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1. Defining the impact of colonisation with Shiga toxin positive E. coli O157 on adaptive immunity in cattle

Author

Beckett, Amy Elizabeth, Gally, David, McNeilly, Tom, and Stevens, Mark

Subjects
636.2, STEC O157, bovine immune system, super shedding cattle, shiga toxins, vaccination
Abstract

Shiga producing E. coli (STEC) O157 is a zoonotic pathogen. In humans STEC O157 causes bloody diarrhoea and potentially fatal renal failure. Cattle are the major reservoir, where bacteria are limited to the intestinal tract and do not cause clinical signs of disease. Previous studies indicate that shiga toxins produced by STEC O157, suppress STEC-specific cellular immune responses in vivo. This study aimed to initially examine the humoral immune response in cattle following natural challenge and the effects of a toxoid vaccination on this humoral STEC specific-immune response. We determined a statistically significant suppression in Tir specific IgA in STEC O157 positive cattle compared to O157 negative cattle but not in super shedding cattle. Following toxoid vaccination we determined a significant increase in flagellin specific IgG1 antibody levels in toxoid vaccinated animals despite lower numbers of positive faecal samples compared to placebo vaccinated controls. These results suggest that shiga toxins produced by STEC O157 are actively suppressing the STEC specific immune response in natural colonisation. To clarify this suppression further calves were orally challenged with STEC O157 (either a PT21/28 Stx2c+, PT32 Stx2c+ or PT21/28 Stx2a+Stx2c+ strain) and their STEC specific immune responses monitored. STEC specific systemic antibody responses were variable and weak in some cases. STEC specific local antibody responses were only significantly increased following challenge with the PT21/28 Stx2a+Stx2c+ challenge. Transcripts for genes associated with immune responses, and in particular B cell activation, at the terminal rectum were analysed by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR. Suppression of IL2RA transcripts was observed in calves challenged with PT21/28 Stx2a+Stx2c+ compared to control calves but not with the other two STEC O157 strains tested. This study also aimed to determine the effects of cattle colonisation with STEC O157 on the immune response to a non-bacterial T-cell dependent antigen, ovalbumin (OVA). Cattle were orally challenged with either a PT21/28 Stx2c+, PT32 Stx2c+ or PT21/28 Stx2a+Stx2c+ strain or unchallenged. Calves were subcutaneously immunised with OVA five days post challenge, on two separate occasions with a two week interval. Lymphocytes from lymph nodes local to the immunisation site demonstrated significantly increased OVA-specific proliferation and OVA-specific activation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in calves that were challenged with the PT21/28 Stx2c+ strain (but not with the other two challenge strains), compared to unchallenged controls. These results indicate that colonisation with STEC O157 can alter local adaptive immune responses to non-bacterial antigens in a strain dependent manner, unexpectedly enhancing the immune response rather than suppressing it. Circulating T cell responses were unaffected. In conclusion this study provides some further evidence of adaption of the host immune response by STEC O157, which is strain dependent, and variable. It seems unlikely from the data in this study that STEC O157 colonisation is having a major impact on the responses of cattle to other vaccines or infections in the field.

Published
2018

2. Outbreak of STEC O157:H7 linked to a milk pasteurisation failure at a dairy farm in England, 2019.

Author

Jenkins, Claire, Bird, Philippa K., Wensley, Adrian, Wilkinson, Jarrod, Aird, Heather, Mackintosh, Adrienne, Greig, David R., Simpson, Alex, Byrne, Lisa, Wilkinson, Rachel, Godbole, Gauri, Arunachalam, Nachi, and Hughes, Gareth J.

Abstract

In November 2019, an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in South Yorkshire, England. Initial investigations established consumption of milk from a local dairy as a common exposure. A sample of pasteurised milk tested the next day failed the phosphatase test, indicating contamination of the pasteurised milk by unpasteurised (raw) milk. The dairy owner agreed to immediately cease production and initiate a recall. Inspection of the pasteuriser revealed a damaged seal on the flow divert valve. Ultimately, there were 21 confirmed cases linked to the outbreak, of which 11 (52%) were female, and 12/21 (57%) were either <15 or >65 years of age. Twelve (57%) patients were treated in hospital, and three cases developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Although the outbreak strain was not detected in the milk samples, it was detected in faecal samples from the cattle on the farm. Outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease caused by milk pasteurisation failures are rare in the UK. However, such outbreaks are a major public health concern as, unlike unpasteurised milk, pasteurised milk is marketed as 'safe to drink' and sold to a larger, and more dispersed, population. The rapid, co-ordinated multi-agency investigation initiated in response to this outbreak undoubtedly prevented further cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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3. Influence of food composition type on the microwave heating time in relation to the inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O157

Author

New, C.Y., Abdul Rahman, R., Mohammed, A.S., Ubong, A., Chang, W.S., Thung, T.Y., Tan, C.W., Lee, E., Tang, J.-Y.-H., and Son, R.

