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Aquaculture is one of the world’s fastest-growing industries, with 6 % annual growth since 2010, and is becoming an increasingly important component of the world’s food production. European aquaculture has not kept up with the pace of change in other parts of the world, growing only 24 % since 1990, and only 6 % since 2007. As with all food production industries, aquaculture has a range of positive and negative impacts for the environment and the socio-economic system, which varies across production type, species, geography and biophysical context. The overall purpose of this study is to present the scientific basis of the positive and negative impacts of European aquaculture from an economic, environmental and social point of view, in order to facilitate a well-informed debate. However, the study does not seek to assess the magnitude or likelihood of impacts, compare magnitude or likelihood of impacts among different types of aquaculture nor compare the impacts identified to those of alternative food production systems. In order to achieve this aim, the project first undertook an extensive literature review to collate state-of- the-art scientific information on the positive and negative impacts of aquaculture. The study examined scientific peer-reviewed literature, supplemented by the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries and European Data Collection Framework for aquaculture and focused on finfish culture (sea cages ; ponds, tanks, and raceways ; and recirculating aquaculture systems), shellfish culture (suspended, trays, and bottom culture), macroalgae and microalgae. To complement the impacts derived from the scientific literature a deeper analysis of impacts was conducted via 18 case studies across Denmark, Germany, France, Poland, Netherlands, Croatia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The case studies covered a range of production technologies and species types. The case studies were used to verify impacts identified in the scientific literature, to identify any impacts potentially overlooked by the scientific literature and to identify legislation and mitigation relevant to the aquaculture type at the national level. The case studies combined information from the literature review, supplementary scientific and grey literature of specific relevance to the case study, and key expert interviews (40 in total). Key experts consulted were primarily those from relevant national authorities and national research institutes. In parallel with the case studies, a review of the EU and national regulatory frameworks and associated mitigation measures was conducted. The review and the key expert interviews from the case studies were used to provide a preliminary analysis of the extent to which the regulatory framework mitigates negative impacts from aquaculture. The information from the literature reviews and the case studies was then collated and evaluated to provide an overview of the most important and most broadly identified positive and negative impacts for different aquaculture types. The evaluation made specific efforts to highlight consensus between the scientific literature and the opinions of key experts, as well as highlighting where these differ – indicating potential priority areas for future research.

BACKGROUND The transition to dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was complicated by an initial safety signal in May 2018 suggesting that exposure to dolutegravir at conception was possibly associated with infant neural tube defects. On the basis of additional evidence, in July 2019, the World Health Organization recommended dolutegravir for all adults and adolescents living with HIV. OBJECTIVE To describe dolutegravir uptake and disparities by sex and age group in LMICs. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING 87 sites that began using dolutegravir in 11 LMICs in the Asia-Pacific; Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology (CCASAnet); and sub-Saharan African regions of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium. PATIENTS 134��672 patients aged 16 years or older who received HIV care from January 2017 through March 2020. MEASUREMENTS Sex, age group, and dolutegravir uptake (that is, newly initiating ART with dolutegravir or switching to dolutegravir from another regimen). RESULTS Differences in dolutegravir uptake among females of reproductive age (16 to 49 years) emerged after the safety signal. By the end of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of dolutegravir uptake among females 16 to 49 years old was 29.4% (95% CI, 29.0% to 29.7%) compared with 57.7% (CI, 57.2% to 58.3%) among males 16 to 49 years old. This disparity was greater in countries that began implementing dolutegravir before the safety signal and initially had highly restrictive policies versus countries with a later rollout. Dolutegravir uptake was similar among females and males aged 50 years or older. LIMITATION Follow-up was limited to 6 to 8 months after international guidelines recommended expanding access to dolutegravir. CONCLUSION Substantial disparities in dolutegravir uptake affecting females of reproductive age through early 2020 are documented. Although this disparity was anticipated because of country-level restrictions on access, the results highlight its extent and initial persistence. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health.

