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Abstract The hepatocytes within the liver present an immense capacity to adapt to changes in nutrient availability. Here, by using high resolution volume electron microscopy, we map how hepatic subcellular spatial organization is regulated during nutritional fluctuations and as a function of liver zonation. We identify that fasting leads to remodeling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) architecture in hepatocytes, characterized by the induction of single rough ER sheet around the mitochondria, which becomes larger and flatter. These alterations are enriched in periportal and mid-lobular hepatocytes but not in pericentral hepatocytes. Gain- and loss-of-function in vivo models demonstrate that the Ribosome receptor binding protein1 (RRBP1) is required to enable fasting-induced ER sheet-mitochondria interactions and to regulate hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Endogenous RRBP1 is enriched around periportal and mid-lobular regions of the liver. In obesity, ER-mitochondria interactions are distinct and fasting fails to induce rough ER sheet-mitochondrion interactions. These findings illustrate the importance of a regulated molecular architecture for hepatocyte metabolic flexibility.

La evaluación de la política monetaria sobre la actividad económica se ha enfocado al ámbito nacional sin considerar sus efectos a nivel regional. El objetivo de este documento es estimar los efectos que un incremento no previsto de la tasa de interés tendría sobre la producción regional en México para el periodo 2000-2019. Para ello, se emplea un modelo estructural de vectores autorregresivos (SVAR) en panel. Los resultados sugieren un efecto negativo y diferenciado sobre la producción regional. Este efecto se presenta a partir del segundo trimestre, después del aumento de la tasa de interés.

Food insecurity among college students is an emerging public health issue, affecting a considera­ble proportion of the student population nation­wide, approximately 35–45%. Research is discover­ing links between college student food insecurity and physical and mental health, as well as academic performance. Such high prevalence of student food insecurity highlights the urgency of addressing the lack of consistent access to nutritious food. This research examines a pilot intervention at an urban public university that deployed miniature food pan­tries across campus from which anyone could take food anonymously. The research team systemati­cally restocked these pantries with food on a weekly basis for nearly two school years. Sensors installed in the pantries collected instances when individuals “interacted” with the pantry’s door. The sensor system documented thousands of interac­tions with the pantries each school year. As such, the intervention can be considered a success. How­ever, the miniature pantry model was not without flaws: its decentralized nature created challenges for the research team, the sensor system was often unstable, and heavy reliance on undergraduate stu­dents proved a long-term problem. The research team believes that administrative and information technology improvements could further enhance the model’s ability to mitigate campus food insecu­rity. This intervention could be an inspiration to other campuses and other institutions considering similar strategies.

El presente artículo analiza tres tipos de predicación no verbal (PNV) del dominio de la locación: locativas, existenciales y posesivas, de la lengua triqui (otomangue, familia mixtecana) hablada en el Poblado Miguel Alemán, Sonora, México (TPMA); con tendencia a expresarse tipológicamente de manera similar. Este persigue los siguientes objetivos: (i) definir la codificación de las PNV locativas, (ii) evidenciar los diversos mecanismos de enunciación de estas y, (iii) presentar sus similitudes y diferencias. Las PNV son unidades de análisis semántico y morfosintáctico (Hengeveld, 1992). Los datos son de tipo cualitativo provenientes de textos discursivos y elicitaciones, recopilados entre el 2019 y el 2023 en el Poblado Miguel Alemán, Sonora, México; pertenecientes a mis colaboradoras: Rosa y Hortencia Vázquez. En el análisis se obtuvo que las PNV locativas y existenciales se expresan con cópula cero y tres cópulas verbales. En contraste, las PNV posesivas se dividen en: genitivas, codificadas con la cópula me3, y de tener, emitida con la cópula vaa32. En TPMA, todas las PNV negativas documentadas se presentan con vaa32, excepto las de posesión genitiva; la cual cuenta con características particulares.