Subjects
Microwave heating, Bacterial inactivation, Food composition, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, STEC O157, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Hospitality industry. Hotels, clubs, restaurants, etc. Food service, TX901-946.5
Published
2019
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4. Spatial Effects of Livestock Farming on Human Infections With Shiga Toxin‐Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Small but Densely Populated Regions: The Case of the Netherlands.

Author

Mulder, A. C., Kassteele, J., Heederik, D., Pijnacker, R., Mughini‐Gras, L., and Franz, E.

Subjects
ESCHERICHIA coli O157:H7, LIVESTOCK farms, FOOD contamination, COMMUNICABLE diseases, FOOD pathogens
Abstract

The role of environmental transmission of typically foodborne pathogens like Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 is increasingly recognized. To gain more insights into spatially restricted risk factors that play a role in this transmission, we assessed the spatial association between sporadic STEC O157 human infections and the exposure to livestock (i.e. small ruminants, cattle, poultry, and pigs) in a densely populated country: the Netherlands. This was done for the years 2007–2016, using a state‐of‐the‐art spatial analysis method in which hexagonal areas with different sizes (90, 50, 25 and 10 km2) were used in combination with a novel probability of exposure metric: the population‐weighted number of animals per hexagon. To identify risk factors for STEC O157 infections and their population attributable fraction (PAF), a spatial regression model was fitted using integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA). Living in hexagonal areas of 25, 50 and 90 km2 with twice as much population‐weighted small ruminants was associated with an increase of the incidence rate of human STEC O157 infections in summer (RR of 1.09 [95%CI;1.01–1.17], RR of 1.17 [95%CI;1.07–1.28] and RR of 1.13 [95%CI;1.01–1.26]), with a PAF of 49% (95%CI;8–72%). Results suggest exposure to small ruminants to be a risk factor, although no evidence on the mode of transmission is provided. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation and could offer new targets for control. The newly proposed exposure metric has potential to improve existing spatial modeling studies on infectious diseases related to livestock exposure, especially in densely populated countries like the Netherlands. Plain Language Summary: Contaminated food is often the source of infections transmissible between animals and humans. This is typically caused by foodborne pathogens like Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157. However, it is increasingly recognized that not all STEC O157 infections are foodborne, as they can also occur via environment‐mediated transmission routes. To gain more insights in what can influence the risk for people to acquire a STEC O157 infection, we assessed the spatial association between sporadic STEC O157 human infections and the exposure to livestock (i.e. small ruminants, cattle, poultry, and pigs) in the Netherlands. This was done for the years 2007–2016, with a novel probability of exposure metric: the population‐weighted number of animals per hexagon. To identify which livestock exposures increase STEC O157 infection risk and how large the contributions of these exposures are (population attributable fraction (PAF)), a spatial regression analysis was performed. Results suggest that exposure to small ruminants is a spatially restricted risk factor, but no evidence on the mode of transmission is provided. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation and could offer new targets for control. The newly proposed exposure metric has potential to improve existing spatial modeling studies on infectious diseases related to livestock exposure. Key Points: Results indicate that human exposure to small ruminants, and not cattle, is a spatially restricted risk factor for STEC O157 infectionsHowever, the underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation and corresponding results could offer new targets for controlThe newly proposed exposure metric has potential to improve similar spatial modeling studies, especially in densely populated countries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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6. 'Everything comes from somewhere': Exploring the potential role of the environment in transmission of foodborne pathogens

Author

Mulder, Annemieke Christine, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Heederik, Dick, Franz, E., and Mughini Gras, Lapo

Subjects
milieu transmissie, human gut microbiome, eco-epidemiologie, eco-epidemiology, spatial analyses, Campylobacter, STEC O157, humaan darm microbioom, ruimtelijke analyses, one health, risico factoren, Salmonella, voedseloverdraagbare ziekteverwekkers, environmental transmission, risk factors, foodborne pathogens
Abstract

