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Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome (MS) are related to chronic pro-inflammatory conditions. Evidence suggests that heat shock proteins are linked to metabolic disorders. Intracellular HSP70 (iHSP70) is mandatory for normal insulin signalling, and proteostasis, and exerts a powerful anti-inflammatory role. On the other hand, the extracellular (eHSP72) is linked with a pro-inflammatory state and induces insulin resistance in humans. Then, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis to summarize the data of HSP70 in people with and without metabolic disorders. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were used. Eligibility criteria included observational and baseline data of experimental studies that assessed iHSP70 and/or eHSP72 in adults with metabolic disorders and healthy people. The risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effect model and the mean difference was estimated for eHSP72 and the standardized mean difference for iHSP70. A total of 11,255 articles were retrieved, 31 articles were assessed for eligibility and 15 were included for data extraction. There was no difference in eHSP72 between metabolic disorders and healthy controls (mean difference (MD) = 0.11; 95% confidence interval (CIs) = -0.05 to 0.27; I 2  = 95%). Subgroup analysis showed higher levels of eHSP72 in T2DM people than healthy ones (MD = 0.32; 95% CIs = 0.17 to 0.47; I 2  = 92%). For iHSP70 no difference was found (standardized mean difference (SMD) =-0.24; 95% CIs =-1.62 to 1.15; I 2  = 86%). Our results suggest that eHSP72 levels may be dependent on metabolic condition and no difference in iHSP70 levels are attributed to high heterogeneity level between studies (PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42022323514)., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Cell Stress Society International.)

Background: Dancing has been suggested to increase the levels of physical activity of the youth. However, it is not clear what are the physiological characteristics of the dance classes for young people, mainly regarding the levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during classes. It is also unclear if regular engagement in dance practices can contribute with increases in the amounts of daily/weekly MVPA, recommended by health organizations., Objectives: To conduct a systematic review verifying the amount of time spent at MVPA (primary outcome), by children and adolescents in the following situations: i) During dance classes, and ii) Before and after dance interventions. Secondary outcomes included: markers of exercise intensity during class, such as oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and heart rate (HR); VO 2 peak and lipid profile before and after dance interventions., Methods: Six data sources were accessed (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Wiley, PEDRO and SCOPUS). Study selection included different designs (acute, cohort, randomized controlled trials and others). Participants were from 6 to 19 years old, regularly engaged in dance practices. Methodological quality was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Two independent reviewers extracted characteristics and results of each study., Results: 3216 articles were retrieved, and 37 included. Studies indicated that dance classes do not achieve 50% of total class time at MVPA. However, there are peaks of HR and VO 2 during dance classes, which reach moderate and vigorous intensities. MVPA/daily/weekly did not improve before and after dance interventions for most of the studies, also VO 2 peak did not. The few results on lipid profile showed improvements only in overweight and obese participants., Limitations: Lack of meta-analysis, because there were not enough articles to be analyzed on any given outcome of interest, neither under the same study design., Conclusions: Results of individual studies indicated that dance classes did not active 50% of the total time at MVPA levels. This may be related to the absence of improvements in daily/weekly MVPA before and after dance interventions. VO 2 and HR attained peaks of moderateto vigorous intensity during dance classes, suggesting that the structure of the classes may be manipulated to maintain longer periods at MVPA levels. Lack of data on cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic outcomes limit conclusions on these parameters., Implications of Keys Finds: Considering there are peaks of HR and VO 2 during dance classes, we suggest that the structure of a dance class can be manipulate in order to induce cardiorespiratory and metabolic adaptations. Thus, dancing is a potential strategy to contribute with a healthy life style since the earliest ages. Prospero registration: CRD42020144609., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Regular resistance exercise is associated with metabolic, neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations which improve quality of life and health. However, sedentary subjects have shown acute impairments in endothelial function after high-intensity resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate endothelial function in sedentary middle-aged men after a single session of resistance exercise at different intensities. Eleven sedentary middle-aged men (40.1 ± 3.9 years; 27.3 ± 1.4 kg/m 2 ) underwent three different conditions of assessment: (1) single knee extension exercise at moderate intensity (MI) [4 sets of 12 repetitions at 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for each leg], (2) single knee extension exercise at high intensity (HI) (4 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% of 1RM for each leg), (3) resting for the control condition (CON). Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed before, 30 and 60 min after exercise. Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrites and nitrates (NO x ) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured before, immediately after and 60 min after exercise. Blood pressure (BP) was measured prior to the experimental protocols, and in the following times: immediately following, and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min after exertion. There was a significant improvement in FMD 30 min after MI condition (12.5 ± 4.10 vs. 17.2 ± 3.9%; p = 0.016). NO x levels were significantly higher immediately after MI (6.8 ± 3.3 vs. 12.6 ± 4.2 μM; p = 0.007) and there was a significant increase in the concentration of ET-1 immediately after HI (20.02 ± 2.2 vs. 25.4 ± 2.1 pg/mL; p = 0.004). However, there was no significant difference for BP (MI vs. HI) and TBARS among the experimental conditions. Resistance exercise performed at moderate intensity improved vasodilatation via increases on NOx levels and FMD in sedentary middle-aged men.

