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In today’s world of globalization and the development of information technology, it is not possible to build a business and production without using the latest advances in science and technology related to information technology. The most promising branches of the direction of information technology are the development and application of cryptographic means of protecting information for various purposes, including the use by government bodies and commercial organizations, the implementation of electronic document management tools, the expansion of the use of encryption schemes based on public keys and means of protecting web resources from DoS attacks. It is necessary to give the following assessment that the problem of countering and repelling Denial of Service attacks is an urgent problem in connection with the widespread introduction of information technologies and the globalization of the Internet, which, in turn, requires effective protection methods corresponding to the adequate cost of providing services. This paper proposes a practical implementation of a technique for detecting one of the most common DDoS attacks at the L7 level of the OSI model - HTTP Flood.

Degradation of land used in agricultural production is studied. Different land use practices influence on the organic carbon content in arable soils of agrolandscapes on arid territories as an example. By the example of Rostov and Samara regions, the existing agricultural land ownership structure has been analyzed, and the dynamics of sown areas and humus content in arable soils has been studied. It is shown that in the course of the land reform there was a redistribution of land ownership, which is more pronounced in the Samara and Rostov regions than in the Russian Federation as a whole due to agricultural land predominance in the land fund. Agricultural landscapes in the provinces occupy most of the studied regions and are currently characterized by the processes of degradation. Private land ownership does not guarantee the implementation of measures to preserve and improve soil fertility without the development in the implementation of regulatory and legal framework for the rational use of land at the regional or federal level. Without the development of a system of comprehensive measures to organize the rational use of land at the federal and regional levels, landscape agro-ecological condition will continue to deteriorate.

The purpose of the study: to identify the effect of the dose of redispersible polymer powders and the type of low-modulus inclusions on the frost resistance of dry adhesives mixes made using Portland cement with the concrete base. Methods of research: The research was carried out on the basis of 75 freezing-thawing cycles. The following parameters were determined: compressive and flexural strength on samples 40x40x160 mm in accordance with GOST 30744; bond strength to the concrete base after 28 days hardening and after 75 cycles of freezing and thawing in accordance with GOST 31356. The dynamic modulus of elasticity was determined by the value of the ultrasonic pulse velocity on samples of 40x40x160 mm. The influence of prescription factors on the ratio of these values after 75 freeze-thaw cycles relative to the values after 28 days hardening under normal conditions was studied. Main results: The coefficients of frost resistance of the contact zone of the adhesive mortar made using dry mixes after 75 cycles of freezing and thawing exceeds the values of the coefficients of frost resistance according to the criteria of strength or dynamic elastic modulus. Dry adhesives mixes of class C1 with a dosage of redispersible polymer powder from 1 to 3% and an air-entraining admixture after 75 freezing cycles may be corresponded to class C2. The coefficient of variation in the compressive strength of mortar inside a series of samples after 28 days of hardening under normal conditions is not appropriate to consider as an indicator of the homogeneity of the mortar structure, potentially having a high resistance to cyclic freezing-thawing.

In the paper was indicated the essentiality of large-scale underground space development and high-rise construction of cities in Russia. The basic elements of transport facilities construction effective technology without traffic restriction are developed. Unlike the well-known solutions, it offers the inclusion of an advanced lining in the construction that strengthens the soil mass. The fundamental principles of methods for determining stress in advanced support and monitoring of underground construction, providing the application of pressure sensors, strain sensors and displacement sensors are considered.

Tunnel lining takes significant loads from moving vehicles. The consequences of their impact depend on the design of the railway track and the deformation characteristics of its elements. For their study, a numerical model of a circular tunnel has been developed. As a result of the model calculation, the values of the main vertical stresses in the main tunnel structures were obtained. It is established that with increasing loads from the wheel to the rail from 100 to 200 kN, the voltage on average increases by 50%. The stress distribution is affected by the rigidity of the elastic layer. When it increases, the vertical stresses in the sub-rail support decrease nonlinearly, while in traveling concrete they increase nonlinearly.

Assessment of engineering status of railway tunnels with a long working lifespan causes the necessity of definition of the actual stress-strain state of construction design, taking into account the results of inspection of its engineering status. static analysis of lining in this case is performed by finite elements method. In the article the example of such analysis is given. The tunnel is strengthened by the composite tunnel lining consisting of an inner layer of masonry body and a shotcrete outer layer built while rebuilding operation. In response to the inspection considerable variances of the actual lining concrete power of resistance from design value have been revealed, as well as local destructions of a lining and internal voids. It has been estimated that influence of lining concrete resistance power nonhomogeneity leads to decrease in carrying capacity on average by 17.3%. Consideration of inner and outer defects can reduce the carrying capacity by 2-3 times. While that sort of assessment not always allows to reveal dangerous processes in the considered geotechnical system and to realize effective protection measures promptly. In this case it is reasonable to use information modeling on the basis of BIM technologies. In relation to railway tunnels the further enhancement is needed. The following sequence of engineering status assessment of a tunnel while information modeling is proposed: carrying out essential geotechnical and geophysical researches on the route of a tunnel; tunnel structures monitoring system development and deployment, collection and analysis of data; regular control of a tunnel by the railcar with the measuring station; creation of a tunnel digital model, filling it with data, regular updating and checking calculations; development and implementation of essential repair actions.