The emergence and spread of infectious diseases, especially zoonoses, is complex and depends on various determinants or drivers, including their interrelations at the human-animal-environment interface (HAEI). This thesis provides novel insights into the potential role of environmental transmission in the epidemiology of selected exemplary zoonotic pathogens (i.e. Campylobacter, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157, and non-typhoid Salmonella) that are typically considered as foodborne pathogens. This was done mainly by studying some of their characteristics in the environment and the spatial associations between their incidence among human cases and the level of exposure to local livestock density, using novel methods within an eco-epidemiological framework. In addition, this thesis explored the potential human health effects linked to extreme rainfall events and the spatial association between the urban-rural gradient and the diversity and composition of the human gut microbiome. Chapter 2 showed that direct exposure to pluvial floodwater, and activities leading to such exposure, are associated with an increased risk of developing acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and acute respiratory infection (ARI). Chapter 3 showed that surface water is mainly contaminated with Campylobacter originating from meat-producing poultry (i.e. broilers and turkeys) in areas with high poultry densities and from wild birds in recreational waters and WWTP discharge points. The results of Chapter 4 and 5 revealed that human STEC O157 infections can be caused by environmental exposure to small ruminants besides food, while the route of transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter to humans is mainly foodborne. Chapter 6 revealed that bacterial diversity, richness and composition of the adult gut microbiome are associated with the urban-rural gradient in the Netherlands. This thesis showed that we cannot ignore the role of the environment in mediating the transmission of (foodborne) zoonotic pathogens from livestock and wildlife, and more holistically in shaping the human gut microbiome. However, evidence about specific routes of transmission (e.g. air-borne, via soil or water) and their relative importance, was not provided. To study all interactions between different drivers of zoonotic pathogens, we recommend future studies to focus on pathogen transmission and their related transmission pathways to be able to look beyond the three drivers of change included in the One Health disease triangle (humans, animals, environment). This can be visualized by including a white triangle based on the Gestalt idea that the sum of visual perception is more than its parts. This triangle illustrates the interactions to include to study zoonotic pathogens and provide a complete picture of how they may influence one another. This visualization can be considered as a first step towards further unraveling the complexity of zoonotic pathogens by showing “the complete picture” or at least an attempt to do so, to, in the end, achieve optimal health outcomes.

Published
2023

7. 'Everything comes from somewhere': Exploring the potential role of the environment in transmission of foodborne pathogens

Subjects
milieu transmissie, human gut microbiome, eco-epidemiologie, eco-epidemiology, spatial analyses, Campylobacter, STEC O157, humaan darm microbioom, ruimtelijke analyses, one health, risico factoren, Salmonella, voedseloverdraagbare ziekteverwekkers, environmental transmission, risk factors, foodborne pathogens
Abstract

The emergence and spread of infectious diseases, especially zoonoses, is complex and depends on various determinants or drivers, including their interrelations at the human-animal-environment interface (HAEI). This thesis provides novel insights into the potential role of environmental transmission in the epidemiology of selected exemplary zoonotic pathogens (i.e. Campylobacter, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157, and non-typhoid Salmonella) that are typically considered as foodborne pathogens. This was done mainly by studying some of their characteristics in the environment and the spatial associations between their incidence among human cases and the level of exposure to local livestock density, using novel methods within an eco-epidemiological framework. In addition, this thesis explored the potential human health effects linked to extreme rainfall events and the spatial association between the urban-rural gradient and the diversity and composition of the human gut microbiome. Chapter 2 showed that direct exposure to pluvial floodwater, and activities leading to such exposure, are associated with an increased risk of developing acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and acute respiratory infection (ARI). Chapter 3 showed that surface water is mainly contaminated with Campylobacter originating from meat-producing poultry (i.e. broilers and turkeys) in areas with high poultry densities and from wild birds in recreational waters and WWTP discharge points. The results of Chapter 4 and 5 revealed that human STEC O157 infections can be caused by environmental exposure to small ruminants besides food, while the route of transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter to humans is mainly foodborne. Chapter 6 revealed that bacterial diversity, richness and composition of the adult gut microbiome are associated with the urban-rural gradient in the Netherlands. This thesis showed that we cannot ignore the role of the environment in mediating the transmission of (foodborne) zoonotic pathogens from livestock and wildlife, and more holistically in shaping the human gut microbiome. However, evidence about specific routes of transmission (e.g. air-borne, via soil or water) and their relative importance, was not provided. To study all interactions between different drivers of zoonotic pathogens, we recommend future studies to focus on pathogen transmission and their related transmission pathways to be able to look beyond the three drivers of change included in the One Health disease triangle (humans, animals, environment). This can be visualized by including a white triangle based on the Gestalt idea that the sum of visual perception is more than its parts. This triangle illustrates the interactions to include to study zoonotic pathogens and provide a complete picture of how they may influence one another. This visualization can be considered as a first step towards further unraveling the complexity of zoonotic pathogens by showing “the complete picture” or at least an attempt to do so, to, in the end, achieve optimal health outcomes.

Published
2023

8. Linking active rectal mucosa-attached microbiota to host immunity reveals its role in host-pathogenic STEC O157 interactions.

