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Beatriz Rodriguez-Sanchez,1 Isaac Aranda-Reneo,2 Juan Oliva-Moreno,3 Julio Lopez-Bastida4 1University Camilo José Cela, Faculty of Communication and Humanities, Madrid, Spain; 2University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Social Science, Economics and Finance Department, Toledo, Spain; 3University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Law and Social Science, Economics and Finance Department, Toledo, Spain; 4University of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Health Sciences, Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, SpainCorrespondence: Beatriz Rodriguez-SanchezUniversity Camilo José Cela, Faculty of Communication and Humanities, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, Calle Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, 28692, SpainEmail brodriguez@ucjc.eduBackground: The economic burden of diabetes from a societal perspective is well documented in the cost-of-illness literature. However, the effect of considering social costs in the results and conclusions of economic evaluations of diabetes-related interventions remains unknown.Objective: To investigate whether the inclusion of social costs (productivity losses and/or informal care) might change the results and conclusions of economic evaluations of diabetes-related interventions.Methods: A systematic review was designed and launched on Medline and the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry from the University of Tufts, from the year 2000 until 2018. Included studies had to fulfil the following criteria: i) being an original study published in a scientific journal, ii) being an economic evaluation of an intervention on diabetes, iii) including social costs, iv) being written in English, v) using quality-adjusted life years as outcome, and vi) separating the results according to the perspective applied.Results: From the 691 records identified, 47 studies (6.8%) were selected. Productivity losses were included in 45 of the selected articles (73% used the human capital approach) whereas informal care costs in only 13 (when stated, the opportunity cost method was used in seven studies and the replacement cost in one). The 47 studies resulted in 110 economic evaluation estimations. The inclusion of social costs changed the conclusions in 8 estimations (17%), 6 of them switching from not cost-effective from the healthcare perspective to cost-effective or dominant from the societal perspective. Considering social costs altered the results from cost-effective to dominant in 9 estimations (19%).Conclusion: When social costs are considered, the results and conclusions of economic evaluations performed in diabetes-related interventions can alter. Wide methodological variations have been observed, which limit the comparability of studies and advocate for the inclusion of a wider perspective via the consideration of social costs in economic evaluations and methodological guidelines relating to their estimation and valuation.Keywords: diabetes, social costs, informal care, productivity losses, economic evaluation, health technology assessment

Beatriz Rodríguez-Sánchez,1 Suela Sulo,2 José Antonio Carnicero,3 Ricardo Rueda,4 Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas3,5 1Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; 2Abbott Nutrition, Chicago, IL, USA; 3Fundación de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain; 4Abbott Nutrition, Granada, Spain; 5Geriatric Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, SpainCorrespondence: Beatriz Rodríguez-SánchezDepartment of Economic Analysis and Finance; Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, University of Castilla La Mancha, Cobertizo De San Pedro Mártir s/n, 45071 Toledo, SpainEmail Beatriz.RSanchez@uclm.esPurpose: Little is known about the economic burden that malnutrition or its risk imposes on community-dwelling older adults. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, we assessed the impact of malnutrition risk on healthcare utilization and costs in a cohort of older adults living in Spanish community.Patients and Methods: Data from 1660 older (range 66– 98 years), community-living adults participating in the Toledo Study on Healthy Ageing, waves 2 (year 2011– 2013) and 3 (year 2015), were analyzed. Nutritional status categories were defined according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, using a two-step approach. First, screening for malnutrition risk. Once positive, individuals were classified as malnourished according to some phenotypic (body mass index, grip strength, and unintentional weight loss) and etiologic (disease burden/inflammation and reduced food intake or assimilation) criteria. Outcomes assessed included healthcare resources (hospital admissions, number of hospitalizations, length of hospital stay per hospitalization, and number of medications).Results: Fifteen percent of the population was found to be at risk of malnutrition, while 12.6% was malnourished. Overall, patients from both groups were older, had lower functional status, and had more comorbidities compared to well-nourished counterparts (p< 0.05). Results of our cross-sectional analysis showed that being at-risk/malnourished was associated with greater medication utilization, higher rates of hospital admission and longer stays, and higher hospitalization costs. However, when adjusting for covariates, malnutrition/risk was associated only with higher hospitalization costs (range: 11– 13%). Longitudinal analysis results indicated that malnutrition/risk was significantly associated with more frequent hospitalizations, longer lengths of stay, higher hospitalization costs, and polypharmacy at follow-up.Conclusion: Malnutrition or its risk, found in over one of four older adults in the Toledo community, was associated with higher healthcare resource use and increased costs. Such findings suggest that malnutrition risk-screening for older adults, and provision of nutrition counseling and care when needed, hold potential to improve their health and to lower costs of care in the Spanish healthcare system.Keywords: malnutrition prevalence, healthcare resource use, costs, oral nutritional supplements, ONS, older adults, community, Spain

