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Kamand Hedayat,1 Saman Ahmad Nasrollahi,1,2 Alireza Firooz,1,2 Hossein Rastegar,2 Manouchehr Dadgarnejad3 1Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; 2Cosmetic Products Research Center, Iranian Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; 3Iranian Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, IranCorrespondence: Saman Ahmad NasrollahiCenter for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy (CRTSDL), Tehran, University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No. 415 Taleqani Avenue, Tehran 1416613675, IranTel/Fax +982188963804Email snasrollahi@tums.ac.irBackground: In the past, it was taught that UVA wavelengths (320- 400nm) only plays a major role in skin aging but recently the scientific researches also show that UVA cause cancerous keratinocyte cells in deep layer of the epidermis. Therefore, the protective ability of the product against UVA is important in addition to protection against UVB rays. The UVA protective factor (UVA-PF) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of sunscreen products against UVA rays. This study aims to review and compare all outstanding protocols in the field of UVA-PF measurement and finally the introduction of the best method of measuring UVA-PF based on the further benefits.Materials and Methods: Four standards including ISO 24443 (AS/NZS 2604: 2012 recommended approach), CEN 2006, FDA 2007 and FDA 2011 are selected.Results: In order to measure UVA-PF with in vivo method, two standards of CEN 2006 and FDA 2007 recommended persistent pigment darkening (PPD) method. Although the general principle of both is similar, there are some differences in detail. For in vitro measurement of UVA-PF, CEN and FDA 2011 standards use critical wavelengths. FDA 2007 introduces the modified Diffey fraction, and ISO 24443 standard meets the UVA-PF measurement in a manner that is consistent with PPD.Conclusion: Finally, this review discussed the comparison of all in vitro and in vivo UVA-PF measurement standards and provided information in the form of texts and tables to move towards the creation of an integrated standard. Since in vitro methods of UVA-PF measurement are not reproducible due to differences in test conditions, it may be concluded that the in vivo PPD method is a more suitable option.Keywords: sunscreen, ultraviolet, UVA protection factor, in vivo, in vitro

"nBackground: Nowadays skin damages caused by ultraviolet (U.V.) radiation from the sun were increased; accordingly necessity for safe and inexpensive protective products for reducing the harmful effects of this ray is unassailable. The antiradical, anti irritation and anti-cancer properties of silymarin make it a suitable option for use in cream formulation to investigate its effect on skin disorders caused by U.V. radiation. In this research effect of local application of a cream containing silymarin in prevention of the harmful effects of U.V. radiation on the guinea pig skin were studied and evaluated by using histopathologic and clinical findings. "nMethods: 75 albino guinea pigs were randomly divided into five groups of fifteens. 2cm2 of the back hair was shaven. In the first group no treatment was applied, in the second group vaseline, in group 3 base cream without silymarin extract, in group 4 silymarin extract and in group 5 cream containing silymarin extract were used. "nResults: In clinical assessment, skin scaling, skin irregularity, erythema, skin hyperpigmentation, and edema were observed and in histopathological observation epidermal hyper keratosis, hyperpigmentation, exocytosis, acanthosis, chromatin discoloration in nucleus of epidermal squamous cells, perifolliculitis, dermal vascular hyperemia, edema and dermal thickness, infiltration of plasma cell lymphocytes and eosinophyls into dermis were detected. The statistical comparison of group 1 and group 5 shows statistically significant difference in most indices (p

Background: Infant formula, depending on the source, contains various fatty acids, which may possess important nutritional and biological value for infants. The presence of some of these fatty acids in infant formula, however, can be harmful and toxic for the infant. In this regard, more attention has been paid to erucic acid since its accumulation in myocardial tissues may cause damage to the heart. Therefore, a limit has been set by the Codex Alimentarius for the presence of erucic acid in infant formula (less than 1% of total fatty acids). The purpose of the present study is to investigate amount of erucic acid present in three infant formulas used predominantly in Iran. Methods: Gas chromatography (GC) is a valuable method applied for the separation of fatty acids, including erucic acid, from oils and oily food. Three brands of infant formulas, namely Humana, Biomil and Multi, were analyzed by GC using a wall coated open tubular (WCOT) fused silica column and flame ionization detector (FID). Heneicosanoic acid was employed as an internal standard. Results: The findings showed that Humana and Biomil infant formula samples contained 0.06% and 0.002% erucic acid (from total fatty acids), respectively, while no erucic acid was detected in the Multi infant formula samples. Conclusion: The amount of erucic acid in the studied infant formulas was far below the Codex limit of 1% total fatty acids.

Abstract Dysregulation of key transcription factors involved in hepatic energy metabolism, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), has been observed in T2DM. The present study aims to investigate the effects of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation on liver enzyme levels and the levels of PGC-1α and LXRα proteins in hepatocytes, in a rat model of T2DM. The study involved 56 male Wistar rats, divided into two groups: one was non-diabetic and acted as a control group (n = 8), and the other had induced diabetes (n = 48). The diabetic rats were then split into six subgroups: two groups received high or moderate doses of vitamin D and aerobic training (D + AT + HD and D + AT + MD); two groups received high or moderate doses of vitamin D alone (D + HD and D + MD); one group underwent aerobic training with vehicle (sesame oil; D + AT + oil), and one group was a diabetic control receiving only sesame oil (oil-receiving). The D + AT + HD and D + HD groups received 10,000 IU of vitamin D, while the D + AT + MD and D + MD groups received 5000 IU of vitamin D once a week by injection. The D + AT + oil group and the sham group received sesame oil. After eight weeks of treatment, body weight, BMI, food intake, serum insulin, glucose, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ALT, AST, and visceral fat were measured. The levels of PGC-1α and LXRα proteins in the liver was assessed by western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Tukey post hoc test at a significance level of P