Author

Pan Z, Chen Y, Zhou M, McAllister TA, Mcneilly TN, and Guan LL

Subjects
Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases microbiology, Cattle Diseases immunology, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Host Microbial Interactions immunology, Shiga Toxin 2 genetics, Shiga Toxin 2 immunology, Escherichia coli O157 immunology, Escherichia coli O157 genetics, Rectum microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections microbiology, Escherichia coli Infections immunology, Escherichia coli Infections veterinary, Intestinal Mucosa microbiology, Intestinal Mucosa immunology
Abstract

The rectal-anal junction (RAJ) is the major colonization site of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 in beef cattle, leading to transmission of this foodborne pathogen from farms to food chains. To date, there is limited understanding regarding whether the mucosa-attached microbiome has a profound impact on host-STEC interactions. In this study, the active RAJ mucosa-attached microbiota and its potential role in host immunity-STEC commensal interactions were investigated using RAJ mucosal biopsies collected from calves orally challenged with two STEC O157 strains with or without functional stx2a (stx2a+ or stx2a-). The results revealed that shifts of microbial diversity, topology, and assembly patterns were subjected to stx2a production post-challenge and Paeniclostridium and Gallibacterium were the keystone taxa for both microbial interactions and assembly. Additional mucosal transcriptome profiling showed stx2a-dependent host immune responses (i.e. B- and T-cell signaling and antigen processing and presentation) post-challenge. Further integrated analysis revealed that mucosa-attached beneficial microbes (i.e. Provotella, Faecalibacterium, and Dorea) interacted with host immune genes pre-challenge to maintain host homeostasis; however, opportunistic pathogenic microbes (i.e. Paeniclostridium) could interact with host immune genes after the STEC O157 colonization and interactions were stx2a-dependent. Furthermore, predicted bacterial functions involved in pathogen (O157 and Paeniclostridium) colonization and metabolism were related to host immunity. These findings suggest that during pathogen colonization, host-microbe interactions could shift from beneficial to opportunistic pathogenic bacteria driven and be dependent on the production of particular virulence factors, highlighting the potential regulatory role of mucosa-attached microbiota in affecting pathogen-commensal host interactions in calves with STEC O157 infection., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Microbial Ecology.)

Published
2024
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9. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in milk and milk products in Ogun State, Nigeria

Author

Akhigbe Ivbade, Olufemi Ernest Ojo, and Morenike Atinuke Dipeolu

Subjects
Milk, Milk products, Multidrug resistance, Nigeria, STEC O157, Virulence genes, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 is a major cause of food-borne illnesses in humans. This study investigated the presence of STEC O157 in milk and milk products in Ogun State, Nigeria. Of a total of 202 samples 10 (5%) were positive for STEC O157 including 1 (2%) of 50 raw milk samples, 3 (6%) of 50 samples of fresh local cheese, 1 (2%) of 50 samples of fried local cheese and 5 (9.6%) of 52 fermented milk samples. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of STEC O157 among the sample types. Of 10 isolates, shiga toxin 1 gene (stx1) was detected only in 2 samples (20%), shiga toxin 2 (stx2) was extracted only in 6 samples (60%), stx1 /stx2 in 2 samples (20.0%), intimin gene (eaeA) in 5 samples (50%), and enterohaemolysin (E-hlyA) gene was isolated in 7 (70%) samples. Rates of resistance of the STEC O157 isolates were: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 100%, ampicillin 100%, chloramphenicol 60%, nalidixic acid 20%, norfloxacin 10%, streptomycin 30%, sulphamethoxazole/trimethprim 20%, and tetracycline 90%. The isolates were all susceptible to ciprofloxacin and neomycin. The presence of virulent multidrug resistant E. coli O157 strains in milk and milk products as revealed by this study unveils a risk of human exposure to these potentially fatal pathogens following consumption of contaminated products.

Published
2014
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10. Investigation of a national outbreak of STEC Escherichia coli O157 using online consumer panel control methods: Great Britain, October 2014.

Author

SINCLAIR, C., JENKINS, C., WARBURTON, F., ADAK, G. K., and HARRIS, J. P.

