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12. Trichotomous Processes in Early Memory Development, Aging, and Neurocognitive Impairment: A Unified Theory

Author

Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., Howe, Mark L., Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., and Howe, Mark L.

Abstract

One of the most extensively investigated topics in the adult memory literature, dual memory processes, has had virtually no impact on the study of early memory development. The authors remove the key obstacles to such research by formulating a trichotomous theory of recall that combines the traditional dual processes of recollection and familiarity with a reconstruction process. The theory is then embedded in a hidden Markov model that measures all 3 processes with low-burden tasks that are appropriate for even young children. These techniques are applied to a large corpus of developmental studies of recall, yielding stable findings about the emergence of dual memory processes between childhood and young adulthood and generating tests of many theoretical predictions. The techniques are extended to the study of healthy aging and to the memory sequelae of common forms of neurocognitive impairment, resulting in a theoretical framework that is unified over 4 major domains of memory research: early development, mainstream adult research, aging, and neurocognitive impairment. The techniques are also extended to recognition, creating a unified dual process framework for recall and recognition.

Published
2009

13. Semantic processing in 'associative' false memory

Author

Brainerd, C. J., Yang, C., Reyna, V. F., Howe, M. L., Mills, B. A., Brainerd, C. J., Yang, C., Reyna, V. F., Howe, M. L., and Mills, B. A.

Abstract

We studied the semantic properties of a class of illusions, of which the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is the most prominent example, in which subjects falsely remember words that are associates of studied words. We analyzed DRM materials for 16 dimensions of semantic content and assessed the ability of these dimensions to predict interlist variability in false memory. For the more general class of illusions, we analyzed pairs of presented and unpresented words that varied in associative strength for the presence of these same 16 semantic properties. DRM materials proved to be exceptionally rich in meaning, as indexed by these semantic properties. Variability in false recall, false recognition, and backward associative strength loaded on a single semantic factor (familiarity/meaningfulness), whereas variability in true recall loaded on a quite different factor (imagery/concreteness). For word association generally, 15 semantic properties varied reliably with forward or backward association between words. Implications for semantic versus associative processing in this class of illusions, for dual-process theories, and for semantic properties of word associations are discussed.

Published
2008

14. Tympanic Membrane Temperature and Emotional Dispositions in Preschool-Aged Children: A Methodological Study.

Author

Brainerd, C. J., Holliday, R. E., and Reyna, V. F.

Subjects
PHENOMENOLOGY, CHILD psychology, CHILD development, MEMORY, RECOLLECTION (Psychology)
Abstract

Tympanic membrane (TM) temperature asymmetry has been proposed as a phenotypic marker of vulnerability to negative emotionality in children. Little is known about the stability of TM temperatures or how readily one can obtain a reliable index of the phenotype. TM temperatures were collected from 3- to 5-year-old children ( N=73) over 5 months ( Mdn=34 samples). Seven to 10 samples needed to be aggregated to achieve reliable measures (αs>.70). Using reliable estimates, TM asymmetry remained stable over time, r(72)=.72, p<.01; 70% of the children had warmer left TMs; and TM asymmetry correlated as predicted with measures of children's emotionality. TM asymmetry may be a phenotypic marker of vulnerability to negative emotionality, but measures obtained on one occasion may not reliably index the phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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15. AreYoung children susceptible to the false-memory illusion?

Author

Brainerd, C J, Reyna, V F, and Forrest, T J

Subjects
*COMPARATIVE studies, *FALSE memory syndrome, *ILLUSION (Philosophy), *RESEARCH methodology, *MEDICAL cooperation, *MEMORY, *RECOGNITION (Psychology), *RESEARCH, *VOCABULARY, *EVALUATION research
Abstract

False memories have typically been found to be more common during early childhood than during later childhood or adulthood. However, fuzzy-trace theory makes the counterintuitive prediction that some powerful forms of adult false memory will be greatly attenuated in early childhood, an important example being the Deese/Roediger/McDermott (DRM) illusion. Three developmental studies of this illusion (N = 282) found that (1) it was at near-floor levels in young children, (2) it was still below adult levels by early adolescence, and (3) the low levels of the illusion in young children may be due to failure to "get the gist" of DRM materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2002
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17. A web exercise in evidence-based medicine using cognitive theory.

Author

Lloyd FJ and Reyna VF

Subjects
Chest Pain diagnosis, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Female, Humans, Medical Informatics methods, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Decision Theory, Evidence-Based Medicine education, Fuzzy Logic, Information Storage and Retrieval methods
Abstract

Our aim was to improve clinical reasoning skills by applying an established theory of memory, cognition, and decision making (fuzzy-trace theory) to instruction in evidence-based medicine. Decision-making tasks concerning chest pain evaluation in women were developed for medical students and internal medicine residents. The fuzzy-trace theory guided the selection of online sources (e.g., target articles) and decision-making tasks. Twelve students and 22 internal medicine residents attended didactic conferences emphasizing search, evaluation, and clinical application of relevant evidence. A 17-item Likert scale questionnaire assessed participants' evaluation of the instruction. Ratings for each of the 17 items differed significantly from chance in favor of this alternative approach to instruction. We concluded that fuzzy-trace theory may be a useful guide for developing learning exercises in evidence-based medicine.

Published
2001
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