The aquaculture sector is expanding worldwide, driven by the blue economy and blue growth policy, based on principles of smartness, inclusiveness and sustainability, and the need to provide food and nutrition security to an ever-growing population. This trend is still at an early stage in Kenya. This report explores core enabling factors for commercialization of the aquaculture sector in Kenya, based on a structured household survey and a qualitative literature survey and through application of an analytical food system approach that includes the value chain and consumers. First, nine commercialization categories were identified: high, medium and low commercialization levels for each of cage, pond and tank aquaculture production systems. Second, an analytical farm household survey of 300 farmers was conducted in the counties of Kiambu (60), Kakamega (80), Siaya (80), Nyeri (45) and Kirinyaga (35) to analyse enabling factors in each of the nine commercialization categories. The enablingfactors explored are income (in Kenyan Shillings [KES]), fingerling production [numbers], fish feed (floating pellets [tons]), transport (% of farmers who have their own transport), market outlets (% per outlet category), share of fish meals consumed per household (%), risk taking/aversion (perception ranking) and trust in government (perception ranking). Third, a qualitative literature survey was conducted to review best practice in commercialization of the aquaculture sector in Kenya. The analyses show that enabling factors differ substantially across the nine categories. The main motivations of pond farming are to ensure food andnutrition security; it is deemed successful when costs can be covered by generated income, even without further investments to commercialise. Pond farming is therefore the least commercialized segment of the aquaculture sector, although it has obtained the most subsidies in the past. Cage farming is expanding substantially in Lake Victoria, and regulations and planning to monitor environmental impacts are urgently needed. Given the high number ofnew investors, cage farming is expected to contribute significantly to aquaculture supply in the future. Tank farming is a highly commercialized segment that depends on appropriate technology, which is expensive and accessible only to a few fish farmers. However, the efficiency in use of water, feed and land; the reduced risks of losses; and the possibly low distance to urban markets can make this segment a critical supplier of fish to a large consumer group in the future. Overall, it is advised that future investors in aquaculture in Kenya should be aware of the specific enabling factors of each category and should target the most critical enabling factors.

Studies on responses to inoculation in bush bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) were carried out as part of the N2Africa project (www.n2africa.org) in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Rwanda and Zimbabwe.Inoculant treatments without fertilizer inputs significantly improved yields by 0.27 t ha-1compared to the unamended control in Ethiopia. The combined effect of inoculation and P fertilization was much larger and significant in all four countries. Trials in Tanzania and in Zimbabwe also included the application of N fertilizer, and manure was included on the trials in Rwanda. Largest yields were achieved when inoculant and fertilizer inputs were combined. Inoculation tended to boost responses to fertilizer inputs in Ethiopia, Rwanda and Tanzania. Detailed results per country are given below.

Daily consumption of beans in Rwanda may offer the opportunity for alleviating micronutrient malnutrition since other sources of these elements are expensive and/ or unavailable. In light of improving the nutritional status of many Rwandans, identification of new bean varieties able to accumulate high Fe/Zn content in addition to high yield performance would be good news for the country. The objective of this study was to identify and select climbing bean genotypes that have high mean yield, iron and or zinc content that should be the candidates for release for the traits of interest. Trials of seven climbing bean genotypes were conducted in ten research centers of Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB) in 2017A and 2017B cropping seasons in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Grain yield differed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) among the seven climbing bean genotypes evaluated and environments. Strong interactions between genotype and environment were observed (P ≤ 0.001) for yield, iron and zinc content. Grain yield averaged over the two seasons varied from 554 to 4,906 kg ha-1. The least grain yield was achieved with RWV 2365-2 in Ngoma while greater yield was achieved with RWV 2350-2B in Muhoza. The across environments means revealed that Nyiramagorori had the least grain yield (1966 kg ha-1) while MBC 71 had greater yield (2,502 kg ha-1). Mean iron and zinc content in seeds differed significantly (P ≤ 0.001) among the seven climbing bean genotypes and ten environments. The mean iron content varied between 54.0 and 91.7 ppm. The genotype 665SI-4/1 averaged a low iron content of 63.0 ppm while 665SI-4/1 averaged a greater iron content of 76.4 ppm. In general three climbing bean genotypes among the seven evaluated showed superior performance for the three traits evaluated (yield, iron and zinc content) across environments. These genotypes include Rwibarura, RWV 2350-2B and MBC71.