This study aimed to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT) on endothelial function, oxidative stress and clinical fitness in patients with type 1 diabetes. Thirty-six type 1 diabetic patients (mean age 23.5 ± 6 years) were randomized into 3 groups: HIIT, MCT, and a non-exercising group (CON). Exercise was performed in a stationary cycle ergometers during 40 min, 3 times/week, for 8 weeks at 50-85% maximal heart rate (HR max ) in HIIT and 50% HR max in MCT. Endothelial function was measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDVD)], and smooth-muscle function by nitroglycerin-mediated dilation [endothelium-independent vasodilation (EIVD)]. Peak oxygen consumption (VO 2peak ) and oxidative stress markers were determined before and after training. Endothelial dysfunction was defined as an increase < 8% in vascular diameter after cuff release. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03451201. Twenty-seven patients completed the 8-week protocol, 9 in each group (3 random dropouts per group). Mean baseline EDVD was similar in all groups. After training, mean absolute EDVD response improved from baseline in HIIT: + 5.5 ± 5.4%, ( P = 0.0059), but remained unchanged in MCT: 0.2 ± 4.1% ( P = 0.8593) and in CON: -2.6 ± 6.4% ( P = 0.2635). EDVD increase was greater in HIIT vs. MCT ( P = 0.0074) and CON ( P = 0.0042) (ANOVA with Bonferroni). Baseline VO 2peak was similar in all groups ( P = 0.96). VO 2peak increased 17.6% from baseline after HIIT ( P = 0.0001), but only 3% after MCT ( P = 0.055); no change was detected in CON ( P = 0.63). EIVD was unchanged in all groups ( P = 0.18). Glycemic control was similar in all groups. In patients with type 1 diabetes without microvascular complications, 8-week HIIT produced greater improvement in endothelial function and physical fitness than MCT at a similar glycemic control.

l-Arginine supplementation is a potential therapy for treating cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the use of distinct l-arginine sources, intervened populations, and treatment regimens may have yielded confusion about their efficacy. This research constitutes a systematic review and meta-analysis summarizing the effects of l-arginine supplementation compared to placebo in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, or diabetes. Eligibility criteria included randomized clinical trials and interventions based on oral supplementation of l-arginine with a minimum duration of three days; comparison groups consisted of individuals with the same disease condition receiving an oral placebo substance. The primary outcome was flow-mediated dilation, and secondary outcomes were nitrite/nitrate (NOx) rate and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Statistical heterogeneity among studies included in the meta-analyses was assessed using the inconsistency index (I2). Fifty-four full-text articles from 3761 retrieved references were assessed for eligibility. After exclusions, 13 studies were included for data extraction. There was no difference in blood flow after post-ischemic hyperemia between the supplementation of l-arginine and placebo groups before and after the intervention period (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.30; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = -0.85 to 1.46; I2 = 96%). Sensitivity analysis showed decreased heterogeneity when the studies that most favor arginine and placebo were removed, and positive results in favor of arginine supplementation were found (SMD = 0.59; 95% CIs = 0.10 to 1.08; I2 = 75%). No difference was found in meta-analytical estimates of NOx and ADMA responses between arginine or placebo treatments. Overall, the results indicated that oral l-arginine supplementation was not associated with improvements on selected variables in these patients (PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017077289).