This study investigates the problem of estimating various aspects and qualitative features of innovative development. A new methodological approach to comprehensively assessing the polystructural nature of modern innovative development in the new EU member states and other EU countries is proposed, which allows us to identify growth points and promising areas to increase their innovative development. Aspects such as information adaptability, innovative orientation, and synergetic efficiency are considered. The analysis is based on a logical evaluation of indicators that characterize science, technology, and the digital society in accordance with the data presented in the public domain, from which the main indicators that characterize these three aspects of the EU’s innovative development were selected. According to the algorithm of the matrix method for the new EU member states and other EU countries, the maximum (reference) value was chosen for each indicator and the coefficient of compliance with the reference value of a particular indicator was calculated. As a result, integrated indicators of assessing information adaptability, innovative orientation, and synergetic efficiency and the integrated indicator of innovative development of the EU countries were calculated, which allowed us to rate them. The innovative development of the economies of the EU countries differs significantly in some indicators and aspects. The assessment and comparison of innovative development at the national level depends on many factors but is primarily determined by public policy and national priorities of a particular country. That is why a promising direction of increasing the innovative development of all EU countries should be, first of all, the further development of their mutual exchange of technologies based on the existing integration scientific and technical potential.

Diode-pumped multi-mode graded-index (GRIN) fiber Raman lasers provide prominent brightness enhancement both in linear and half-open cavities with random distributed feedback via natural Rayleigh backscattering. Femtosecond laser-inscribed random refractive index structures allow for the sufficient reduction in the Raman threshold by means of Rayleigh backscattering signal enhancement by +50 + 66 dB relative to the intrinsic fiber level. At the same time, they offer an opportunity to generate Stokes beams with a shape close to fundamental transverse mode (LP01), as well as to select higher-order modes such as LP11 with a near-1D longitudinal random structure shifted off the fiber axis. Further development of the inscription technology includes the fabrication of 3D ring-shaped random structures using a spatial light modulator (SLM) in a 100/140 μm GRIN multi-mode fiber. This allows for the generation of a multi-mode diode-pumped GRIN fiber random Raman laser at 976 nm with a ring-shaped output beam at a relatively low pumping threshold (~160 W), demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the changes in the main tuberculosis rates in Khanty-Mansiysky Autonomous Region for the last 10 years. The main areas requiring major efforts and bottlenecks in tuberculosis control are highlighted, and the results achieved in the treatment of multiple drug resistant tuberculosis in this Russian region are presented. The article presents preliminary analysis of treatment efficiency of multiple drug resistant tuberculosis and changes in the epidemics of this most dangerous form of the disease given the introduction and active use of a new generation of anti-tuberculosis drugs.

The aim of the article is to study the structure and dynamics of Ukraine’s foreign trade under the influence of cyclicality of the global economic system development. There analyzed reasons for the predominance of primary sector goods in the structure of Ukraine’s production, which causes a relatively high seasonal volatility of the economic growth rates. The raw material orientation of Ukraine’s exports explains the instability of the Ukrainian economy regarding the fluctuations of the world market conjuncture. Ukraine’s critical dependence on the cyclical fluctuations of the global economic system manifested itself in 2009, when the adverse conjuncture of the world prices for metals and commodities led to a sharp decline in the production volumes in the national economy. It is concluded that the possible ways of solving the above problems in the national economy of Ukraine is the modernization and restructuring of industrial production, increase in the production volumes of goods for domestic consumption, technological and organizational renewal of the fixed assets of manufacturing enterprises, as well as reorientation of the Ukrainian industry to producing goods with a higher degree of processing along with increasing the share of high-tech products in the total exports.

The article is aimed at identifying and describing the key tendencies in the cyclical development of the world economy. In order to allocate the cyclical component in the dynamics of the world-wide GDP growth, a time series decomposition was performed using the Hodrick-Prescott filter and the relationship of economic cycles to the dynamics of different indicators of economic conditions was analyzed. The persistent relationship between inflation, unemployment and the current phase of the economic cycle have been identified and described. The truth of the Phillips curve has been empirically demonstrated: existence of an inverse relationship between the rate of inflation and the level of unemployment. A new classification of branches of economy has been provided according to their susceptibility to the current phase of the economic cycle. According to this criterion, all branches of economy have been divided into the cyclical and the non-cyclical sectors. A hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between the average annual growth rate of GDP and the structure of the national economy has been suggested.

