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Background: Single-tablet regimens are preferred prescription choices for HIV treatment, but there are limited outcomes data comparing single-tablet regimens to multiple-tablet regimens. Methods: We retrospectively assessed treatment-naïve patients at a single urban HIV clinic in the United States for viral load suppression at 6 and 12 months after initiating either single-tablet or multiple-tablet regimens. Multivariate regression was performed to obtain relative risks and adjust for potential confounders. Results: Of 218 patients, 47% were on single-tablet regimens and 53% on multiple-tablet regimens; 77% of single-tablet regimen patients had undetectable viral load at 6 months compared to 61% of multiple-tablet regimen patients (p = 0.012). At 12 months, 82% on single-tablet regimens and 66% on multiple-tablet regimens (p = 0.019) had undetectable viral load. Relative risk of any detectable viral load was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.5) for patients on multiple-tablet regimens compared to single-tablet regimens at 6 months, and 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.2–4.0) at 12 months. Conclusion: Single-tablet regimens may provide better virologic control than multiple-tablet regimens in urban HIV-infected persons.

Five compounds or mixtures including 2 numbered compounds were evaluated on cotton planted 14 Jun at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots were 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system using 2 TX-4 nozzles/ row and calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre. The aphids and thrips were counted on Vi of the abaxial side of 10 leaves/plot at each of 2 levels: the 4th leaf down from the terminal (upper canopy) and Y3-V2 of the total plant height down the plant from the terminal (middle canopy). Leaves were picked, placed in plastic bags and returned to the lab in chilled styrofoam containers for counting with dissection microscopes.

Eleven treatments were evaluated for aphid and whitefly control on cotton planted 25 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows × 50 ft and were arranged in randomized complete block statistical design with four replications. Treatments were applied to the center four rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 8 gal/acre at 4 mph using 5, TX-3 nozzles/row with outside nozzles on 6 and 13 inch drops. Initial application was made on 18 Jul, additional applications for three treatments were made on 24 Jul. Insects were counted on half of each of 10 leaves picked at random in the center two rows of each plot from 2 and 3 levels of the plant canopy; the fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, a leaf arising from the mainstem ca. 1/3 of the plant height down the plant from the terminal, and a leaf near the bottom on the plant. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the laboratory in plastic bags where insects were counted by use of a binocular microscope.

Thirteen treatments were evaluated for thrips and aphid control on cotton planted 17 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures were 24.6 and 22.2°C, respectively, and soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 12 rows by 50 ft (38 inch centers) arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with 4 replications. Granular material was applied by a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes. Liquid treatments were applied at planting by use of a CO2-powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a volume of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as the carrier for sprayed insecticides. Five treatments received an additional application by side-dressing and 2 treatments received only the side-dressing application. Sidedressing was applied 27 Jun, 2 inches deep by using a John Deere planter offset 8 inches from the seed furrow and with 1 press wheel removed. Liquids were applied at 10 gal/acre. Insect samples were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from the center 4 rows of each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples for thrips on seedling cotton were collected 24 May, 1, 7, 12 and 19 Jun. Plants were washed with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Insects were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular microscope. Sampling for aphids after 19 Jun was accomplished by counting insects on each of 10 leaves picked at random in the center 4 rows of each plot from 3 levels of the plant canopy, the fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, a leaf arising from the mainstem Vi of the plant height down the plant from the terminal, and a leaf near the bottom of the plant. Rainfall between the planting date and 19 Jun totaled 6.03 inches. Rainfall between 27 Jun and 19 Jul was 3.65 inches. The center 4 rows of all plots were mechanically harvested 9 Oct. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. An application of Thiodan at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied 3 Jul to reduce aphids because control from the side-dressing was not noticeable.

