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Introduction: Epidemiological studies around the world on acute leukemia (AL) and risk factors in infants are scarce. Infant AL has been proposed to originate in utero , which facilitates its study by establishing a short exposure time in pregnant women to environmental and dietary factors that could contribute to the risk of or protection against leukemia. We hypothesized that maternal diet during pregnancy may be an important factor involved in AL in offspring., Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study from 2010 to 2019 on maternal diet during pregnancy in nine high-specialty public hospitals of different health institutions that diagnose and offer treatment to children with AL in Mexico City. Cases (n=109) were children ≤24 months of age with de novo diagnosis of AL, and controls (n=252) were children obtained in hospitals from second-level medical care matched for age, sex, and health institution. Maternal diet during pregnancy was obtained by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess the association between food groups and infant AL. Potential confounders were assessed by constructing directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) with Dagitty software in which adjusted options were identified for the construction of unconditional logistic regression models., Results: Cases were slightly predominantly female (52.3%). The years of education of the mother in cases and controls was 0-9 on average, and those who reported smoking cigarettes and consuming alcohol during pregnancy did so at a low frequency. Regarding the mother's diet, the main findings were that the consumption of allium vegetables during pregnancy was inversely associated with AL for medium and high consumption (OR=0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.46; P -trend< 0.001). In contrast, the high consumption of high-fat dairy products had a positive association with AL (OR=2.37, 95% CI 1.30-4.34; P -trend<0.001). No association was found between consumption of topoisomerase II inhibitor foods during pregnancy and AL., Conclusion: The results suggest that maternal intake during pregnancy of allium vegetables, specifically garlic, is inversely associated with the development of AL in children ≤24 months old. On the other hand, consumption of high-fat dairy products is positively associated with AL in children ≤24 months old., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Pérez-Saldivar, Flores-García, Núñez-Villegas, Fajardo-Gutiérrez, Medina-Sanson, Jiménez-Hernández, Martín-Trejo, López-Santiago, Peñaloza-González, Cortés-Herrera, Merino-Pasaye, Amador-Sánchez, García-López, Pérez-Lorenzana, Román-Zepeda, Castañeda-Echevarría, López-Caballero, Martínez-Silva, Rivera-González, Granados-Kraulles, Flores-Botello, Medrano-López, Rodríguez-Vázquez, Torres-Valle, Mora-Rico, Mora-Ríos, R.García‐Cortés, Salcedo-Lozada, Flores-Lujano, Núñez-Enríquez, Bekker-Méndez, Mata-Rocha, Rosas-Vargas, Duarte-Rodríguez, Jiménez-Morales, Hidalgo-Miranda, López-Carrillo and Mejía-Aranguré.)

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of immature lymphocytes, in whose development involves both environmental and genetic factors. It is well known that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in coding and noncoding genes contribute to the susceptibility to ALL. This study aims to determine whether SNPs in miR-146a , miR-196a-2 , miR-499a , and miR-612 genes are associated with the risk to ALL in pediatric Mexican population., Methods: A multicenter case-control study was carried out including patients with de novo diagnosis of ALL and healthy subjects as control group. The DNA samples were obtained from saliva and peripheral blood, and the genotyping of rs2910164, rs12803915, rs11614913, and rs3746444 was performed using the 5'exonuclease technique. Gene-gene interaction was evaluated by the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) software., Results: miR-499a rs3746444 showed significant differences among cases and controls. The rs3746444G allele was found as a risk factor to ALL (OR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.05-2.5]; p = 0.028). The homozygous GG genotype of rs3746444 confers higher risk to ALL than the AA genotype (OR, 5.3 [95% CI, 1.23-23.4]; p = 0.01). Moreover, GG genotype highly increases the risk to ALL in male group (OR, 17.6 [95% CI, 1.04-298.9]; p = 0.00393). In addition, an association in a gender-dependent manner among SNPs located in miR-146a and miR-196a-2 genes and ALL susceptibility was found., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SNP located in miR-499a , miR-146a , and miR-196a-2 genes confer risk to ALL in Mexican children. Experimental analysis to decipher the role of these SNPs in human hematopoiesis could improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the development of ALL., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Jiménez-Morales, Núñez-Enríquez, Cruz-Islas, Bekker-Méndez, Jiménez-Hernández, Medina-Sanson, Olarte-Carrillo, Martínez-Tovar, Flores-Lujano, Ramírez-Bello, Pérez-Saldívar, Martín-Trejo, Pérez-Lorenzana, Amador-Sánchez, Mora-Ríos, Peñaloza-González, Duarte-Rodríguez, Torres-Nava, Flores-Bautista, Espinosa-Elizondo, Román-Zepeda, Flores-Villegas, Tamez-Gómez, López-García, Lara-Ramos, González-Ulivarri, Martínez-Silva, Espinoza-Anrubio, Almeida-Hernández, Ramírez-Colorado, Hernández-Mora, García-López, Cruz-Ojeda, Godoy-Esquivel, Contreras-Hernández, Medina-Hernández, López-Caballero, Hernández-Pineda, Granados-Kraulles, Rodríguez-Vázquez, Torres-Valle, Cortés-Reyes, Medrano-López, Pérez-Gómez, Martínez-Ríos, Aguilar-De-los-Santos, Serafin-Díaz, Gutiérrez-Rivera, Merino-Pasaye, Vargas-Alarcón, Mata-Rocha, Sepúlveda-Robles, Rosas-Vargas, Hidalgo-Miranda and Mejía-Aranguré.)

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the main type of cancer in children. In Mexico and other Hispanic populations, the incidence of this neoplasm is one of the highest reported worldwide. Functional polymorphisms of various enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics have been associated with an increased risk of developing ALL, and the risk is different by ethnicity. The aims of the present study were to identify whether NQO1, CYP2E1 , and NAT2 polymorphisms or some genotype-environmental interactions were associated with ALL risk in Mexican children. Methods: We conducted a case-control study including 478 pediatric patients diagnosed with ALL and 284 controls (children without leukemia). Ancestry composition of a subset of cases and controls was assessed using 32 ancestry informative markers. Genetic-environmental interactions for the exposure to hydrocarbons were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: The polymorphisms rs1801280 (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.21-1.93), rs1799929 (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.55-2.49), and rs1208 (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.14-1.81) were found to increase the risk of ALL; being the risks higher under a recessive model (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.30-1.71, OR 3.87, 95% CI 2.20-6.80, and OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.32-3.87, respectively). Gene-environment interaction analysis showed that NAT2 rs1799929 TT genotype confers high risk to ALL under exposure to fertilizers, insecticides, hydrocarbon derivatives, and parental tobacco smoking. No associations among NQO1, CYP2E1 , and ALL were observed. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence for the association between NAT2 polymorphisms/gene-environment interactions, and the risk of childhood ALL in Mexican children., (Copyright © 2020 Medina-Sanson, Núñez-Enríquez, Hurtado-Cordova, Pérez-Saldivar, Martínez-García, Jiménez-Hernández, Fernández-López, Martín-Trejo, Pérez-Lorenzana, Flores-Lujano, Amador-Sánchez, Mora-Ríos, Peñaloza-González, Duarte-Rodríguez, Torres-Nava, Flores-Bautista, Espinosa-Elizondo, Román-Zepeda, Flores-Villegas, González-Ulivarri, Martínez-Silva, Espinoza-Anrubio, Almeida-Hernández, Ramírez-Colorado, Hernández-Mora, García-López, Cruz-Ojeda, Godoy-Esquivel, Contreras-Hernández, Medina-Hernández, López-Caballero, Hernández-Pineda, Granados-Kraulles, Rodríguez-Vázquez, Torres-Valle, Cortés-Reyes, Medrano-López, Pérez-Gómez, Martínez-Ríos, Aguilar-De los Santos, Serafin-Díaz, Bekker-Méndez, Mata-Rocha, Morales-Castillo, Sepúlveda-Robles, Ramírez-Bello, Rosas-Vargas, Hidalgo-Miranda, Mejía-Aranguré and Jiménez-Morales.)