This report presents the findings of a desk study and a field work conducted in Rwanda on small-scale commercial aquaculture and is part of a regional study commissioned by Msingi East Africa Limited. The aquaculture sector in Rwanda is dominated by small- scale producers of mainly Tilapia and African catfish (to a lesser extent) in ponds, and an increasing number of Tilapia producers in cages in Lakes Kivu and Muhazi. Based on production infrastructure used and production volumes, three segments have been identified: 1. Small-holder farmers producing Tilapia in ponds using animal manure to fertilise the ponds and feeding with bran and vegetables. The production of fish farmers in segment 1 range between 1.5and 17 tonnes of fish per year. 2. Small-holders producing Tilapia in low volume cages using farm-made feed and locally manufactured feed. The production of fish farmers in segment 2 range between 17 and 30 tonnes of fish per year. 3. Small-holders producing Tilapia in high volume cages using locally manufactured feed and imported feed. The production of fish farmers in segment 3 range between 30 and 50 tonnes of fish per year.Key constraints encountered by the sector are the lack of fingerlings in quantity and quality, the low quality of locally manufactured feed, the high cost of imported feed, the lack of skills and access to finance. Opportunities to expand small-scale commercial fish farming exist in mass on-growing of tilapia fry, semi-intensification of pond production, and clustering of small-scale commercial cage farmers for improved access to inputs, services, information and training, and a consistent supply of fish products to the markets.Recommended production models for small-scale commercial fish farmers include aquaculture park systems linked through farming contracts to input/service suppliers and fish traders.

This report describes the findings of a literature study and of interviews with fish farmers and key informants familiar with the Tanzanian freshwater aquaculture sector. The study was part of an assignment commissioned by Msingi East Africa. The report was developed in collaboration with Stichting BoP Innovation Centre. Msingi is an East African industry development organisation. It aims to support the growth of competitive industries in the region. Aquaculture has been selected as the first East African industry to support among strategic industries in which East Africa has a comparative advantage. Msingi supports their growth through investment and technical assistance to pioneer businesses; this is complemented by wider support to the sector, such as on policy, technology transfer, research and development, human capacity building or support to key sector organisations.The Tanzanian freshwater aquaculture sector consists of roughly 19,000 small-scale farmers operating one or a few small ponds stocked with tilapia and/or catfish. Fish are fed in most cases with agricultural by-products and residues that are available on the farm. For most producers, fish farming is a part-time activity besides other sources of income. A small but growing number of farmers have specialised and are applying commercial fish feeds and are reaching higher levels of production. Total annual freshwater fish production of Tanzania is estimated to be 5000 metric tonnes. In the last years a growth of production is reported to take place as result of existing farms expanding and new farms being established. Part of the new farms use floating cages placed in Lake Victoria and Lake Kumba. All farmed fish is sold on the Tanzanian market, mostly as fresh, whole fish. Lack of capital and finance opportunities, a shortage of affordable commercial fish feeds, a shortage of fingerlings (fish seeds) of good quality and a lack of knowledge among farmers about improved aquaculture practices, farm management and a business–like approach to fish farming have been identified as major bottlenecks for growth of production of the small-scale producers. Recommendations for action that would address these bottlenecks are given in this report.

This publication reports the results of a study of the small-scale aquaculture producers’ situation in Uganda that was carried out in March-April 2018. The study was commissioned by Msingi East Africa. The study comprised two main parts: a desk study and a field study. The latter consisted of visits and interviews with fish farmers, fish feed producers and importers, fish traders, service providers and other key informants and served as validation of the results of the desk study. The methodology for field data collection was semi-structured interviews. Three small-holder aquaculture segments have been identified. Segment I comprises of small-holders producing Nile tilapia (ponds and cages) and/or African catfish (ponds). Production varies from 1- 5 tonnes/year. They lack affordable and high quality inputs, knowledge and capital. Segment II includes small-holders producing Nile tilapia (ponds and cages) and/or African catfish (ponds). Production varies from 6 to 40 tonnes/year. They have some degree of knowledge on farm management and some capital to invest. Access to affordable and high quality inputs is problematic. Segment III consists of small-holders with higher education and on-job-skills. Production varies from 41 to 50 tonnes/year. They import high quality feed and have access to family capital. Their business is expanding and they will soon be medium-scale farmers. Opportunities for development support consist of better coordination and an integrated approach within a new aquaculture platform in which lead-farmers train farmers via a training-of trainers approach. The platform should concentrate on segment I and II farmers; they urgently need better feed, improved knowledge, skills and access to capital. Segment II farmers need better local feed of affordable prices and improved knowledge and skills for farm management. Models to link farmers to markets and support services include cluster farming (joined buying of inputs and distribution), aquaparks (improved production infrastructure) and empowering investors with access to capital and organised markets.