Ten treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against thrips on cotton planted 10 May in sandy loam soil at the North Mississippi Branch Experiment station, Holly Springs, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures at planting were 22.8 and 23.9°C, respectively, soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 4 rows x 50 ft (40 inch centers) with 4 rows planted between plots and were arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with 4 replications. Granular materials were applied with a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes, liquids were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as carrier for application of liquids. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples were collected on 23 and 30 May, and 5, 12 and 19 Jun. Plants were washed in the laboratory with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting by use of a binocular dissection microscope. Rainfall between the planting date and 20 Jun totalled to 5.39 inches. The center 2 rows of all plots were mechanically harvested on 15 Oct.

Eleven treatments were evaluated for thrips control on cotton planted 25 May in sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Soil and ambient temperatures at planting were 23.0 and 23.7°C, respectively, and soil moisture was adequate. Plots were 4 rows x 50 ft (38 inch centers) arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design with four replications. Granular materials were applied by a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5 gal/acre. Water was used as the carrier for sprayed insecticides. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 5 plants at random from each plot, placing them in a plastic bag and transporting them to the laboratory. Samples were collected on 6, 12, 21 and 27 Jun. Plants were washed with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach per liter of water and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. Thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular microscope. Rainfall between the planting date and 27 Jun totaled 5.09 inches. Boll counts were made on 26 Sep. The center 2 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 9 Oct.

Nine treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against thrips on cotton planted 12 May in sandy loam soil at the North Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Holly Springs, MS. Plots were 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft with 4 rows of cotton planted between plots and were arranged in a randomized complete block statistical design. Granular materials were applied with a John Deere planter equipped with granule applicator boxes, and liquids were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle positioned above and in line with the furrow so as to direct all the spray into the furrow at a rate of 5.3 gal/acre. Water was used as carrier for application of liquids. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 10 plants at random from each plot, placing them in plastic bags and transporting them to the laboratory. Because of a thin stand, only 5 plants/sample were collected on the last 3 sample dates. Samples were collected on 23 and 30 May, and 3 and 7 Jun. Plants were washed in the laboratory with a few drops of detergent and sodium hyperchlorite bleach/liter of water, and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. The thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting under a binocular dissection microscope. Rainfall between the planting date and 10 Jun totaled to 5.9 inches. Based on the identification of adult thrips, the primary thrips species present during the test was tobacco thrips. Western flower thrips and other thrips species made up a small percentage of the population identified from the plots.

The efficacy of 3 insecticides was evaluated in non-irrigated cotton planted 8 May at the Northeast Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Verona, MS. Plots were 8 rows wide (40 inch centers) by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 8 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with the outside nozzles on 13 inch drops. Applications were made on 11 and 17 Aug. Prior to the test, the plots received applications of organophosphorus insecticide for early season thrips and for boll weevil control. Aphids were counted in each plot on each of 10 leaves picked at random from 2 levels of the plant; the third or fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, and a leaf arising from the mainstem approximately Vs of the plant height down the plant from the terminal. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the laboratory in plastic bags to count aphids. All data were collected from the center 2 rows.

Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against aphids on non-irrigated cotton planted 8 May at the Northeast Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Verona, MS. Plots were 8 rows wide by 50 ft with 40 inch centers and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 8 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row, with the outside nozzles on 13 inch drops. Applications were made on 3 and 11 Aug. Environmental conditions during both applications were excellent. Aphids were sampled in each plot on each of 10 leaves picked at random from each of 2 levels of the plant. The leaves sampled were the third or fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal and a leaf arising from the mainstem approximately M> of the plant height down the plant from the terminal. All data were collected from the center 2 rows.

Eleven treatments were tested for control of Heliothis spp. in non-irrigated cotton planted 26 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 2 TX-3 nozzles/row. Application was made on 14 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were obtained by examination of 25 squares, 25 terminals and 25 bolls/plot. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Based on adults reared from field collected larvae during the test, the Heliothis population was ca. 69% Heliothis virescens and 31% H. zea.

Twelve treatments were tested for relative efficacy against a Heliothis sp. population (approximately 70% H. virescens (F.) based on pheromone trap catches) in irrigated cotton planted 5 Jun at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were 8 rows by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the 4 center rows of each plot by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre using 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Insecticide applications were made on 8, 17 and 23 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were collected by examination of 25 terminals and 25 squares within the center 2 rows of each plot.

