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Anthropologist Jason De León is advocating for innovative storytelling and interdisciplinary work to raise awareness about missing migrants. Through projects like the Undocumented Migration Project and the Colibrí Center for Human Rights, De León aims to represent the scale of disappearance and highlight the dignity of migrating people. He acknowledges the challenges of getting people to care about the issue and suggests the importance of being better storytellers to engage the public. De León's work focuses on bringing marginalized individuals, including smugglers, into the conversation and exploring their subjectivities in a complex world. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this essay is to present and analyse the basic assumptions of Leszek Nowak's conception of the unity of science. According to Nowak, the unity of science is manifested in the common application of the method of idealisation in scientific research. In accordance with his conception, regardless of the discipline they represent, researchers go through the same stages in building a theory. Two key ones among them are: introducing idealising assumptions into the representation and then their concretisation. In this view, idealisation is the basis of the scientific method, while other cognitive procedures complement it. Nowak's conception has particular relevance in the context of the dispute between naturalism and anti-naturalism and in the context of the continuing rift between social scientists and natural scientists. It calls into question the anti-naturalist thesis of the ontological uniqueness of social sciences and the resulting methodological consequences. I argue that Nowak's conception is a cognitively valuable contribution to the contemporary epistemology of science, but it also has weaknesses, mainly due to the limitations of applying the idealisation-concretisation scheme in research practice. For it turns out, as I point out in this essay, that many idealising assumptions are not subject to concretisation and that concretisations do not always condition an increase in the explanatory and/or predictive power of the representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any scientific career is a mix of planning and stochastic events, often with a fair share of the latter. I illustrate this by the evolution of my own career. Ecosystem studies of food webs under the impact of eutrophication (Master), and carbon cycling in DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon)-rich lakes (PhD) led me to elemental ratios in organisms and the establishment of ecological stoichiometry. The role of phosphorus (P) in cellular processes again led to research on the evolution and regulation of genome size. As climate came higher on the agenda, it was time to apply the basic research on the C-cycle and climate in a wider context. As natural scientists, we should also engage in even wider contexts, and I have enjoyed discussions and co-operation with philosophers, psychologist, and social scientists. This helps seeing our own work in context. We should also reflect on why we do science. I have always felt that science should also add purpose to life by giving something back to society, and I have devoted much time to outreach, public talks, debates, and writing popular science books. It takes some time, but it is also rewarding and important—perhaps even more so than yet another paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a review of the memoir "Memories of a Gay Catholic Boyhood: Coming of Age in the Sixties" by John D'Emilio. The reviewer, Esther Newton, highlights the importance of memoirs from the pioneering generation of gender and sexuality scholars, such as D'Emilio, who is a retired historian of gender and sexuality studies. The memoir explores D'Emilio's life as a boy and young man before his groundbreaking work in the field of lesbian and gay studies. It delves into his experiences growing up in a large, working-class Italian Catholic family and his journey towards accepting his sexuality. The review praises D'Emilio's accessible writing style and the impact of his work on the transformation of the LGBTQ+ community within academia. [Extracted from the article]