For young women, im/migration can impact education, employment, and family dynamics in ways that shape the courses of their lives and health. The purpose of this study is to deepen understandings of how im/migration shapes young women's experiences of pregnancy, motherhood, and marriage. Guided by intersectionality theory and the structural and social determinants of health, we analyzed qualitative interviews conducted with young im/migrants ages 15-30, who identify as women, and who had experiences of pregnancy, motherhood, and/or marriage (N ​= ​34). Participants were interviewed as part of the IRIS study in British Columbia, Canada between May 2019 to February 2021. Young im/migrant women described how im/migration shaped experiences of pregnancy, motherhood, and marriage by way of health, social, legal, and economic drivers. These included being ineligible for health insurance and unable to prevent pregnancy and experiencing workplace discrimination in form of reduced hours and no maternity benefits. Demanding caregiving roles and unsafe home environments were also described as being exacerbated by unaffordable childcare in destination settings and unequal gender roles and power dynamics after im/migration. Our findings suggest structural changes necessary to improve young im/migrant women's health. We recommend that health systems decouple im/migration status from health insurance; that governments provide all people with accessible childcare and maternity benefits; and that governments fund community-based efforts towards dismantling structures of patriarchy.

El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar la literatura relacionada el estrés y sus fuentes generadoras en la aviación, un tema poco estudiado en Panamá. Además, se el trabajo busca describir las medidas que se están implementando en la aviación para disminuir los errores humanos en los accidentes aéreos. La presente revisión se realizó desde diciembre 2021 a enero 2022. Se consultaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, Google Scholar y Scielo, empleando descriptores clave como estrés, aviación, salud ocupacional, accidentes aéreos, entre otros. La revisión arrojó hallazgos relacionados con el estrés laboral como problema de salud creciente en los países en vías de desarrollo. Las profesiones relacionadas con la aviación tienden a sufrir de estrés laboral y otras afecciones psicológicas, debido a múltiples factores como la presión laboral, la ansiedad y aquellos relacionados con la responsabilidad por el trabajo desempeñado. Las organizaciones internacionales de aviación han implementado protocolos detallados para tratar de disminuir el factor humano dentro de los accidentes aéreos. El protocolo más utilizado es Crew Resource Management, que contribuye a la adecuada utilización de las máquinas y el recurso humano. En conclusión, las responsabilidades de los profesionales de la aviación, no solo consigo mismos y con la institución para la cual laboran, sino también con los pasajeros que transportan, les producen un aumento de estrés. Por lo que resulta importante brindar a estos profesionales terapias psicológicas efectivas para que reconozcan y puedan disminuir sus niveles de estrés. Además, se requieren abordaje desde las políticas públicas de salud ocupacional para tratar el estrés laboral, sobre todo en actividades de alto riesgo como la aviación.

El objetivo de este documento es analizar la relación entre el ciclo económico y diversas variables monetarias y financieras con el fin de determinar si han sido estables en el tiempo, teniendo en cuenta los efectos de las modificaciones en las condiciones económicas generales, la estrategia específica adoptada de política monetaria en diferentes subperiodos y las condiciones institucionales en que esta se maneja. Para probar la estabilidad de estas relaciones, una vez que se obtienen los indicadores del ciclo mediante los filtros convencionales, se emplea la metodología de cambio estructural de Bai y Perron (1998). Los resultados destacan dos cambios estructurales en la relación entre el indicador del ciclo y las variables de inflación, tasa de interés, tipo de cambio nominal y agregados monetarios nominales, uno a mediados de los años ochenta y el otro a mediados de los noventa. Abstract This paper aims to analyze the relationship between the business cycle and various monetary and financial variables. In particular, the paper seeks to determine whether this relationship has been stable over time, considering the effects of the changes in the general economic conditions, the specific monetary policy strategy adopted in different subperiods, and the institutional framework in which this is managed. To test the stability of these relationships, once the cycle indicators are obtained using conventional filters, the structural change methodology of Bai and Perron (1998) is used. The results highlight two structural changes in the relationship between the cycle indicator and inflation, interest rate, nominal exchange rate, and nominal monetary aggregates, one in the mid-eighties and the other in the middle of the nineties.