The article is aimed at creating a model of economic growth of Ukraine based on an analysis of the structure of its economy. The structure and the pivotal tendencies in the development of Ukrainian economy have been analyzed. The main problems of the Ukrainian economy have been considered, including: institutional backwardness of the economic model, commodity orientation of economy, low technology of production and the high degree of monopolization of individual industry sectors. The priority areas of Ukraine’s State policy to reform the key industry sectors have been characterized in parallel with the optimization of its structure. As a basis for the model of economic growth of Ukraine has been chosen the autoregressive model with the integrated Box-Jenkins moving average (ARMA), allowing to give account of seasonality and non-stationarity of input data.

The article is aimed at characterization of principles of the sustainable economic development of the national economy in terms of the cyclical nature of development of the world economy. The article allocates and describes the priority directions of the State policy to minimize the negative cyclical phenomena in the world economy; the key principles of diversification of structure of the national economy, optimizing the international channels of synchronization of economic processes, optimizing the volume of gold and currency reserves of country. The author has developed the pro-cyclical policy of the State, based on the specific phases of the economic cycle. On the basis of the pro-cyclical policy of the State, the author has analyzed the major economic crises of the 20th-21st centuries, and also described cases of occurrence of economic «bubbles» due to the incorrect State policy in certain phases of the economic cycle.

The article is aimed at analyzing the degree of dependence of national economies at the present stage of development of the world economy. Both the dynamics and the nature of development of the economic globalization were analyzed on the example of various areas of world economy. The key tendencies of the economic globalization have been identified and described, the key indicators of participation of countries in the economic globalization have been analyzed as well. Dynamics of the key stock indices of the developed and developing countries (G7 and BRICS) were researched for synchronism of reaction to positive and negative economic events. Using the results of the research, the degree of dependence of the largest stock indices during 2001-2015 has been estimated by means of correlation analysis and the analysis of critical dimensions, also the fact has been empirically proved, that the dynamics of growth of national economies have more synchronous nature during the period of economic shocks, rather than during the periods of their normal functioning.

The Belukha Mountain is the highest peak of the Altai. On July 26 (7th August in the new time scale) of 1914 the brothers Boris and Mikhail Tronov discovered the mountain and were the first people to climb it. The Tronov Glacier is named after them. The Belukha glacier plexus is now subject to intensive degradation caused by current climate warming. There are changes in the processes of ice-forming, the temperature regime, and the stratigraphic characteristics. The mountain slope processes have become more active. The glacier length has decreased by 1.5–2.0 km, their area shortened almost by 20%, and the volume – by 10–12%. The snow-coverage of slopes has decreased, and positions of the ice-forming zones have correspondingly changed. Analysis of cores from the borehole drilled by the international expedition of 2003 on the west plateau of the Tronov Glacier has made it possible to better refine the character and seasonality of the glaciers alimentation. It is supposed that 11 thousand years ago no glacier existed here.The glacier plexus of the Belukha Mountain area is a natural reference point to monitor the state of glacierization and to justify predicted glacio-climatic situations. We propose to organize an international project aimed at the monitoring of these glacier areas and then to prepare a joint monograph devoted to its glacio-climatic characteristics. This could be performed in the framework of the Russian-Kazakh international programs with participation of scientists from other countries. Now is the right time to prepare summarizing monographs on glacierization of the main glacier clusters in the Russian mountains, similar to the series of books on representative glacier basins in USSR published in the 1980s. The Belukha glaciers should certainly be included in this series.

Статья посвящена исследованию резонанса, который победа Германии над Францией в 1940 г. вызвала в Советском Союзе. Автор уделяет особое внимание реакции советских военных кругов, которые, по его мнению, были среди первых, кто осознал стратегические перемены после падения Франции. Документальные источники, цитируемые в работе, отражают мнения как командования, так и рядовых солдат.

Transcription is an inherently stochastic, noisy, and multi-step process, in which fluctuations at every step can cause variations in RNA synthesis, and affect physiology and differentiation decisions in otherwise identical cells. However, it has been an experimental challenge to directly link the stochastic events at the promoter to transcript production. Here we established a fast fluorescence in situ hybridization (fastFISH) method that takes advantage of intrinsically unstructured nucleic acid sequences to achieve exceptionally fast rates of specific hybridization (∼10e7 M−1s−1), and allows deterministic detection of single nascent transcripts. Using a prototypical RNA polymerase, we demonstrated the use of fastFISH to measure the kinetic rates of promoter escape, elongation, and termination in one assay at the single-molecule level, at sub-second temporal resolution. The principles of fastFISH design can be used to study stochasticity in gene regulation, to select targets for gene silencing, and to design nucleic acid nanostructures.

Research has been conducted on the bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzymes. The use of the fluorescence energy transfer and distance-constrained docking in identifying the tree-dimensional structure of this holoenzyme and the open complex of the bacterial RNA polymerase-promoter in solution is discussed.

The RNA polymerase (RNAP)-promoter open complex and its structure and organization are discussed. Systematic site-specific protein-DNA photocrosslinking has been used to find out about interactions between bacterial RNAP and promoter DNA in the RNAP-promoter open complex that functions as a catalyst. More than 100 defined crosslinks between individual assessments of RNAP subunits and individual phosphates of promoter DNA have been mapped.