The introduction of 'special measures' within England and Wales (i.e., provisions for vulnerable and intimidated witnesses at court) marked a significant change in legal tradition and trial procedures such that victim and witness care was repositioned as a primary concern alongside the longstanding rights afforded to defendants. As public perceptions towards the legitimacy of criminal justice procedure remain a key concern among legal scholars and social scientists, this study aimed to examine individual differences in attitudes held towards the rights afforded to complainants and defendants within English courts. Adopting a cross-sectional study design, 114 UK adults were recruited to take part in an online survey. Questions centered around the importance of providing adequate witness care whilst protecting defendants' rights to a fair trial. A new measurement tool was developed to allow these attitudes to be systematically assessed and understood, termed the Attitudes Towards Vulnerable Victims Scale (ATVVS). Results indicate that respondent age, gender, level of education, and belief in a just world are important determinants of public support for the use of special measures at trial as well as perceptions towards complainant and defendants' rights. Taken together, findings indicate that misconceptions about vulnerable victims appear to underlie a lack of support for the use of special measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron deficiency anaemia is still a global public health concern with the highest burden among children 6 to 23 months due to their rapid growth spurt exceeding breastmilk supply. Therefore, nutritional supply is a key source of iron to attain the required nutrients for better growth and development. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study done at Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) and Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIUTH) from April to July 2022. Participants were consecutively enrolled in the study. Structured questionnaires, 24-hour dietary recall, and clinical assessment were used to obtain data. Data analysis was done using the statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) V22.0. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were done using logistic regression for associations with significance set at P value < 0.05. A total of 364 participants were enrolled, with the majority being males (198, 54.4%) and born at term (333, 91.5%). The modal age was 12-17 months [163(44.8%)] with a mean age of 14.1 months (SD 5.32). The overall prevalence of IDA was 151/364 (41.5%). The factors associated with IDA included male sex (aOR 1.61), current episode of diarrhoea (aOR 1.71), poor meal frequency (aOR 1.78), no vegetable consumption (aOR 2.47), and consuming fruits once (aOR 1.97) in 7 days preceding the study. The study finds a high prevalence of IDA among infants 6-23 months with at least four in 10 being affected. Screening for IDA should be recommended in male children with current diarrhoea, poor intake of fruits and vegetables, and poor meal frequency. The Mentzer index is an equally good alternative screening test for IDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social scientists, geographers, criminologists, and health scientists are often tasked with finding data to best capture the impact of "community context" on individual outcomes, including residential services, physical resources, and social institutions. One outlet for such data in Canada is Digital Map Technologies Inc. (DMTI) Spatial, which offers a national repository of over one million businesses and recreational points of interest. The database is generated through CanMap Streetfiles, which includes geocodes of each point's precise location. These data are available to researchers from their university data library and Esri Canada, but primarily available to private sector and government markets. That said, the goal of the current paper is to encourage researchers to access this rich yet under‐utilized data source. Each service, business, or resource in the DMTI Spatial database is assigned to a respective category using Standard Industrial Classification codes and North American Industrial Classification System codes. It is not clear, however, which is the more reliable coding criteria. We provide an overview of our review of DMTI Spatial data and take‐away suggestions for using this valuable resource for future research on meso‐level residential markers. Key messages: The goal of this paper is to outline existing data source(s) and measures from DMTI Spatial that might help capture meso‐level residential institutions.We recommend "best practices" for using DMTI Spatial data in researchers' own work to capture neighbourhood resources/amenities, or the social infrastructure of the community using either Standard Industrial Classification codes or North American Industrial Classification System codes.We conclude that Standard Industrial Classification codes in DMTI Spatial enhanced points of interest data are more complete—and more accurate—than North American Industrial Classification System codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Atco Literary Society and the Delhi Punjabi Saudagran Foundation recently organized a book launching ceremony for 'A City, Cinema and A Community' by Brig. Retd.A. R. Siddiqi. Former Senator Javed Jabbar praised the author's work, which reflects on the city of Delhi, its history, and the magic of cinema. The book discusses the decline of cinema in India and the fact that the majority of the population can no longer afford to go to the movies, which used to be an affordable form of entertainment. The event was attended by various speakers and members of the community. [Extracted from the article]