El potencial de habitabilidad térmica y el diseño de espacios públicos exteriores, establecen las condiciones de ambiente térmico de sus habitantes por la interrelación de sus componentes (Sevilla, 2008). En la ciudad de El Grullo, Jalisco, México, se considera que condiciones de clima cálido semiseco en periodo de verano, reduce niveles de habitabilidad térmica en espacios de convivencia públicos exteriores, revisión de literatura hasta 2019, indica que estudios sobre habitabilidad térmica en México, han sido desarrollados básicamente en vivienda y edificación, parte de lo que justifica la elaboración de este estudio. El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar el proceso de desarrollo de un Índice de Habitabilidad Térmica (IHT) para espacios de convivencia públicos exteriores, a partir de la estimación del efecto de variables físicas, meteorológicas y termo fisiológicas del habitante, en periodo frío. El caso de estudio fue la población de El Grullo y se utilizó una metodología descriptiva, no experimental y transversal. Después del análisis documental y necesidades del estudio, se adecuó la Fórmula de Confort (COMFA) desarrollada por Brown y Gillespie (1995). De acuerdo al diagnóstico bioclimático de horas de confort para El Grullo y el análisis de áreas de estudio, se aplicaron 554 cédulas de información de habitante y 98 de ambiente térmico y contexto urbano para periodo frío. Para alcanzar valores del IHT, se evaluó nivel de desempeño de cada indicador en función de complejidad, relevancia y accesibilidad de información, para análisis de datos se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y con base en los resultados obtenidos, se determina que el desarrollo del IHT contribuye a la relación y adecuación entre el hombre y su entorno, y es referido a la integración que resulta de la capacidad de satisfacer las necesidades humanas y sus expectativas de desarrollo y convivencia en un espacio público exterior, además el IHT funciona como herramienta de diseño urbano y sistema de evaluación como propuesta para mejorar las condiciones de confort y de habitabilidad de dichos espacios.

This study aims to formulate a regional food security model based on the relationship between characteristics of the area of production, consumption and entrepreneurship with the performance of community food business development (PUPM) in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). The research sample consisted of 93 rice farmers, 96 rice consumers and 30 business people representing the Association of Farmers' Groups (Gapoktan) and the Indonesian Farmers Shop (TTI) owners, accounting for the total respondents to 219 people. Data analysis was using Smart-PLS. The results of the analysis show that the performance of the PUPM in NTT which is influenced by the characteristics of the production, consumption and entrepreneurship areas has only been achieved at a sufficient level. The analysis also shows that the new PUPM activities in NTT are able to fulfill aspects of access and stability, while the availability aspect is still very small. Nevertheless, this study has proven that the regional food security model in NTT can be realized through community food business development activities.

Tympanic membrane (TM) temperature asymmetry has been proposed as a phenotypic marker of vulnerability to negative emotionality in children. Little is known about the stability of TM temperatures or how readily one can obtain a reliable index of the phenotype. TM temperatures were collected from 3- to 5-year-old children ( N=73) over 5 months ( Mdn=34 samples). Seven to 10 samples needed to be aggregated to achieve reliable measures (αs>.70). Using reliable estimates, TM asymmetry remained stable over time, r(72)=.72, p<.01; 70% of the children had warmer left TMs; and TM asymmetry correlated as predicted with measures of children's emotionality. TM asymmetry may be a phenotypic marker of vulnerability to negative emotionality, but measures obtained on one occasion may not reliably index the phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