Wageningen University and Research centre en Aquacultuur Experience hebben in juni 2015 een aquacultuur studie afgerond in opdracht van de Nederlandse ambassade in Accra, Ghana. Het doel van deze studie was om de haalbaarheid in kaart te brengen voor het formuleren en opzetten van één of meer publiek-private Samenwerkingsprojecten voor aquacultuur in Ghana.

The main aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of the formation and set-up of one or more Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) for aquaculture in Ghana. The project consisted of two phases. The first phase was a value chain analysis (VCA) of aquaculture in Ghana to identify bottlenecks and business opportunities. The second phase was to develop business cases for investments in aquaculture in Ghana. Since the demand for Tilapia in Ghana is very high, the focus of this study is mainly on Tilapia.

Dit rapport presenteert een analyse naar alternatieve mogelijkheden voor verwaarding van visbijvangst ten opzichte van vismeel.Het hier gerapporteerde onderzoek omvat een brede inventarisatie van mogelijkheden binnen de wettelijke kaders. Door middel van een expert-brainstorm en een inventarisatie van recente productinnovaties in de markt zijn de volgende ideeën gegenereerd:A. afzet van beschadigde vis voor bewerkte voedseltoepassingen;B. verwerking van huiden tot leder;C. geur- en smaakstoffen op basis van vis-eiwitten; ook attractanten t.b.v. visvoer;D. bioactieve peptiden (met gezondheidsbevorderende eigenschappen), te produceren door middel van (enzymatische of evt. zure) hydrolyse;E. vis-eiwit als allergeen-vrij (afgezien van parvalbumin) alternatief voor koemelk en sojamelk (denk aan babyvoeding);F. collageen voor bijvoorbeeld voeding, cosmetica of technische toepassingen;G. fosfolipiden voor emulsies (zoals margarine);H. visolie in voeding; geur en smaak kunnen gemaskeerd worden;I. mineralen-vitamines-supplementen uit vis, o.a. selenium, vitamines a, d en e;J. silage (auto-hydrolyse), waarbij de vissilage verder kan worden gescheiden in:o eiwitten voor diervoeder (bijvoorbeeld nat voor varkens; droog voor pluimvee);o olie scheiden/zuiveren.Vanuit de sector zelf is idee (A) in de praktijk gebracht: beschadigde vis wordt succesvol in de bestaande markt afgezet. Dit idee is mede daarom in het project niet verder uitgewerkt. Door het projectteam en vertegenwoordigers uit de pelagische sector zijn uit bovenstaande lijst drie opties geselecteerd voor verdere analyse: 1. Silage gericht op grondstof voor diervoeders (optie J).2. Silage met winning van bioactieve peptiden (combinatie van opties D en J)3. Milde hydrolyse gericht op winning van bio-actieve peptiden (optie D). Het eerste opties betreft silage: onder toevoeging van zuur worden eiwitmoleculen opgeknipt tot onder andere peptiden en aminozuren. Het silage-product kan worden afgezet als veevoeder, bijvoorbeeld als alternatief voor sojameel. Helaas levert deze business case een negatief resultaat.Bij de tweede optie, hydrolyse, worden eiwitketens ook opgeknipt in kleinere stukken, vooral peptiden. Maar hierbij wordt het proces beter gecontroleerd, zodat relatief grote hoeveelheden waardevolle specifieke peptide-moleculen worden gevormd. Hydrolyse kan ook worden uitgevoerd door toevoeging van zuur, maar dan bij gecontroleerde temperatuur en procestijd (het proces wordt gestopt door neutralisatie). Het meest doelgericht kunnen specifieke peptiden worden gevormd door gebruik van enzymen in plaats van zuur. Hydrolysaten kunnen worden afgezet als voedselingrediënt (bijvoorbeeld met aangepaste technische eigenschappen), als gezondheidsbevorderend bio-actieve component (in voeding of als voedingssupplement) of voor diervoerdertoepassingen.Hoewel wetgeving dat niet expliciet voorschrijft, wordt in dit rapport geconcludeerd dat voor humane consumptie de vis voor het hydrolyseproces moet worden gestript. Dit drijft de prijs voor het ingangsmateriaal aanzienlijk op.Uit kosten-batenanalyses van zowel de veevoeder-optie als voor humane toepassingen volgt een positieve business case. Maar deze positieve uitkomsten zijn wel sterk afhankelijk van prijzen van zowel het ingangsmateriaal als de eindproducten. Omdat ontwikkeling van deze opties op basis van vis in de kinderschoenen staat, is amper informatie over afzetprijzen beschikbaar is. Omdat deze prijzen kritisch zijn voor een positieve business case, wordt aangeraden bij een eventuele vervolgontwikkeling ook mogelijke afnemers te betrekken. Als laatste idee is nog gekeken naar een mogelijke tussenvorm tussen silage en hydrolyse: bioactieve moleculen uit silage. Helaas blijkt dat zelfs bij minimale hoeveelheid zuur (ondergrens wordt bepaald door eisen voor houdbaarheid) het product na enkele maanden bewaring te ver gehydrolyseerd is (meeste bio-actieve peptiden zijn afgebroken tot aminozuren). Dus, alleen door een beperkte (vooral qua tijd) hydrolysestap kan nog een product met bio-actieve waarde worden geproduceerd.Geconcludeerd wordt dat milde hydrolyse het beste perspectief beidt. Toepassing voor zowel voedsel als diervoeders is mogelijk. Echter, voor voedingstoepassingen heeft bijvangst een nadeel ten opzichte van bijproduct van visverwerking omdat de vis gestript moet worden. Diervoedertoepassing past daarom beter. Voor zowel voedings- als diervoedertoepassing zal ook de markt nog ontwikkeld moeten worden.