Religious conversion is a multifaceted phenomenon that has captivated scholars, theologians, and social scientists alike. With the aim of delineating and comprehending the variables associated with personal and social transformation, this paper employed an exploratory quantitative inquiry within a sample of participants affiliated with a Protestant church, chosen for its relevance to analogous experiences within worldwide congregations. The findings present antecedent factors that exert a favorable influence on the conversion process of parishioners, establishing a pronounced correlation between overall satisfaction and perceived benefits observed among regular church attendants. Antecedents to religious conversion are deeply rooted in a complex interplay of personal and social factors. Conversion paths are shaped by existential questioning, crises, or a search for meaning, with key roles played by social factors such as family, peers, and exposure to belief systems through preacher pressure. The benefits of religious conversion are equally multifaceted and can encompass various dimensions of an individual's life. Spirituality often becomes a source of solace and resilience, helping individuals navigate adversity. On the emotional level, conversion may provide a sense of belonging, inner peace, and a framework for understanding the world and life's challenges. Adopting a new faith enhances community support and is influenced by cultural and entertainment experiences, contributing to the decision to convert. However, understanding the antecedents and benefits of religious conversion offers valuable insights into the dynamics of faith and human transformation under the global challenges and guidance for religious marketing in the religious postmodern pluralism era. Further research is essential to examine the diverse experiences of religious conversion and their long-term impacts on well-being and societal cohesion, ultimately concluding that it is a multifaceted process influenced by numerous antecedents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This lesson used the correspondence of Charles Darwin as an exploration of nature of science (NOS) in a historical context. Specifically, we used his original correspondence about his "provisional hypothesis" of pangenesis as a novel way to explore a scientist's social community. Darwin's community of friends and colleagues in the natural sciences at the time of his writing of his 1868 book Variations formed the basis of this lesson. One basic descriptor of NOS, science as a human endeavor, was used to drive explicit reflection. These letters were rich in detail regarding the idea of science as a community of practice. Our elementary education students' responses indicate the letters surprised them in how personal the correspondents were with one another and how reliant Darwin was on his friends and colleagues for input on his work. Darwin became human as students imagined Darwin's mental state and how he wrestled with his idea and made it public. Students learned that despite Darwin's fame, his idea of pangenesis lacked empirical evidence and thus received little support. They discovered an eminent scientist who was insecure and nervous and who worked hard to develop, study, and publicize his novel idea. This contrasts with popular views of major scientific figures as natural geniuses rather than their success resulting from labor and perseverance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding social-ecological systems (SESs) is an important part of ecosystem-based management (EBM). One of the main decision support frameworks to develop scientific advice for EBM is integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs). Human dimensions in SESs are primarily captured through indicators derived from three social sciences: economics, anthropology, and sociology. The breadth of social sciences and humanities (SSH) research is much greater than those three fields, but they are generally underused in natural science-based decision support processes such as IEAs. Greater contributions of SSHs can enhance IEAs through various direct (e.g. to develop indicators) and indirect ways (e.g. to establish and maintain ethical practices). We examine a wider range of SSH disciplines and conclude that scientific advice processes that inform EBM can benefit from broader integration of SSH theories and methods through themes of contextualizing, facilitating, communicating, evaluating, and anticipating. We see this an opportunity to both widen the vocabulary used to describe social scientists and those who work in humanities in IEAs, and apply the underlying worldviews used to conduct SSH research to fundamentally enhance the IEA process and to further progress in EBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the experiences of American students studying abroad in Spain during the Cold War era. It focuses on the tensions between the study abroad program's goals and the activism of two students, Roberta Alexander and Karen Winn, who questioned US imperialism. The article explores the relationship between citizen diplomacy and the state, as well as the challenges faced by students who challenged US foreign policy. It also examines the role of study abroad programs in shaping global citizenship and the limited attention given to undergraduate students in Cold War scholarship. The text discusses initiatives to increase access to higher education in the US during the Cold War, but notes that these initiatives still favored white Americans and perpetuated cultural assumptions. The concept of American world citizenship is explored, highlighting how it operated through privilege and access to education and passports. The University of California's Education Abroad Program (EAP) aimed to cultivate an elite citizenry and fulfill international obligations, but faced challenges from civil rights and anti-imperialist movements. The experiences of Alexander and Winn demonstrate the complexities of American world citizenship. The text also discusses US public diplomacy efforts in Spain, where US civil liberties clashed with foreign policy objectives. The article specifically focuses on the experiences of three American students, Alexander, Winn, and Watanabe, who participated in the EAP in Madrid in the 1960s. The establishment of the EAP study center in Spain was driven by student and faculty interest, despite differing opinions on sending students to a fascist country. Alexander and Winn's involvement in [Extracted from the article]

