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Malcolm Roy Clarke, FRS (1930–2013) made lasting contributions to cephalopod biology through his productive research programme, his commitment to furthering cephalopod biology and his congenial spirit. His professional legacy includes many important contributions. He wrote over 150 scientific papers, book chapters and other scholarly works, including, the Discovery Report on the role of cephalopods in the diet of sperm whales in the Southern Hemisphere, he edited A handbook for the identification of cephalopod beaks, which made the study of trophic interactions more accessible, and with colleagues he developed and instituted the Cephalopod International Advisory Council to provide advice on cephalopods and a framework for international meetings. His impact on marine science was broad and longstanding.

The first new family of oegopsid cephalopods to he described in over 30 years, the Batoteuthidae, is recorded from Antarctic waters. A discussion of a number of the more important oegopsid familial characters is presented, and the Batoteuthidae is compared with other families of the suborder. The value of the buccal membrane connectives as a Stahle systematic character at the family level is established for the first time. The family is based on the new genus and species, Batoteuthis skolops. Observations are presented concerning the peculiar internal anatomy and the broad geographic distribution of the species.

Two well preserved specimens of the peculiar and poorly-understood family Promachoteuthidae captured by the USNS Eltanin have made possible a re-evaluation of its systematic position with the resulting removal of the family from the suborder Myopsida and its placement into the suborder Oegopsida. Considerations are given to the specific status, familial relationships, and habitat of the Promachoteuthidae.

We describe a previously unrecognized species of loliginid squid from the Bahama Islands, western North Atlantic. Two specimens of Pickfordiateuthis bayeri n.sp. were collected by submersible from a large aggregation in mid-water (110-113 m over a depth of 1000 m) offshore of Abaco Island. Both specimens were fully mature, mated, un-spawned females. We suggest that the occurrence of P. bayeri in this habitat, unusual for all known species of the genus, represents an offshore mating migration.

Ninety six gonatid cephalopod specimens (Oegopsida: Gonatidae) from the University of Amsterdam Mid-North Atlantic Plankton Expeditions were analyzed and two species were identified: Gonatus steenstrupi (Kristensen 1981) and Gonatusfabricii (Lichtenstein 1818). Gonatids were collected only in spring and summer, despite sampling in autumn and winter. This paper describes aspects of their development and reports their geographical distribution in the central North Atlantic Ocean. Chromatophore patterns were the most consistently useful characters for distinguishing between the species. Among 34 measurements, Tentacle Length (TtL) relative to Dorsal Mantle Length (ML) and number of suckers on Arms I-IV were useful for distinguishing specimens >13 mm ML. Both species develop hooks from suckers on the arms and tentacular clubs at ML > 20 mm. Subtle differences were noted in the morphology of the funnel pads except in the smallest specimens. Specimens of G. steenstrupi >20 mm ML were collected at greater depths (250 to 995 m) than the smaller specimens (found at depths <200 m). Our data suggest that 20 mm ML is the point of transition between paralarvae and juveniles of G. steenstrupi, because specimens larger than 20 mm ML have well defined hooks, and a juvenile vertical distribution is established.

The anatomy of the digestive system and the digestive system enzymes of three types of rhynchoteuthion paralarvae A′, B′, and C′ (Illex) were studied. No differences among the three were found. The main features of the digestive system of these species of paralarval Ommastrephidae are described. The buccal mass is comprised of a beak and radula with conspicuous teeth. The well developed posterior salivary glands contain glandular tissue with two cell types: A, goblet cell, and B, granular cell. The esophagus is lined with a thin cuticle, but the stomach lacks cuticle and has a more strongly developed muscular wall than the esophagus. The large vestibule is lined with ciliated and glandular cells. Some primary folds of ciliated epithelial cells begin to develop in the caecum. The digestive gland is compact, round, red-pigmented and enclosed in a thick elastic capsule; it contains conspicuous inclusions: large boules, typical brown-body vacuoles and numerous lipid droplets. Thirteen hydrolases involved in digestive processes were examined. High proteasic activity and histochemically undetectable amylasic activity suggest a carnivorous diet. The occurrence of typical lysosomal enzymes in the digestive gland reveals a high intracellular digestive activity. The digestive system appeared to be developed and functional in the smallest specimens examined (ML: mantle length 1–2 mm). Typically juvenile features include the anterior part of the digestive system which is more highly developed than the posterior part, thus it is more functionally important than the posterior part. The muscular wall of the posterior part of the digestive tract is very thin: tractus with long cilia probably move food. Because the caecal leaflets are not yet fully developed, the digestive gland probably assumes the greatest part of the digestive and absorptive functions in paralarvae.

The holotype of Octopus schultzei (Hoyle, 1910) was examined, to verify its taxonomic status. The holotype, a male and the only specimen known, possesses unusual characters not referred to in the original description nor in subsequent reports. Most striking are the arm tips, all of which, except the hectocotylus (right third arm), have a mass of long, closely packed finger-like processes instead of suckers. The hectocotylized portion of right arm III is very small, uniform and spongy in structure; the end organ lacks a longitudinal depression and cross-striations; a calamus is absent. These and other characters confirm the specific validity of O. schultzei and readily distinguish it from all other known species of Octopus. The systematic significance of these and other unusual characters supports the establishment of a new genus, Aphrodoctopus.