Eleven treatments were tested for control of Heliothis spp. in irrigated cotton planted 26 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 17 and 29 Aug. All plots had received insecticide treatments for boll weevil and aphids as needed during the season. Date were obtained by examination of 25 squares, 25 terminals and 25 bolls/plot. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Based on adults reared from field collected larvae, the Heliothis population was ca. 69% Heliothis virescens and 31% H. zea.

Eleven treatments were evaluated for early season thrips control in cotton planted 14 May in dry conditions in sandy loam soil at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Furrow irrigation was applied 3 d post-plant because soil moisture was thought to be inadequate for seedling survival. Plots were 4 rows by 50 ft with 4 rows of cotton planted between plots. Granular materials were applied with “Gandy” boxes, and liquids were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer with an 8002E nozzle adjusted in line with the furrow so as to spray directly into the furrow during planting at a rate of 10 gal/acre. The foliar application of Capture 2 EC and Orthene 75 S was applied 26 May and 1 Jun by high clearance spray tractors equipped with compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre using 1 TX-6 nozzle/row on 19 inch band. Sampling was accomplished by collecting 10 plants at random from the 2 center rows of each plot, placing them in a qt canning jar and returning them to the lab. In the laboratory the plants were washed with detergent and rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve. The thrips were then rinsed onto filter paper for counting via a binocular dissection microscope.

Nineteen treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against aphids on irrigated cotton planted 11-12 May on the Avery farm near Shaw, MS. Plots were 8 rows by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 1 Aug to the 4 inner rows of each plot by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air-plot spray system with 2 TX-4 nozzles/row calibrated for 5 gal/acre. Prior to this test 8 applications of insecticide had already been applied to the field as follows (rates are lb [AI]/acre); 3 applications of Orthene 75 S at 0.25; Swat 8 E at 0.15; Bidrin 8 E at 0.2; Swat 8 E at 0.25; Azodrin 5 E at 1.0. Prior to treatment, the mean number and standard error of aphids on Vb of each of 10 leaves from each of 20 plots (5 random plots/rep) from the upper third of the canopy was 469.8 and 237.1, respectively. Although the standard error was high, the minimum number of aphids/plot was greater than 40.2 aphids/leaf. Posttreatment data were collected 4 Aug by counting aphids on ½ of each of 10 leaves from each of 2 levels (4th leaf down, and one from mid-plant) per plot.

Eleven insecticide treatments were evaluated on 4 row (40 inch centers) by 50 ft long plots arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications at the South Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Poplarville, MS. Plots were planted 12 May. Treatments were applied 21 Sep with a high clearance tractor equipped with 2, TX-3 nozzles per row calibrated for 5 gal total volume/acre. One sample consisting of 25 sweeps with a 15 inch diam net was taken from the center 2 rows of each plot on 21 and 27 Sep. The contents of each sample were anesthetized with ether, transferred to paper bags and counted in the laboratory.

Thirteen treatments were evaluated for thrips control in cotton planted 5 May in sandy loam soil on the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. The field was irrigated prior to planting and moisture conditions were good. Granular materials were pre-weighed and applied by use of a conveyer belt type granule applicator attached to the planter. Foliar applications of Orthene 75 S, Swat 8 E and Cygon 400 were made with a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system calibrated for a 19 inch band at 5 gal/acre with one TX 6 nozzle/row. Orthene 75 S solution was applied at planting by a CO2 powered sprayer with a hollow cone nozzle adjusted to spray in furrow during planting at a rate of 5 gal/acre. Thrips were sampled by collecting 10 plants/plot and placing them into qt canning jars. In the laboratory the plants were washed with a few drops of detergent/pt of water, and thrips were rinsed onto a 115 mesh sieve and hence to filter paper for counting via a dissection microscope.