Heather Love's book "Underdogs" explores the intersection of queer theory and postwar sociology, focusing on the study of sexuality prior to the Stonewall Riots. Love examines the work of sociologists such as Erving Goffman, Laud Humphreys, John Kitsuse, and Samuel Delany, and compares it to more recent authors like Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Joan Scott, Judith Butler, Gayle Rubin, and Sara Ahmed. Love argues that both queer theory and postwar sociology share a concern for sexual outsiders, stigma, and coalitional politics, as well as a skepticism towards fixed identities. While the book offers valuable insights, it overlooks some important contributions from the Chicago school and presents the sociology of deviance as static and ossified. Overall, "Underdogs" provides a nuanced exploration of the relationship between queer theory and sociology, but falls short as a comprehensive intellectual history. [Extracted from the article]

Machine learning (ML) is increasingly being used in the social sciences to find patterns and make predictions. The use of ML methods has grown significantly in recent years, with a fourfold increase since 2017. This trend can be attributed to a shift in the appreciation of predictive algorithms, the development of ML training programs, and the availability of large datasets and computing power. However, it is important to address ethical concerns and ensure fairness and unbiasedness in the algorithms used. The use of ML in the social sciences has the potential to bring about significant changes in the research process. [Extracted from the article]

In recent years, the global environmental science-policy interface has come to include a greater variety of knowledge. Social scientists have joined natural scientists at the policy table, and Indigenous and local knowledge is being taken ever more seriously. But this pluralisation raises political, normative, and epistemic challenges for environmental expert organisations, including with respect to how knowledge is managed, how it is judged to be valid, how it is made policy-relevant, and how it is presented to policy-makers and decision-takers. Based on an interview study of experts involved in the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), we identify three broad approaches to these challenges: the integrationist logic, which seeks to combine all knowledge into a single ontology; the parallelist, which looks for similarities and connections between irreconcilable ontologies; and the pragmatist, which strives to apply knowledge when and where it will have the greatest positive impact. Rather than champion any one of these approaches, the paper explores their origins and how they negotiate paralyses to the timeliness of work. In avoiding ultimate formalisation of how value and knowledge pluralism are to be handled, IPBES allow more contextually sensitive practices to come to the fore. The paper concludes by discussing implications for environmental expertise more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we describe the evolution of a grassroots, graduate student-led initiative, Unpacking Diversity, designed to address the experiences of marginalized BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) scholars in an atmospheric, Earth, and ocean sciences college. Our main activity involved an annual seminar series delivered in partnership with social scientists and humanities scholars to meet the cultural needs of our college. Through this initiative, we held conversations regarding social justice in academia and offered resources to address these issues within the college. Despite high attendance and community-driven efforts to foster inclusivity, a lack of institutional support weakened Unpacking Diversity's longevity, and organizing efforts became unsustainable for graduate students, primarily women of color. After four years, we decided to retire the initiative. We discuss the factors that contributed to the initiative's success, the obstacles that hindered substantial institutional change, and how this experience helped us create a resilient network of peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of institutional aesthetics, which suggests that human institutions have both functional and aesthetic aspects. The author draws parallels between art theory and the perception of institutions, emphasizing the importance of understanding the inner aspects of phenomena. The article discusses the tension between practical and aesthetic approaches in the study of organizations, highlighting the work of various scholars. It also explores the concept of the Event, which emphasizes the interactive nature of human action. The text further discusses Lyotard's analysis of the sublime Event and the importance of contestation and irreducible otherness in understanding institutions. Lastly, the author discusses the concept of the Fold, which challenges traditional thinking by emphasizing the interconnectedness of elements in institutions. Overall, the article argues that an aesthetic approach is necessary to fully understand institutional behavior. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Notes on organisational kitsch" explores the concept of kitsch and its relationship to human experience. The author argues that kitsch is a way of denying what is unacceptable in human experience by turning it into something pleasing and pacifying. Kitsch is characterized by its focus on mass emotion, its defense against critical thought, and its immediate and transparent nature. The article also discusses the role of kitsch in politics and totalitarianism. Overall, the article provides insights into the nature and implications of kitsch in various aspects of society. [Extracted from the article]

