine ethical issues.

The current study was designed to identify parenting styles based on parents’ perception and to examine the relationship of parenting styles with students’ academic performance. Baumrind’s (1971) theoretical model of parenting styles was used. It is comprised of authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles. The Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991) was used and modified in order to assess the three parenting styles based on parents’ perception. After consultation with experts, Researcher developed the Academic Performance Questionnaire, which was used to assess the students’ performance with regard to their educational motivation, communication skills, learning skills, creativity, positive attitude and study skills in this correlational study. Both instruments were developed on five point Likert scale. The target population of the study comprised of students of higher secondary level along with their parents studying at 17 Islamabad Model Colleges of both boys and girls. The sample was drawn from 10 Islamabad Model Colleges. The total number of respondents comprising the sample was 350 students 17-20 years old. Stratified random sampling was used to represent both genders equally. The correlation between parenting styles and academic performance was computed through Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). The results of study showed that authoritative parenting style of mother and father had a positive relationship with academic performance. While the authoritarian and permissive parenting style of mother and father were negatively correlated with academic performance. Overall, the authoritative style of parenting proved to be appositive style and authoritarian and permissive styles proved to be negative styles of parenting in the cultural context of Islamabad.

Islam has acquired a significant place in international politics since the terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001. It is both demonised and engaged by those who acknowledge the role played by religion, particularly Islam, in partially determining the course of global and regional developments. For some, Muslims subscribe to an outdated form of allegiance to religious symbols and ideals of Islam with a propensity to engage in violence. Such analysts and practitioners of world politics emphasise the need to contain and curtail militancy linked to religious views by exploring and accepting the inherently violent and anti-democratic nature of Islam and Muslims. Others are reluctant to adopt a categorically negative view of Islam and opt for a more nuanced understanding of the diversity of views and practices among Muslims. Often acknowledging the role played by economic and political factors in creating militancy, they favour policies designed to engage ‘moderate’ Muslims in the agenda of bridge-building between Islam and the West. Interfaith dialogue has entered the lexicon of world politics: the analytical space traditionally reserved for secular understandings of global politics is gradually opening up to discourses centred round the salience of religion. At the same time, practitioners of world politics have focused on the need to build bridges across religious and civilisational divides.

This chapter explores the similarities and differences between modern Australian family law and Islamic (Shari'a) family law and seeks to identify areas which are currently compatible and other areas where differences which appear on the surface to be irreconcilable might nevertheless be minimised or overcome by minor changes in the law so as to accommodate the beliefs, not only of Muslims but of othe.f minorities in Australia's increasingly multicultural society. In partIcular, the chapter will examine laws relating to divorce and alternative dispute resolution in both systems to see if any reconciliation is possible.