Abstract

In October 2014, Public Health England (PHE) identified cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroup O157 sharing a multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) profile. We conducted a case-control study using multivariable logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) testing a range of exposures. Cases were defined as laboratory-confirmed STEC O157 with the implicated MLVA profile, were UK residents aged ⩾18 years with symptom onset between 25 September and 30 October 2014, and had no history of travel abroad within 5 days of symptom onset. One hundred and two cases were identified. Cases were mostly female (65%; median age 49, range 2–92 years). It was the second largest outbreak seen in England, to date, and a case-control study was conducted using market research panel controls and online survey methods. These methods were instrumental in the rapid data collection and analysis necessary to allow traceback investigations for short shelf-life products. This is a new method of control recruitment and this is the first in which it was a standalone recruitment method. The case-control study suggested a strong association between consumption of a ready-to-eat food and disease (aOR 28, 95% CI 5·0–157) from one retailer. No reactive microbiological testing of food items during the outbreak was possible due to the short shelf-life of the product. Collaboration with industrial bodies is needed to ensure timely traceback exercises to identify contamination events and initiate appropriate and focused microbiological testing and implement control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2017
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11. Influence of food composition type on the microwave heating time in relation to the inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) O157

Author

W. S. Chang, A. Ubong, John Yew Huat Tang, T. Y. Thung, E. Lee, Chia Wanq Tan, R. Abdul Rahman, Radu Son, Abdulkarim Sabo Mohammed, and C.Y. New

Subjects
lcsh:TX901-946.5, Chemistry, Food composition data, lcsh:TX341-641, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, STEC O157, Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, Microbiology, Microwave heating, Food composition, Bacterial inactivation, lcsh:Hospitality industry. Hotels, clubs, restaurants, etc. Food service, Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food Science
Published
2019

12. Spatial Effects of Livestock Farming on Human Infections With Shiga Toxin-Producing O157 in Small but Densely Populated Regions: The Case of the Netherlands

Subjects
livestock, environmental transmission, population‐weighted number of animals, small ruminants, STEC O157
Abstract

The role of environmental transmission of typically foodborne pathogens like Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 is increasingly recognized. To gain more insights into spatially restricted risk factors that play a role in this transmission, we assessed the spatial association between sporadic STEC O157 human infections and the exposure to livestock (i.e. small ruminants, cattle, poultry, and pigs) in a densely populated country: the Netherlands. This was done for the years 2007-2016, using a state-of-the-art spatial analysis method in which hexagonal areas with different sizes (90, 50, 25 and 10 km2) were used in combination with a novel probability of exposure metric: the population-weighted number of animals per hexagon. To identify risk factors for STEC O157 infections and their population attributable fraction (PAF), a spatial regression model was fitted using integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA). Living in hexagonal areas of 25, 50 and 90 km2 with twice as much population-weighted small ruminants was associated with an increase of the incidence rate of human STEC O157 infections in summer (RR of 1.09 [95%CI;1.01-1.17], RR of 1.17 [95%CI;1.07-1.28] and RR of 1.13 [95%CI;1.01-1.26]), with a PAF of 49% (95%CI;8-72%). Results suggest exposure to small ruminants to be a risk factor, although no evidence on the mode of transmission is provided. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation and could offer new targets for control. The newly proposed exposure metric has potential to improve existing spatial modeling studies on infectious diseases related to livestock exposure, especially in densely populated countries like the Netherlands.

Published
2020

13. Prevalence and Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens in Dairy Cattle in the Eastern Part of Japan.

Author

Yoshimasa SASAKI, Mariko MURAKAMI, Mika HARUNA, Noriko MARUYAMA, Tetsuya MORI, Kazuo ITO, and Yukiko YAMADA

Subjects
FOOD pathogens, DAIRY cattle, CAMPYLOBACTER, ESCHERICHIA coli O157:H7, LISTERIA monocytogenes
Abstract

The article presents a study that investigated the prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens in dairy cattle in the eastern Japan. Details relating to the process of isolating Campylobacter, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and O26, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes are presented. It also discusses how the samples are collected from participating dairy farms in five prefectures in the eastern part of Japan.

Published
2013
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14. Phylogeny of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Isolated from Cattle and Clinically Ill Humans.

Author

Bono, James L., Smith, Timothy P.L., Keen, James E., Harhay, Gregory P., McDaneld, Tara G., Mandrell, Robert E., Jung, Woo Kyung, Besser, Thomas E., Gerner-Smidt, Peter, Bielaszewska, Martina, Karch, Helge, and Clawson, Michael L.