Disparities for women and minorities in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers have continued even amidst mounting evidence for the superior performance of diverse workforces. In response, we launched the Diversity and Science Lecture series, a cross-institutional platform where junior life scientists present their research and comment on diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM. We characterize speaker representation from 79 profiles and investigate topic noteworthiness via quantitative content analysis of talk transcripts. Nearly every speaker discussed interpersonal support, and three-fifths of speakers commented on race or ethnicity. Other topics, such as sexual and gender minority identity, were less frequently addressed but highly salient to the speakers who mentioned them. We found that significantly co-occurring topics reflected not only conceptual similarity, such as terms for racial identities, but also intersectional significance, such as identifying as a Latina/Hispanic woman or Asian immigrant, and interactions between concerns and identities, including the heightened value of friendship to the LGBTQ community, which we reproduce using transcripts from an independent seminar series. Our approach to scholar profiles and talk transcripts serves as an example for transmuting hundreds of hours of scholarly discourse into rich datasets that can power computational audits of speaker diversity and illuminate speakers' personal and professional priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific innovations for sustainable development often make huge promises about overcoming climate change, or promote technological innovations that have potential development implications. However, the social outcomes of such interventions are often considered superficially; thus potentially reinforcing injustices or producing unforeseen, undesirable outcomes. Increasingly, projects claim to have an interdisciplinary dimension, but processes of interdisciplinary dialogue can be difficult to maintain. This means that researchers have to be prepared to engage in potentially extensive, transformative dialogue and be willing to learn from the disciplinary knowledge of the other. This can be methodologically challenging both for natural and social scientists. This paper reports meta-research exploring the methodological processes and learning experiences of academics involved in research on the implementation of second-generation biofuel technology. Through interdisciplinary meetings, workshops, reflections and interviews we built up sustainable relationships and bridged epistemological divides. Our approach to interdisciplinary dialogue offers insights into the methodological challenges of interdisciplinary work. We used the framework of transformative learning theory to identify key aspects of the interdisciplinary process and reflected on the need for sustained and open opportunities for dialogue in order to find genuine ways to communicate across disciplines. We explicitly revealed and considered our taken-for-granted assumptions to identify what we understood by key terms and processes, including 'sustainable', 'development', 'methodology', 'truth', 'marginal land' and 'outputs'. We found these encounters created opportunities to influence the trajectory of each other's research and thinking, with the ideal of social and environmental justice prominent in all our discussions. It was through ongoing learning and dialogue that we found that the multifaceted challenges of sustainable development research can become more open, more critical and more able to reveal appropriate solutions and promote relevant ongoing scientific research. This interplay between disciplines is an innovative way to influence decision-making directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the need for Christians advocating for gun control, who are often considered "liberals," to reconsider the urgency of conversion in the context of the defensive gun culture in the U.S. It argues that the issue of reducing gun ownership and changing the culture surrounding firearms may require mass conversion efforts due to the challenges posed by a high number of guns & individual self-interest; free-rider problems in gun ownership; and collective reasons for gun control.

The article explores the contributions of sociologist Viviana A. Zelizer. It mentions that Zelizer's work delves into the intricate interplay between culture, social relationships, and economic activity, shedding light on real-world phenomena that often defy traditional economic theories. It states that her research challenges established economic models by emphasizing the multifaceted nature of money and exchange.

The article delves into the contributions and perspectives of renowned economist Thomas Sowell. It highlights Sowell's dedication to intellectual rigor and integrity, along with his distinctive approach of considering global perspectives to understand phenomena like slavery, affirmative action, and poverty.

The article delves into the academic legacy of Karen Vaughn, an academic innovator and market process theorist instrumental in shaping the Austrian economics and public choice initiatives, redefining educational paradigms along the way. It emphasizes Vaughn's work in the history of economic thought, subjectivist economic methodology, social change, and the political economy of morality.

The article focuses on Harriet Martineau, highlighting her influence and controversial ideas in the field of political economy during her lifetime. It discusses her contributions to economic thought through her monthly serials titled "Illustrations of Political Economy" and her correspondence with prominent political economists of her time.