False memories have typically been found to be more common during early childhood than during later childhood or adulthood. However, fuzzy-trace theory makes the counterintuitive prediction that some powerful forms of adult false memory will be greatly attenuated in early childhood, an important example being the Deese/Roediger/McDermott (DRM) illusion. Three developmental studies of this illusion (N = 282) found that (1) it was at near-floor levels in young children, (2) it was still below adult levels by early adolescence, and (3) the low levels of the illusion in young children may be due to failure to "get the gist" of DRM materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de la investigación es identificar el crecimiento de la oferta turística en la Ruta del Vino de Baja California (México), una de las regiones vinícolas emergentes con gran potencial, donde se produce la mayoría del vino del país. Actualmente, es visitada por turistas nacionales e internacionales por la calidad de su vino y por sus atractivos singulares, como su paisaje, historia, cultura y oferta, que le dan una identidad única. El estudio se sustenta en la investigación documental, revisión bibliográfica y en fuentes secundarias, donde se identifica un importante crecimiento del sector vitivinícola, pasando de ser 16 vinícolas en el año 2004 a 89 vinícolas en el actual. Asimismo, el crecimiento vitivinícola ha influido en un incremento paralelo de la oferta turística en la región. Este rápido crecimiento, aunado al incremento del turismo, implica retos para la competitividad y la sostenibilidad de la región.

Objectives: Loneliness is a biopsychosocial determinant of health and contributes to physical and psychological chronic illnesses, functional decline, and mortality in older adults. This paper presents the results of the first randomized trial of LISTEN, which is a new cognitive behavioral intervention for loneliness, on loneliness, neuroimmunological stress response, psychosocial functioning, quality of life, and measures of physical health. Methods: The effectiveness of LISTEN was evaluated in a sample population comprising 27 lonely, chronically ill, older adults living in Appalachia. Participants were randomized into LISTEN or educational attention control groups. Outcome measures included salivary cortisol and DHEA, interleukin-6, interleukin-2, depressive symptoms, loneliness, perceived social support, functional ability, quality of life, fasting glucose, blood pressure, and body mass index. Results: At 12 weeks after the last intervention session, participants of the LISTEN group reported reduced loneliness (p = 0.03), enhanced overall social support (p = 0.05), and decreased systolic blood pressure (p = 0.02). The attention control group reported decreased functional ability (p = 0.10) and reduced quality of life (p = 0.13). Conclusions: LISTEN can effectively diminish loneliness and decrease the systolic blood pressure in community-dwelling, chronically ill, older adults. Results indicate that this population, if left with untreated loneliness, may experience functional impairment over a period as short as 4 months. Further studies on LISTEN are needed with larger samples, in varied populations, and over longer periods of time to assess the long-term effects of diminishing loneliness in multiple chronic conditions.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar, desde la perspectiva de género, la percepción que un grupo de mujeres de un poblado rururbano, con alta marginalidad, tienen de los espacios públicos y del contexto de sus viviendas. La investigación forma parte del proyecto Vivienda y mujer: espacios habitables para el desarrollo de familias con jefatura femenina en la comunidad de Flor de Coco, Municipio de Armería, Colima. Para el estudio se empleó una metodología cuali-cuantitativa con información de campo, entrevistas, talleres y el análisis del entorno inmediato de ocho viviendas con jefatura femenina. Los resultados muestran que existen diez tipos de inseguridad, desde la percepción de las mujeres: drogadicción, alcoholismo, robos y asaltos, violencia de género, pandillerismo, inseguridad por falta de iluminación, por falta de vigilancia, por riesgo de deslaves, por problemas de movilidad y por inundaciones y crecidas del río. Como señalan Nieto Morales y Esquivel Hernández, Soto Villagrán, Ortiz Escalante, Col-lectiu Punt 6 y Farapi, la ausencia de una planeación con perspectiva de género de la forma urbana y su espacio público afecta más a las mujeres, lo que las vuelve más vulnerables.

Esta investigación evalúa el poder predictivo de una familia de modelos GARCH usados en la predicción de la volatilidad de los rendimientos de la Mezcla Mexicana de Exportación durante el periodo del 2 de enero de 1989 al 30 de diciembre de 2011. Los resultados empíricos evidencian un alto grado de persistencia y la presencia de efectos asimétricos en la volatilidad. Aunque la prueba de predicción sesgada muestra que el modelo IGARCH proporciona el mejor ajuste para recoger la persistencia infinita de los choques en la volatilidad, estos hallazgos no son sustentados por las robustas funciones de pérdidas y la prueba estadística de Diebold-Mariano, debido a que los modelos GARCH y EGARCH proporcionan mejores predicciones de la volatilidad fuera de muestra para los horizontes de 1 y 5 días.