Abstract

Cattle are a major reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) and harbor multiple genetic subtypes that do not all associate with human disease. STEC O157 evolved from an E. coli O55:H7 progenitor; however, a lack of genome sequence has hindered investigations on the divergence of human- and/or cattle-associated subtypes. Our goals were to 1) identify nucleotide polymorphisms for STEC O157 genetic subtype detection, 2) determine the phylogeny of STEC O157 genetic subtypes using polymorphism-derived genotypes and a phage insertion typing system, and 3) compare polymorphism-derived genotypes identified in this study with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the current gold standard for evaluating STEC O157 diversity. Using 762 nucleotide polymorphisms that were originally identified through whole-genome sequencing of 189 STEC O157 human- and cattle-isolated strains, we genotyped a collection of 426 STEC O157 strains. Concatenated polymorphism alleles defined 175 genotypes that were tagged by a minimal set of 138 polymorphisms. Eight major lineages of STEC O157 were identified, of which cattle are a reservoir for seven. Two lineages regularly harbored by cattle accounted for the majority of human disease in this study, whereas another was rarely represented in humans and may have evolved toward reduced human virulence. Notably, cattle are not a known reservoir for E. coli O55:H7 or STEC O157:H− (the first lineage to diverge within the STEC O157 serogroup), which both cause human disease. This result calls into question how cattle may have originally acquired STEC O157. The polymorphism-derived genotypes identified in this study did not surpass PFGE diversity assessed by BlnI and XbaI digestions in a subset of 93 strains. However, our results show that they are highly effective in assessing the evolutionary relatedness of epidemiologically unrelated STEC O157 genetic subtypes, including those associated with the cattle reservoir and human disease. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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15. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 associated with human infections in Switzerland, 2000–2009.

Author

KÄPPELI, U., HÄCHLER, H., GIEZENDANNER, N., CHEASTY, T., and STEPHAN, R.

Abstract

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), an important foodborne pathogen, can cause mild to severe bloody diarrhoea (BD), sometimes followed by life-threatening complications such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). A total of 44 O157 strains isolated from different patients from 2000 through 2009 in Switzerland were further characterized and linked to medical history data. Non-bloody diarrhoea was experienced by 15·9%, BD by 61·4% of the patients, and 29·5% developed HUS. All strains belonged to MLST type 11, were positive for stx2 variants (stx2 and/or stx2c), eae and ehxA, and only two strains showed antibiotic resistance. Of the 44 strains, nine phage types (PTs) were detected the most frequent being PT32 (43·2%) and PT8 (18·2%). By PFGE, 39 different patterns were found. This high genetic diversity within the strains leads to the conclusion that STEC O157 infections in Switzerland most often occur as sporadic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2011
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16. Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Gastrointestinal Function, Chicago, USA, April 20–22.

Subjects
*GENES, *BACTERIA, *MIMOSINE, *KLEBSIELLA pneumoniae, *SWINE
Abstract

This section presents abstracts of papers to be submitted at the 2009 Conference on Gastrointestinal Function including molecular properties and transcription of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene in Ruminococcus albus, isolation of mimosine degrading non-pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae and characterization of gastrointestinal microbiota in neonatal piglets.

Published
2009
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17. Effect of Bismuth Hydroxide Gel on Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli

Author

María Emilia Cáceres, Rocío Colello, Analía Inés Etcheverría, María Julia Ruiz, and Nora Lía Padola

Subjects
Antifungal, CONTROL, Endocrine toxicology, STRATEGIES, medicine.drug_class, Food toxicology, media_common.quotation_subject, Veterinary toxicology, BISMUTH HYDROXIDE GEL, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Ciencias Biológicas, STEC NON-O157, Biología Celular, Microbiología, FOOD, medicine, SHIGA TOXIN, Industrial toxicology, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, media_common, Systems toxicology, Art, STEC O157, HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME, Humanities, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are emerging pathogens associatedwith severe and fatal disease in children as Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).These bacteria are shedding with feces of cattle contaminating the environmentand would enter the food chain if the slaughter process is not done correctly.The prevention measures and control strategies are the key tools to reducethe transmission of STEC. Bismuth hydroxide gel has been widely used asantidiarrheal. In this study, the effects of Bismuth hydroxide gel on culture ofSTEC O157:H7, 026:H11 and O103:H2 was assayed. To evaluate the effects onthe viability of STEC O157:H7, O91:H21 and O26:H11 on glass surfaces, twotypes of novel Bismuth hydroxide presentations, emulsion spray and aerosolwere assayed. STEC strains were cultured in LB broth and Bismuth hydroxide gel(Soubeiran Chobet, S.R.L., and City of Buenos Aires, Argentina) was added to eachplate. At different times, an aliquote of each culture were plated onto MacConkeyagar for colony counts. To evaluate the effects on the viability of STEC O157 andnon-O157 strains on glass surfaces, Bismuth hydroxide gel emulsion spray andaerosol was independently sprayed on sterile glass plates previously scatteredwith STEC O157:H7, O91:H21 and O26:H11. The effects were determined atdifferent times by swabbing on MacConkey agar plates and counting CFU. In bothassays, STEC strains without the addition of bismuth hydroxide gel were used ascontrols.All the STEC strains were affected in their growth after the application ofBismuth hydroxide gel in LB broth. Bismuth spray and aerosol were effective forSETC viability on surfaces although the spray showed more efficiency than theaerosol. Since that contaminated surfaces with STEC represent a risk in the foodindustry, Bismuth Hydroxide gel in these novel presentations is promising asdecontaminant on inert surfaces. Fil: Colello, Rocío. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva. Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Etcheverría, Analía Inés. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva. Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Ruiz, Maria Julia. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva. Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Cáceres, María Emilia. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva. Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina Fil: Padola, Nora Lía. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva. Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; Argentina