We studied the potential of red deer as bluetongue maintenance hosts and sentinels. Deer maintained detectable bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 4 RNA for 1 year after the virus was cleared from livestock. However, the virus was not transmitted to yearlings. BTV serotype 1 RNA was detected in red deer immediately after its first detection in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has become a vital tool in clinical microbiology, playing an important role in outbreak investigations, molecular surveillance, and identification of bacterial species, resistance mechanisms and virulence factors. However, the complexity of WGS data presents challenges in interpretation and reporting, requiring tailored strategies to enhance efficiency and impact. This study explores the diverse needs of key stakeholders in healthcare, including clinical management, laboratory work, public surveillance and epidemiology, infection prevention and control, and academic research, regarding WGS-based reporting of clinically relevant bacterial species. In order to determine preferences regarding WGS reports, human-centered design approach was employed, involving an online survey and a subsequent workshop with stakeholders. The survey gathered responses from 64 participants representing the above mentioned healthcare sectors across geographical regions. Key findings include the identification of barriers related to data accessibility, integration with patient records, and the complexity of interpreting WGS results. As the participants designed their ideal report using nine pre-defined sections of a typical WGS report, differences in needs regarding report structure and content across stakeholders became evident. The workshop discussions further highlighted the need to feature critical findings and quality metrics prominently in reports, as well as the demand for flexible report designs. Commonalities were observed across stakeholder-specific reporting templates, such as the uniform ranking of certain report sections, but preferences regarding the depth of content within these sections varied. Using these findings, we suggest stakeholder-specific structures which should be considered when designing customized reporting templates. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of tailoring WGS-based reports of clinically relevant bacteria to meet the distinct needs of diverse healthcare stakeholders. The evolving landscape of digital reporting increases the opportunities with respect to WGS reporting and its utility in managing infectious diseases and public health surveillance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 Mutschler et al.)

Introduction: The Quality and Outcomes Framework, or QOF, rewards primary care doctors (GPs) in the UK for providing certain types of care. Since 2006, GPs have been paid to identify patients with dementia and to conduct an annual review of their mental and physical health. During the review, the GP also assesses the carer's support needs, including impact of caring, and ensures that services are co-ordinated across care settings. In principle, this type of care should reduce the risk of admission to long-term residential care directly from an acute hospital ward, a phenomenon considered to be indicative of poor quality care. However, this potential effect has not previously been tested., Methods: Using English data from 2006/07 to 2010/11, we ran multilevel logit models to assess the impact of the QOF review on the risk of care home placement following emergency admission to acute hospital. Emergency admissions were defined for (a) people with a primary diagnosis of dementia and (b) people with dementia admitted for treatment of an ambulatory care sensitive condition. We adjusted for a wide range of potential confounding factors., Results: Over the study period, 19% of individuals admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of dementia (N = 31,120) were discharged to a care home; of those admitted for an ambulatory care sensitive condition (N = 139,267), the corresponding figure was 14%. Risk factors for subsequent care home placement included older age, female gender, vascular dementia, incontinence, fall, hip fracture, and number of comorbidities. Better performance on the QOF review was associated with a lower risk of care home placement but only when the admission was for an ambulatory care sensitive condition., Conclusions: The QOF dementia review may help to reduce the risk of long-term care home placement following acute hospital admission.