Four treatments were tested for relative efficacy against Boll Weevil in nonirrigated cotton planted 19 May. Plots 8 rows (38 inch centers) by 50 ft long, separated by 15 ft plowed alleys were located at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 4 cages per replication. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 4 mph and 38 psi. Plots within a replication were sprayed consecutively with the boom being rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Prior to insecticide application, 4 sleeve cages 44 inches in diam by 28 inches long, fabricated from a light cotton-acetate blend material, were tied in each block by tying the lower end of each cage around a plant ca. 1.5 ft from the terminal, rolling the sleeve down and covering it with aluminum foil to protect if from spray. Immediately following spray application on 8 Jul, the cages were rolled up over treated plants and 10 live laboratory-reared boll weevils were inserted into each cage. The cages were then secured with a string. After 24 hr of exposure the plants with cages were cut from the field and brought to the laboratory where boll weevil mortality was determined. Weevils were classified as live if they kicked actively when submerged in warm water. The study was repeated at 1, 3, and 6 days post treatment.

Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in irrigated cotton planted 5 May at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (40-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 3.3 gal/acre at 4 mph using 2 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications of insecticide were made on 16 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Aphids were counted on each of 10 leaves picked at random from about the 4th node from the terminal in each plot. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Yield was obtained by use of a mechanical picker.

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against western flower thrips in irrigated cotton planted 22 Apr at the Bush Farm, Sunflower County, Miss. Plots were 6 rows (38-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to all 6 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 9 and 14 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Fifteen leaves and 5 blooms from each plot were clipped and put in zip lock bags in the field. These were returned to the lab and washed. The thrips were filtered onto filter paper and counted. All data were collected from the center 2 rows.

Fourteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against tobacco budworm in irrigated cotton planted 14 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows wide × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 22 Jul and 6 and 15 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were obtained by examination of 10 terminals and 50 squares/plot or by whole-plant search of 10 plants. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Bolls were counted in lieu of harvest because of early frost and other conditions.

Six treatments were tested for relative efficacy against tobacco budworm (60% of the population) and corn earworm (40% of the population) in cotton planted 1 May at the Rex Livingston Farm, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (38-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to all 8 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/ acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 30 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. In each plot, 10 damaged terminals were located and scouted, and 5 squares/plant were examined for Heliothis larvae and damage. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Yield was not obtained.

Sixteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against thrips in irrigated cotton planted 5 May at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (40- inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Foliar treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by high-clearance spray tractor with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 4.4 gal/acre at 4 mph using 1 flat fan nozzle (2008e)/row. Applications were made on 28 May. Other treatments were applied in furrow during planting. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Several plants from each plot were clipped and put in jars in the field and returned to the lab. They were then washed, and the thrips were filtered onto filter paper for counting under a dissection microscope. All data were collected from the center 2 rows. Yield was obtained by mechanical picker.

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphids in unirrigated cotton planted 14 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (38-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to all 8 rows of each plot by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 24 Jul and } 7 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Aphids were counted on 10 leaves chosen at random within * the plot from approximately the fourth node down from the terminal. All data were collected from the center 2 rows of each plot, and yield was obtained by ' mechanical picker.

Six treatments were tested for relatn e efficacy against twospotted spider mite in cotton planted 8 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss Leaves were collected from several fields wherever they could be located. Mites were counted and the data were sorted via computer so that leaves could be arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications of relatively equal numbers/treatment/replication. Treatments were applied to the abaxial surface of the leaves in a laboratory spray chamber calibrated for 11.5 gal/acre at 1.3 mph using a single TX-3 nozzle. The untreated check was sprayed with water. Applications were made on 15 Sep. All plots from which leaves were obtained had received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed : during the season. Eggs and mites were counted on 3 locations/leaf via dissection microscope (by each lobe and by the nectary).