Records of 158 observations of cephalopods from submersibles, primarily the Johnson Sea-Link, have been compiled through collaboration with several investigators. These observations include 118 videotape sequences, 58 collected specimens, and numerous shipboard photographs of live animals. At least 33 species have been observed to date; a few species have been observed repeatedly and could be good subjects for directed studies. The methods developed for in situ observation and subsequent collection of specimens with little or no damage allow descriptions of behavior, morphology, physiology, and distribution that are not possible with other methods of collecting.

World-wide catches of cephalopods peaked in 1987 at 2.3 million metric tons, of which about 1.84 million tons (80*) were squids. Annual catches can vary widely depending on a variety of environmental, biological and fishery-induced factors, all poorly understood. Estimates for potential production of cephalods exceed 4 million tons. Cephalopods are captured by a variety of gears, primarily jigging machines, trawls and drift nets. While jigging, trolling, pelagic seining, potting, etc. are less destructive techniques that target specific sizes and species, trawling and drift netting tend to be non-discriminatory, therefore threatening juveniles of target species, non- target species and habitats. Fishermen, industry representatives, fishery scientists and resource managers, and national and international fishery administrators must collaborate to develop research and statistics programs, "resource-friendly" capture techniques and seasons, and rational management schemes to ensure continued, or even increased, sustained production.

The vertical distributions of pelagic cephalopods are analyzed, based primarily on sturlies undertaken in the waters off California, Bermuda, and Hawaii. Much of the information is derived from midwater trawl nets equipped with closing apparatus. Each family that contains pelagic or quasipelagic species is discussed; selected records from the Iiterature are inciuded where necessary. A wide variety of patterns of vertical distribution exists among pelagic cephalopods; patterns may be associated with stage of maturity, diel rhythms, or seasonal behavior. The study revealed that several basic types of vertical distributional patterns occur: near-surface dwellers, first order diel vertical migrators, second order diel vertical migrators, diel vertical shifters, diel vertical spreaders, nonmigrators, vertical wanderers, species associated with the ocean bottom, species exhibiting ontogenetic descent.

This paper reviews the current status of systematics of Recent cephalopods (squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses and nautiluses) on a world-wide basis. It includes lists of recent revisionary publications (1960-1981), and revisions in progress. Problems that impede progress in cephalopod systematics are discussed, including the taxonomic and geographic complexity of the group, lack of comprehensive collections and well preserved specimens, scarcity of classical studies, scattered literature, and lack of funding for research and education. The situation in Australia is cited as an example of the status of cephalopod systematics in most other regions of the world. A list of Australian species in four major families (Sepiidae, Loliginidae, Ommastrephidae, Octopodidae) is presented, as is a bibliography of the cephalopod biological literature of the Australian region. Recommendations are given in an effort to improve the status of cephalopod systematics and consequently to provide information required in other fields (e.g., biomedical research, behavior, ecology, parasitology, fisheries biology): (I) recognition of need for research and education and for increased funding to support them; (2) training and development of regional (geographic) specialists as well as taxon-oriented (world-wide) specialists; (3) support and production of keys to identification, catalogues of important collections, and revisions and monographs; (4) establishment of national, regional, and world-wide authoritative reference collections; (5) designations of four major families of cephalopods in critical need of comprehensive systematic revision (Sepiidae, Loliginidae, Ommastrephidae, Octopodidae)

The vertical distribution, seasonal occurrence, relative abundance, spawning cycles, growth trends, and relationship to water types of 36 species of oceanic cephalopods are delineated from the Deepwater Dumpsite 106 (DWD 106) based on four seasonal cruises. The most commonly captured species were Pterygioteuthis gemmata, Abraliopsis pfefjeri, I Ilex illecebrosus, Histioteuthis reversa, and Mastigoteuthis magna. Information on probable spawning seasons was gained for the first time for /. illecebrosus, A. pfefjeri, P. gemmata, H. reversa, Megalocranchia megalops, and Alloposus mollis. Closing-net captures provided data on several species for which vertical distributions formerly were unknown: M. magna, Abralia redfieldi, A. veranyi, Ancistroteuthis lichtensteini, Histioteuthis elongata, Egea inermis. Mastigoteuthis magna is recorded for the first time since its original description in 1913. Several species occurred primarily in a particular water type. For example, H. reversa, A. pfefferi, and M. ?negalops occurred primarily in slope water, Chiroteuthis veranyi occurred only in (warm core) eddy water, while P. gemmata occurred about equally in both water types. Tests of co-occurrence of species between water types and cruises indicated that the species compositions were largely dissimilar. Only five species occurred on all four cruises: A. pfefferi, H. reversa, M. magna, T. pavo, and A. mollis, while five additional species occurred on any three of the four cruises.

The catalog of the typespecimens of recent Cephalopoda deposited in the National Museum of Natural History consists of 142 nominal species in 65 nominal genera. Publication and collection data are summarized for all species. Indices for taxa and authors are included.

Ein Schiffe versenkendes, Männer mordendes Ungeheuer- so geisterte der Riesenkrake jahrhundertelang durch Sagen und Erzählungen. Der endgültige Beweis seiner existenz liegt gut hundert Jahre zurück, und obwohl wir heute einiges mehr über Aussehen und Innenleben der gigantischen Geschöpfe wissen, bleibt vieles weiterhin rätselhaft.