The present report analyses through a literature review the potential of fish silage to valorise fish processing by-products into economically relevant protein sources for fish and livestock feed production in East Africa.

Egyptian fish farming has witnessed a spectacular development resulting in an industry that is number 7 worldwide and number 2 in tilapia production. As such the industry is an important contributor to Egypt's economy as well as a major provider of cheap fish protein. However there are a number of developments that potentially could result in a stagnation or even collapse of the industry.

Het doel van dit project is het demonstreren van de haalbaarheid van een coöperatief productiecentrum voor tarbot en tong pootvis ten behoeve van de Nederlandse platviskweek sector. De rapportage gaat voornamelijk in op de kennisvragen m.b.t. de kosten en de technische haalbaarheid van een pootvis productiesysteem.

Op verzoek van de Nederlandse ambassade in Nairobi hebben IMARES en LEI (beiden onderdeel van Wageningen UR) onderzoek gedaan naar de potentie van aquacultuur in relatie tot voedselzekerheid en de mogelijkheden voor het Nederlands bedrijfsleven. Dit omdat voedselzekerheid een van de nieuwe prioriteiten is van de Nederlands overheid. Daarnaast geeft de overheid meer prioriteit aan de belangen van het Nederlands bedrijfsleven. In dit artikel worden de belangrijkste conclusies uit onze studie weergegeven.

This hatchery manual is intended to provide detailed information from available published work and grey literature on turbot broodstock management and larval production. In reviewing larviculture techniques for turbot, it is notable that the major initial zoo technical advances were made in the 1980s. Subsequent refinements have been industry-led and are subject to commercial confidentiality. Some actors in the sector that have been approached either did not provide requested information or denied access to their sources of information. This manuscript therefore considers those aspects of commercial rearing techniques that are in the public domain, together with the applied scientific literature and information collected from different experts. With the aim to cover all aspects related to the production of turbot juveniles in Dutch farms from egg to fish of 10-15 g, the manual describes in details different steps. These have been grouped around the broodstock management, the hatchery/nursery period, the on growing and the grow out periods. A list of common diseases in turbot has been added at the end. The manual provides a link to the most update information available on live prey production and enrichment.

In dit artikel wordt de rol van de microbiële gemeenschap in de darm van vissen beschreven en wordt een overzicht gegeven van de belangrijkste huidige kennis en inzichten. Ook wordt een korte beschrijving gegeven van het ministerie van EL&I (voormalig LNV) gefinancierde project "Visgezondheid in RAS" en wordt aangestipt wat we verwachten te leren van dit project.

This study aims to assess the potential role of aquaculture in improving food security in Kenya. It addresses current bottlenecks that prevent aquaculture from achieving its food security objectives and identifies possible interventions. This study furthermore explores business opportunities for Dutch companies in supporting the sustainable development of the Kenyan aquaculture sector.