En este documento se evalúan los choques de precios de recursos naturales, asícomo el rol de la asignación de los ingresos fiscales sobre la posición fiscal de Bolivia, país dependiente de gas natural con base en información trimestral: 2003-2011 (período de auge de precios). Al emplear la metodología SVAR, se ejemplifica −con un caso− al demostrar que la asignación de ingresos fiscales al gasto público ejerce un rol más relevante que las perturbaciones de precios en el recurso natural para distintas mediciones de balances fiscales; asimismo, se evalúan las respuestas del gasto público desagregado en términos de presión fiscal.

After more than a decade of inflation targeting, it is important to evaluate its scope in terms of the inflation objectives set by the central bank in Mexico, and on the role, that inflation expectations have played in this process as a nominal anchor for prices. In particular, we contrast how often the bank deviates from its goal and investigate on the stabilization of inflation expectations in an environment of low and stable inflation, but subject to macroeconomic shocks, which are evaluated using a VAR model. Furthermore, a correlation analysis between inflation expectations and their actual values is performed, based on the Rolling Windows methodology. The results suggest that the degree of association between actual inflation and its expectations has declined over time and the effects of macroeconomic shocks on expectations are less intense during the inflation targeting period.

En este documento se analizan las relaciones comerciales y financieras entre Brasil y México con la finalidad de evaluar su grado de integración. Se encontró que ambas países se han insertado exitosamente en la economía internacional, lo que se refleja en los elevados volúmenes de comercio exterior que realizan, la alta proporción de capitales externos que captan y el tamaño de sus mercados de capitales, así como en su grado de asociación con los principales países y centros financieros del mundo. No obstante, aun cuando la integración comercial y financiera binacional se ha incrementado notablemente desde la entrada en vigor de los Acuerdos de Complementación Económica en 2003 y del proceso de translatinización de las empresas de ambos países, sus transacciones comerciales y financieras recíprocas se ubican en reducidos niveles relativos, situación que podría cambiar notablemente en el marco de un posible acuerdo estratégico de integración económica.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la frontera tecnológica y la eficiencia técnica sectorial de México. La metodología empleada es el Data Envelopment Analysis. Los resultados muestran, en primer lugar, que los sectores relacionados con la agricultura, minería, manufacturas, servicios financieros, profesionales y corporativos, son totalmente eficientes bajo rendimientos variables a escala mientras que bajo rendimientos constantes se excluye el sector 11; la media de eficiencia es de 0.71 bajo rendimientos variables y 0.64 bajo rendimientos constantes a escala, por lo que existe la posibilidad de mejorar el output en aproximadamente un 30% haciendo mejor uso del capital y el empleo.

A 32-year-old woman was admitted to hospital complaining of right upper quadrant and epigastrium abdominal pain, and nausea. On routine physical examination an abdominal mass was discovered on the right upper quadrant. Liver tests were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen revealed a low-density cystic mass. A cystectomy was performed. Hydatid sand containing a protoscolex of Echinococcus granulosus was seen on microscopical examination. Specific antiparasitic treatment was given and after two months the patient is asymptomatic.