Published
2018

18. Evaluación del efecto del tratamiento con alta presión hidrostática y de la formulación sobre la inactivación de cepas nativas de STEC O157 en hamburguesas de carne bovina

Author

Eccoña Sota, Amparo, Cap, Mariana, Rodriguez, Anabel Elisa, Sancho, Ana Maria, and Vaudagna, Sergio Ramon

Subjects
Inactivación de Cepas, Escherichia Coli, Presión Hidrostática, Carne Bovina, Hydrostatic Pressure, Carne de Res, Hamburguesas, Beef, STEC O157
Abstract

El mercado actual ofrece al consumidor distintas formulaciones de hamburguesas reflejadas en productos tradicionales o más saludables (reducidos en contenidos de grasa y cloruro de sodio). En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la aplicación de la tecnología de APH y de la formulación sobre la inactivación de un coctel de cepas nativas de STEC O157 inoculado en hamburguesas, así como sobre la microbiota natural. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos Fil: Eccoña Sota, Amparo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Cap, Mariana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez, Anabel Elisa. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Sancho, Ana Maria. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Vaudagna, Sergio Ramon. Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos; Argentina

Published
2018

19. High pressure treatments combined with sodium lactate to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and spoilage microbiota in cured beef carpaccio

Author

Ana Maria Sancho, Yanina Ximena Barrio, P. M. Palladino, Marcelo O. Masana, and Sergio Ramon Vaudagna

Subjects
Tecnología Alta Presión, HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, Otras Ingenierías y Tecnologías, Food spoilage, SPOILAGE MICROBIOTA, Carne de Res, INGENIERÍAS Y TECNOLOGÍAS, Biology, Escherichia coli O157, Flora Microbiana, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, H7 [Escherichia Coli O157], Sodium Lactate, Alimentos y Bebidas, chemistry.chemical_compound, fluids and secretions, High Pressure Technology, Food Preservation, High Pressure Treatments, Pressure, Sodium lactate, medicine, Animals, Food science, Escherichia coli, Tratamiento a Alta Presión, Spoilage bacteria, Escherichia Coli, Beef Carpaccio, Microbial Flora, Microbiota, SODIUM LACTATE, STEC O157, Meat Products, chemistry, High pressure, Cattle, Beef, Spoilage microorganisms, CARPACCIO, Food Science
Abstract

High-pressure treatments (400 and 600 MPa) combined with the addition of sodium lactate (1 and 3%) were tested to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC O157) and spoilage microbiota contamination in a manufactured cured beef carpaccio in fresh or frozen conditions. Counts of spoilage microorganisms and STEC O157 were also examined during the curing step to prepare the carpaccio. STEC O157 counts remained almost unchanged through the curing process performed at 1 ± 1 C for 12 days, with a small decrease in samples with 3% of sodium lactate. High-pressure treatments at 600 MPa for 5 min achieved an immediate reduction of up to 2 logarithmic units of STEC O157 in frozen carpaccio, and up to 1.19 log in fresh condition. Counts of spoilage bacteria diminished below detection limits in fresh or frozen carpaccio added with sodium lactate by the application of 400 and 600 MPa. Maximum injury on STEC O157 cells was observed at 600 MPa in carpaccio in fresh condition without added sodium lactate. Lethality of high-pressure treatments on STEC O157 was enhanced in frozen carpaccio, while the addition of sodium lactate at 3% reduced the lethality on STEC O157 in frozen samples, and the degree of injury in fresh carpaccio. Fil: Masana, Marcelo Oscar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Fil: Barrio, Yanina Ximena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Argentina de la Empresa. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Exactas; Argentina. Fil: Palladino, Pablo Martin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Fil: Sancho, Ana Maria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Fil: Vaudagna, Sergio Ramon. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina.Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Universidad Argentina de la Empresa. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Exactas ; Argentina.

Published
2015

20. Comparison of the Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains O157 and O26 between Beef and Dairy Cattle in Japan.

Author

Yoshimasa SASAKI, Mariko MURAKAMI, Noriko MARUYAMA, Kenshu YAMAMOTO, Mika HARUNA, Kazuo ITO, and Yukiko YAMADA

Subjects
VEROCYTOTOXINS, ESCHERICHIA coli, BEEF cattle diseases, DAIRY cattle, LIVESTOCK diseases, DAIRY farms
Abstract

The article discusses a study which compared the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and O26 between beef and dairy cattle. STEC O157 was isolated from 16 beef cattle, while no STEC O157 was isolated from any dairy farms. The study concluded that the prevalence of STEC O157 is higher in beef cattle than in dairy cattle.

