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Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) have potential applications as synthetic lubricants in automotive, industrial, and aviation equipment, including motor oils, hydraulic, and transmission fluids. During the present work, the linear higher alpha olefins (LHAOs) ranging from [C.sub.8] to [C.sub.12] present in the refinery stream (RS) are polymerized using Lewis acid catalyst combination of transition metal halide of Group 4, that is, Ti[Cl.sub.4] and Group 13 metal halide, that is, Al[Cl.sub.3]. The influence of Ti:Al (1:1, 1.5:1, 1:2, and 2:1) molar ratios, polymerization time (2-8 h), and polymerization temperature (100-170[degrees]C) on the polymerization behavior of LHAOs were also investigated. The synthesized PAOs were characterized using different analytical techniques, including [sup.1]H-[sup.13]C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The performance evaluation of PAOs was evaluated in terms of density, pour point, oxidation stability, thermal stability, kinematic viscosity (KV), viscosity index (VI), friction, and corrosion studies. The synthesized PAOs exhibit low pour point ( KEYWORDS cationic polymerization, linear higher alpha olefins, polyalphaolefins, synthetic lubricants, 1 | INTRODUCTION Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) are saturated hydrocarbons widely used in the production of high-performance synthetic lubricants. They are mainly synthesized from linear higher alpha olefins (LHAOs) ranging from [C.sub.8] [...]

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in the causation of numerous benign, premalignant and malignant lesions of Gastrointestinal Tract. Material and methods: The present prospective study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala during the duration of October 2019 to November 2021. 100 antral gastric biopsy were studied. The results of H&E, modified Giemsa (MG) and toluidine blue (TB) stain were compared to those of Immunohistochemistry which was considered as the gold standard method. Results : The results of the staining methods (H&E, MG, TB) in reference to that of IHC were considered false negative for any of the three tested staining methods (H&E, MG, TB), when the method gave negative result while the gold standard (IHC) gave positive result, on other hand, the false positive results were considered when the staining method gave positive result while the gold standard (IHC) gave negative result. Sensitivity of Modified Giemsa (73.81%) was found out to be better than Toluidine blue (71.43%) and H & E (57.14%). p value was <0.001 for each stain and was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion : IHC is the gold standard and sensitive technique but its availability in all the health care center is not feasible so in all suspected cases of H. pylori infection Modified Giemsa should be preferred for the early detection and management of H. pylori infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Gall bladder diseases are a very common health problem that affects millions of people throughout the world. Cholelithiasis is commonly associated with carcinoma gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure done for gall bladder disease.Material and Methods:A total of 1870 cases of gall bladder lesions were evaluated from September 2016 to August 2021 which were sent to department of pathology. Specimens were fixed in 10% formalin. Appropriate areas were selected from the specimen and grossed, processed, sectioned, stained using haematoxylin and eosin and were observed under microscope.Results:Out of 1870 cases, 1520 were female (81.28%) and 350 cases were male (23.02%). Histopathologically, the most common diagnosis was Chronic calculus cholecystitis (83.58%) followed by chronic acalculus cholecystitis (7.11%). Remaining cases were of Acute on chronic cholecystitis (3.20%), Eosinophilic cholecystitis (0.16%), Cholesterosis (4.22%), Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (0.21%), Follicular cholecystitis (0.16%), Polyp (0.05%), Metaplasia (0.26%), Adenomyoma (0.64%) and Adenocarcinoma (0.37%).Conclusion:The incidence of chronic calculus cholecystitis was found to be 83.58 % with female preponderance and mostly in third decade. Malignancy of gall bladder is a rare condition. Routine histopathological examination of all cholecystectomy specimens is strongly recommended for the detection of various variants of chronic cholecystitis and also of incidental carcinoma of gall bladder which helps in their treatment and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma that was first described by Zukerberg in 1991 and confirmed as a type of urothelial carcinoma by theWHOclassification of the urinary systemtumors. A 63-year-old man presented with the chief complaint of gross hematuria for 2 months. Sections from transurethral resection of the bladder revealed urothelial carcinoma. A radical cystoprostatectomy was performed and a final histopathological examination revealed high-grade muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, lymphoepithelial variant. The patient has been receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with no recurrence reported to date. This is the third case reported in India to date to the best of our knowledge. Owing to its rare presentation, no definite treatment guidelines have been established for this entity. Various studies from the English literature suggest a conservative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]