Plant pathogenic bacteria often have a narrow host range, which can vary among different isolates within a population. Here, we investigated the host range of the tomato pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm). We determined the genome sequences of 40 tomato Cm isolates and screened them for pathogenicity on tomato and eggplant. Our screen revealed that out of the tested isolates, five were unable to cause disease on any of the hosts, 33 were exclusively pathogenic on tomato, and two were capable of infecting both tomato and eggplant. Through comparative genomic analyses, we identified that the five non-pathogenic isolates lacked the chp/tomA pathogenicity island, which has previously been associated with virulence in tomato. In addition, we found that the two eggplant-pathogenic isolates encode a unique allelic variant of the putative serine hydrolase chpG (chpGC), an effector that is recognized in eggplant. Introduction of chpGC into a chpG inactivation mutant in the eggplant-non-pathogenic strain Cm101, failed to complement the mutant, which retained its ability to cause disease in eggplant and failed to elicit hypersensitive response (HR). Conversely, introduction of the chpG variant from Cm101 into an eggplant pathogenic Cm isolate (C48), eliminated its pathogenicity on eggplant, and enabled C48 to elicit HR. Our study demonstrates that allelic variation in the chpG effector gene is a key determinant of host range plasticity within Cm populations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Verma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Chemistry in eukaryotic intercellular spaces is shaped by both hosts and symbiotic microorganisms such as bacteria. Pathogenic microorganisms like barley-associated Xanthomonas translucens (Xt) swiftly overtake the inner leaf tissue becoming the dominant microbial community member during disease development. The dynamic metabolic changes due to Xt pathogenesis in the mesophyll spaces remain unknown. Genomic group I of Xt consists of two barley-infecting lineages: pathovar translucens (Xtt) and pathovar undulosa (Xtu). Xtu and Xtt, although genomically distinct, cause similar water-soaked lesions. To define the metabolic signals associated with inner leaf colonization, we used untargeted metabolomics to characterize Xtu and Xtt metabolism signatures associated with mesophyll growth. We found that mesophyll apoplast fluid from infected tissue yielded a distinct metabolic profile and shift from catabolic to anabolic processes over time compared to water-infiltrated control. The pathways with the most differentially expressed metabolites by time were glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, sucrose metabolism, pentose interconversion, amino acids, galactose, and purine metabolism. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis showed that metabolic changes were more affected by the time point rather than the individual colonization of the inner leaves by Xtt compared to Xtu. Overall, in this study, we identified metabolic pathways that explain carbon and nitrogen usage during host-bacterial interactions over time for mesophyll tissue colonization. This foundational research provides initial insights into shared metabolic strategies of inner leaf colonization niche occupation by related but phylogenetically distinct phyllosphere bacteria., Importance: The phyllosphere is a habitat for microorganisms including pathogenic bacteria. Metabolic shifts in the inner leaf spaces for most plant-microbe interactions are unknown, especially for Xanthomonas species in understudied plants like barley ( Hordeum vulgare ). Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens (Xtt) and Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa (Xtu) are phylogenomically distinct, but both colonize barley leaves for pathogenesis. In this study, we used untargeted metabolomics to shed light on Xtu and Xtt metabolic signatures. Our findings revealed a dynamic metabolic landscape that changes over time, rather than exhibiting a pattern associated with individual pathovars. These results provide initial insights into the metabolic mechanisms of X. translucens inner leaf pathogenesis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Quickly understanding the genomic changes that lead to pathogen emergence is necessary to launch mitigation efforts and reduce harm. In this study, we tracked in real time a 2022 bacterial plant disease outbreak in U.S. geraniums ( Pelargonium × hortorum ) caused by Xhp2022, a novel lineage of Xanthomonas hortorum . Genomes from 31 Xhp2022 isolates from seven states showed limited chromosomal variation and all contained a single plasmid (p93). Time tree and single nucleotide polymorphism whole-genome analysis estimated that Xhp2022 emerged within the last decade. The phylogenomic analysis determined that p93 resulted from the cointegration of three plasmids (p31, p45, and p66) found sporadically across isolates from previous outbreaks. Although p93 had a 49 kb nucleotide reduction, it retained putative fitness genes, which became predominant in the 2022 outbreak. Overall, we demonstrated, through rapid whole-genome sequencing and analysis, a recent, traceable event of genome reduction for niche adaptation typically observed over millennia in obligate and fastidious pathogens.IMPORTANCEThe geranium industry, valued at $4 million annually, faces an ongoing Xanthomonas hortorum pv. pelargonii (Xhp) pathogen outbreak. To track and describe the