The article focuses on the life and contributions of Kenneth Boulding, an economist, philosopher, and poet known for his interdisciplinary approach to various fields including economics, political science, sociology, and peace research. It highlights Boulding's critical insights, particularly his concept of "image" as a subjective knowledge stock that influences human behavior.

Implicit bias, the tendency for stereotype-confirming thoughts to pass through our minds and lead to discrimination, has been extensively researched by social scientists. This research has shown that implicit biases exist and can have measurable and significant impacts. Implicit biases can affect various aspects of life, including interactions with doctors, teachers, neighbors, judges, employers, coworkers, and law enforcement officers. These biases can also influence the voting process and contribute to disparities in the criminal justice system. To address this issue, it is crucial to understand and study implicit bias, educate ourselves, and work towards solutions that promote equality under the law. [Extracted from the article]

The article informs about David Jenkins' book "Nature and Bureaucracy: The Wildness of Managed Landscapes," which delves into the history and contemporary practices of bureaucratic management of natural landscapes in the US. Topic include the challenges of regulating natural spaces without considering ecological functions or local cultural values, advocating for the incorporation of traditional ecological knowledge for more sustainable landscape management practices.

Drawing on the ideas of John Maynard Keynes ([8], [10]) and Knight ([12]), many scholars distinguish between risk and uncertainty. Despite the fact that Keynes and Knight were eminent economists who continue to be influential today, mainstream or neoclassical economics has invariably used the terms risk and uncertainty interchangeably, treating both as risk. Among economists, a number of heterodox economics, mainly post-Keynesians, have followed Keynes in stressing the difference (Shackle, [16], Davidson, [6], among others) and focusing on uncertainty and only a few more mainstream economists, such as North ([14]), have appreciated it as a key aspect of the economy. It may be noted that Keynes's discussion of behavior under uncertainty also refers to the private sphere but has consequences for the economy as a whole, and can be affected by government policies. [Extracted from the article]

The Delphi method is an iterative, anonymous, group-based process for eliciting and aggregating opinion on a topic to explore the existence of consensus among experts. The year 2023 marks the 60th anniversary of the first peer-reviewed journal article on the Delphi method. Originally developed for operations research, this method is now applied extensively by researchers representing diverse scientific fields. We used a bibliometric analysis to describe general trends in the expansion of its use across disciplines over time. We conducted a systematic literature search for all English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles on the Delphi method through its first 60 years. We found 19,831 articles: 96.8% (n = 19,204) on the actual use of the Delphi method in an empirical study and 3.2% (n = 627) describing, examining, or providing some guidance on how to use the Delphi method. Almost half (49.9%) of all articles were published in the 2010s and an additional third (32.5%) in the first few years of the 2020s. Nearly two-thirds (65%, n = 12,883) of all published articles have appeared in medical journals, compared to 15% in science and technology (n = 3,053) or social science (n = 3,016) journals. We conclude that the expanded use of the Delphi method has been driven largely by the medical field, though social scientists and technologists continue to be at the forefront of methodological work on the Delphi method. Therefore, we call for greater transdisciplinary collaboration on methodological guidance and standards for the Delphi method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural importance of food has been neglected for years; it was not until the early seventies that food began to arouse the interest of social scientists. Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day, because it must provide the necessary energy for the whole day. It is the main reserve of minerals, vitamins and nutrients that we need throughout the day, so that we do not feel deprived of moisture and energy. A breakfast that give us energy should be part of a healthy lifestyle. Eating a meal in the morning to get 20% of your daily calorie needs can be more important than following a specific diet. In this context, understanding the behavior of students regarding aspects of breakfast can provide a benchmark on well–being and decision–making. Anticipating the impact on the young generation, the subject of the present theme is considered important. The study can bring more knowledge by delimiting the factors that define his portrait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the concept of spiritual capital and its significance within megachurches, using Christ's Commission Fellowship in the Philippines as a case study. Topic include delves into how megachurches like CCF generate spiritual capital and examines their influence and growth within the religious landscape. The concept of spiritual capital is defined as the power, influence, knowledge, and dispositions created by a person or organization's spiritual belief, knowledge, and practice.