Six treatments were tested for relative efficacy against twospotted spider mite in cotton planted 8 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Leaves were collected from several fields wherever they could be located. Mites were counted and sorted via computer into series with relatively equal numbers and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Treatments were applied to the abaxial surface of the leaves in a laboratory spray chamber calibrated for 11.5 gal/acre at 1.3 mph using a single TX-3 nozzle. The leaves in the untreated check were sprayed with water. Applications were made on 14 Sep. All plots from which leaves were obtained had received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Eggs and mites were counted on 3 locations/leaf via dissection microscope (by each lobe and by the nectary).

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against Heliothis spp. larvae in nonirrigated cotton planted 19 May and thinned to ca. 20,500 plants/ acre. Plots 8 rows by 50 ft separated by 15 ft plowed alleys were located at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticides were applied to 8 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system and 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with 15 inch drops between rows. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 4 mph and 38 psi. Plots within a replication were sprayed consecutively with the boom being rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Treatment dates were 22 Jul, 29 Jul, 5 and 23 Aug. All plots received additional applications of insecticide for control of early season thrips, boll weevils and aphids as needed throughout the season. Aphids were evaluated by counting the number of aphids on 3 leaves of 2 plants in each plot on 1 Aug. Heliothis spp. larvae were counted by whole plant search of 10 plants in each plot. Yield was obtained by picking the 2 center rows of each plot by mechanical picker on 24 Oct. No field data other than yield were collected after 8 Aug and Heliothis spp. larval numbers had diminished in the check plot to a mean of 3.2/10 plants and to 0.5 or 0.0 in all other treatments.

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against Heliothis spp. larvae in nonirrigated cotton planted 19 May and thinned to ca. 20,500 plants/acre. Plots 8 rows (38 inch centers) by 50 ft long, separated by 15 ft plowed alleys were located at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticides were applied to 8 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system and 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with 15 inch drops between rows. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 4 mph and 38 psi. Plots within a replication were sprayed consecutively with the boom being rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Treatment dates were 23 Jul, 30 Jul, and 14-15 Aug. All plots received additional applications of insecticide for control of early season thrips, boll weevils and aphids as needed throughout the season. Aphids were evaluated by counting the number of aphids on 3 leaves of 2 plants in each plot on 1 Aug. Heliothis spp. larvae were counted by whole plant search of 10 plants in the 2 center rows of each plot. Yield was obtained by picking the 2 center rows of each plot by mechanical picker on 24 Oct

Fifteen treatments were evaluated for early season thrips control on cotton planted 6 May with seed treated with fungicide only. Plots were 6 rows (40 inch centers) by 49 ft long and were delimited by alleys formed by cultivating across the rows between plots with a 4 row cultivator. Granular applications were made with Gandy applicators to the center 4 rows of the plots at planting. Spray applications were made with a spray tractor equipped with a single TX-4 nozzle/row calibrated for 5 gal/acre on a 12 inch band. Spray treatments were applied on 22 and 30 May (Lorsban 4E was applied only on 30 May). Thrips were counted by beating 10 plants per plot over a small box covered with 0.25 inch hardware cloth and counting the thrips in the box. Insect damage and plant vigor were rated by visual estimations on a comparative basis. Vigor was evaluated on the basis of plant color and overall appearance. Stand count was evaluated as the number of plants in 3 row-ft in one of the 2 center rows of each plot. Yield was taken from 1 of the 2 center rows by mechanical picker on 7 Oct. All plots received additional applications of insecticides for control of boll weevil, aphids and Heliothis spp. larvae as needed throughout the season.

Eight treatments were tested for relative efficacy against Heliothis spp. larvae in nonirrigated cotton planted 19 May and thinned to ca. 20,500 plants/acre. Plots 8 rows (38 inch centers) by 50 ft long, separated by 15 ft plowed alleys and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, were located at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Insecticides were applied to 8 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system and 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with 15 inch drops between rows. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 4 mph and 38 psi. Plots within a replication were sprayed consecutively with the boom being rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Treatment dates were 24 and 31 Jul, and 14-15 Aug. All plots received additional applications of insecticide for control of early season thrips, boll weevil and aphids. Heliothis spp. larvae were counted by whole plant search of 10 plants in each plot.