outbreak, we compared the genome structure across historical and globally distributed isolates. Our research revealed Xhp population has not had chromosome rearrangements since 1974 and has three distinct plasmids. In 2012, we found all three plasmids in individual Xhp isolates. However, in 2022, the three plasmids co-integrated into one plasmid named p93. p93 retained putative fitness genes but lost extraneous genomic material. Our findings show that the 2022 strain group of the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas hortorum underwent a plasmid reduction. We also observed several Xanthomonas species from different years, hosts, and continents have similar plasmids to p93, possibly due to shared agricultural settings. We noticed parallels between genome efficiency and reduction that we see across millennia with obligate parasites with increased niche specificity., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Xanthomonas translucens pv. graminis (Xtg) is a major bacterial pathogen of economically important forage grasses, causing severe yield losses. So far, genomic resources for this pathovar consisted mostly of draft genome sequences, and only one complete genome sequence was available, preventing comprehensive comparative genomic analyses. Such comparative analyses are essential in understanding the mechanisms involved in the virulence of pathogens and to identify virulence factors involved in pathogenicity., Results: In this study, we produced high-quality, complete genome sequences of four strains of Xtg, complementing the recently obtained complete genome sequence of the Xtg pathotype strain. These genomic resources allowed for a comprehensive comparative analysis, which revealed a high genomic plasticity with many chromosomal rearrangements, although the strains were highly related. A high number of transposases were exclusively found in Xtg and corresponded to 413 to 457 insertion/excision transposable elements per strain. These mobile genetic elements are likely to be involved in the observed genomic plasticity and may play an important role in the adaptation of Xtg. The pathovar was found to lack a type IV secretion system, and it possessed the smallest set of type III effectors in the species. However, three XopE and XopX family effectors were found, while in the other pathovars of the species two or less were present. Additional genes that were specific to the pathovar were identified, including a unique set of minor pilins of the type IV pilus, 17 TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs), and 11 plant cell wall degradative enzymes., Conclusion: These results suggest a high adaptability of Xtg, conferred by the abundance of mobile genetic elements, which could play a crucial role in pathogen adaptation. The large amount of such elements in Xtg compared to other pathovars of the species could, at least partially, explain its high virulence and broad host range. Conserved features that were specific to Xtg were identified, and further investigation will help to determine genes that are essential to pathogenicity and host adaptation of Xtg., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Bacterial leaf streak, bacterial blight, and black chaff caused by Xanthomonas translucens pathovars are major diseases affecting small grains. Xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. undulosa are seedborne pathogens that cause similar symptoms on barley, but only X. translucens pv. undulosa causes bacterial leaf streak of wheat. Recent outbreaks of X. translucens have been a concern for wheat and barley growers in the Northern Great Plains; however, there are limited diagnostic tools for pathovar differentiation. We developed a multiplex PCR based on whole-genome differences to distinguish X. translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. undulosa . We validated the primers across different Xanthomonas and non- Xanthomonas strains. To our knowledge, this is the first multiplex PCR to distinguish X. translucens pv. translucens and X. translucens pv. undulosa . These molecular tools will support disease management strategies enabling detection and pathovar incidence analysis of X. translucens . [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is a disease of monocot plants caused by Xanthomonas translucens on small grains, X. vasicola on maize and sorghum, and X. oryzae on rice. These three pathogens cause remarkably similar symptomology in their host plants. Despite causing similar symptoms, BLS pathogens are dispersed throughout the larger Xanthomonas phylogeny. Each aforementioned species includes strain groups that do not cause BLS and instead cause vascular disease. In this commentary, we hypothesize that strains of X. translucens , X. vasicola , and X. oryzae convergently evolved to cause BLS due to shared evolutionary pressures. We examined the diversity of secreted effectors, which may be important virulence factors for BLS pathogens and their evolution. We discuss evidence that differences in gene regulation and abilities to manipulate plant hormones may also separate BLS pathogens from other Xanthomonas species or pathovars. BLS is becoming an increasing issue across the three pathosystems. Overall, we hope that a better understanding of conserved mechanisms used by BLS pathogens will enable researchers to translate findings across production systems and guide approaches to control this (re)emerging threat., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.