Published
2013
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21. Phylogeny of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Isolated from Cattle and Clinically Ill Humans

Author

Michael L. Clawson, James L. Bono, Thomas E. Besser, Helge Karch, Martina Bielaszewska, Timothy P. L. Smith, Robert E. Mandrell, Peter Gerner-Smidt, Tara G. McDaneld, Woo Kyung Jung, Gregory P. Harhay, and James E. Keen

Subjects
DNA, Bacterial, Lineage (genetic), Genotype, Genotyping Techniques, Virulence, phylogeny, Escherichia coli O157, Shiga Toxin, Evolution, Molecular, fluids and secretions, evolution, Genetics, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Animals, Humans, human, Typing, Allele, Molecular Biology, Research Articles, Alleles, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Whole genome sequencing, disease, Polymorphism, Genetic, Models, Genetic, biology, Reproducibility of Results, Shiga toxin, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, STEC O157, bacterial infections and mycoses, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, cattle, biology.protein
Abstract

Cattle are a major reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) and harbor multiple genetic subtypes that do not all associate with human disease. STEC O157 evolved from an E. coli O55:H7 progenitor; however, a lack of genome sequence has hindered investigations on the divergence of human- and/or cattle-associated subtypes. Our goals were to 1) identify nucleotide polymorphisms for STEC O157 genetic subtype detection, 2) determine the phylogeny of STEC O157 genetic subtypes using polymorphism-derived genotypes and a phage insertion typing system, and 3) compare polymorphism-derived genotypes identified in this study with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the current gold standard for evaluating STEC O157 diversity. Using 762 nucleotide polymorphisms that were originally identified through whole-genome sequencing of 189 STEC O157 human- and cattle-isolated strains, we genotyped a collection of 426 STEC O157 strains. Concatenated polymorphism alleles defined 175 genotypes that were tagged by a minimal set of 138 polymorphisms. Eight major lineages of STEC O157 were identified, of which cattle are a reservoir for seven. Two lineages regularly harbored by cattle accounted for the majority of human disease in this study, whereas another was rarely represented in humans and may have evolved toward reduced human virulence. Notably, cattle are not a known reservoir for E. coli O55:H7 or STEC O157:H(-) (the first lineage to diverge within the STEC O157 serogroup), which both cause human disease. This result calls into question how cattle may have originally acquired STEC O157. The polymorphism-derived genotypes identified in this study did not surpass PFGE diversity assessed by BlnI and XbaI digestions in a subset of 93 strains. However, our results show that they are highly effective in assessing the evolutionary relatedness of epidemiologically unrelated STEC O157 genetic subtypes, including those associated with the cattle reservoir and human disease.

Published
2012

22. Raw milk consumption among patients with non-outbreak-related enteric infections, Minnesota, USA, 2001-2010

Author

Joni M. Scheftel, Trisha Robinson, and Kirk E. Smith

Subjects
Male, Epidemiology, Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Disease Outbreaks, protozoal enteric pathogens, Foodborne Diseases, 0302 clinical medicine, fluids and secretions, foodborne illnesses, Public health surveillance, Public Health Surveillance, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, bacteria, Escherichia coli Infections, 2. Zero hunger, Aged, 80 and over, 0303 health sciences, milk, Campylobacter, food and beverages, Cryptosporidium, Raw milk, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, STEC, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Female, cryptosporidium, Microbiology (medical), Adult, Adolescent, Minnesota, salmonella, Food Contamination, enteric pathogens, raw milk consumption, Biology, Escherichia coli O157, History, 21st Century, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, bacterial enteric pathogens, Environmental health, STEC non-O157 serogroups, medicine, Escherichia coli, Food microbiology, Animals, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Aged, Consumption (economics), 030306 microbiology, business.industry, dairy products, Research, enteric infections, lcsh:R, Infant, Newborn, Outbreak, Infant, campylobacter, biology.organism_classification, STEC O157, Biotechnology, Food Microbiology, hemolytic uremic syndrome, business, Food contaminant
Abstract

The risk for illness associated with raw milk consumption is far greater than previously realized., Raw milk has frequently been identified as the source of foodborne illness outbreaks; however, the number of illnesses ascertained as part of documented outbreaks likely represents a small proportion of the actual number of illnesses associated with this food product. Analysis of routine surveillance data involving illnesses caused by enteric pathogens that were reportable in Minnesota during 2001–2010 revealed that 3.7% of patients with sporadic, domestically acquired enteric infections had reported raw milk consumption during their exposure period. Children were disproportionately affected, and 76% of those

Published
2014

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