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on individual health and fitness routines globally. Resistance training, in particular, has become increasingly popular among men and women looking to maintain or improve their physical fitness during the pandemic. However, using Anabolic Steroids (AS) for performance enhancement in resistance training has known adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to explore the prevalence of AS use among men and women resistance training practitioners after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3,603 resistance training practitioners (1,855 men and 1,748 women) in various geographical locations impacted by COVID-19. The participants were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires, which included questions regarding demographic information, training habits, and current or prior usage of AS. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and the chi-square method, with a significance level of (P

Abstract One of the most significant consequences of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is the anxiety and stress it causes among the general population, which can be reduced by engaging in regular physical activity. The aim of this study was to estimate the levels of physical activity and mood state during the COVID-19 quarantine among the Kermanshah population. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 2471 subjects (1256 males and 1215 females) were selected in the population of Kermanshah in the west of Iran, using the convenience sampling method. Physical activity levels were assessed using the physical activity (PA) questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF), and mood state was measured by the abbreviated form of the Iranian version of the standard POMS questionnaire (Bill Morgan 1979). Participants completed the online questionnaire between March 28th and May 20th, 2020. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and percentage), and deductive (Chi-square and Spearman's correlation) were used for data analysis. our study found that the majority of participants reported decreased PA levels during the quarantine period. Specifically, 71.7% reported a decrease in moderate-intensity physical activity, 80.5% reported a decrease in high-intensity PA, and 71.3% reported a decrease in the total volume of PA. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the number of sessions (P=0.001), intensity (P=0.001), and duration of exercise (P=0.001) before and during the coronavirus. There was a significant positive relationship between low (r=0.93; P=0.001) and high (r=0.673; P=0.034) levels of PA and negative mood state. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between moderate PA level (r=0.82; P=0.001) and a positive mood states. The study suggests that the current quarantine has negatively affected the mood states of the participants. Overall, the study recommends regular PA to prevent COVID-19 while adhering to health and safety protocols.

Abstract Background Although the effect of Vitamin D Supplementation (Vit D) on several chronic diseases has been well conceded, its role in diabetes remains ambiguous. The present study investigated the interactive effects of Aerobic Training (AT) and different Vit D doses on Protein Kinase B (Akt), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPCK), and Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G6Pase) protein expressions in hepatocytes of type-2 diabetic rats. Methods Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups SHAM (non-diabetic control; n = 8), and diabetic (n = 48). Then, diabetic rats were divided into six groups: AT with high doses of Vit D (D + AT + HD), AT with moderate doses of Vit D (D + AT + MD), high doses of Vit D (D + HD), moderate doses of Vit D (D + MD), AT receiving vehicle (sesame oil; D + AT + oil), and control (oil-receiving). D + AT + HD and D + HD groups received 10,000 IU of Vit D; while D + AT + MD and D + MD groups receive 5000 IU of Vit D once a week by injection; D + AT + oil and SHAM groups received sesame oil. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). After 2 months of intervention, serum insulin, glucose, and visceral fat were measured; protein expressions of Akt, PEPCK, and G6Pase were assessed by western blotting. The paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA), and the Tukey post hoc test were used at the signification level of P

Abstract Background Despite reporting the positive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on endurance performance, very few studies have investigated its efficacy in anaerobic short all-out activities. Moreover, there is still no consensus on which brain areas could provide the most favorable effects on different performance modalities. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effects of anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) targeting the primary motor cortex (M1) or left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on physical performance, psychophysiological responses, and cognitive function in repeated all-out cycling. Methods In this randomized, crossover, and double-blind study, 15 healthy physically active men underwent a-tDCS targeting M1 or the left DLPFC or sham tDCS in separate days before performing three bouts of all-out 30s cycling anaerobic test. a-tDCS was applied using 2 mA for 20 min. Peak power, mean power, fatigue index, and EMG of the quadriceps muscles were measured during each bout. Heart rate, perceived exertion, affective valence, and arousal were recorded two minutes after each bout. Color-word Stroop test and choice reaction time were measured at baseline and after the whole anaerobic test. Results Neither tDCS montage significantly changed peak power, mean power, fatigue index, heart rate, affective valence, arousal, and choice reaction time (p> 0.05). a-tDCS over DLPFC significantly lowered RPE of the first bout (compared to sham; p = 0.048, Δ = -12.5%) and third bout compared to the M1 (p = 0.047, Δ = -12.38%) and sham (p = 0.003, Δ = -10.5%), increased EMG of the Vastus Lateralis muscle during the second (p = 0.016, Δ = + 40.3%) and third bout (p = 0.016, Δ = + 42.1%) compared to sham, and improved the score of color-word Stroop test after the repeated all-out task (p = 0.04, Δ = + 147%). The qualitative affective response (valence and arousal) was also higher under the M1 and DLPFC compared to the sham. Conclusion We concluded that tDCS targeting M1 or DLPFC does not improve repeated anaerobic performance. However, the positive effect of DLPFC montage on RPE, EMG, qualitative affective responses, and cognitive function is promising and paves the path for future research using different tDCS montages to see any possible effects on anaerobic performance. Trial registration This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Razi University (IR.RAZI.REC.1400.023) and registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT id: IRCT20210617051606N5; Registration Date: 04/02/2022).

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder mainly caused by overweight and obesity that accumulates pro-inflammatory factors in adipose tissue. Studies have confirmed the efficacy of exercise and vitamin D supplementation in preventing, controlling, and treating diabetes. While, reduced physical activity and vitamin D deficiency are related to increased adiposity, blood glucose level, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance. This study purposed to investigate the effect of 8-week aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation on the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP-1 genes expression in the visceral adipose tissue of obese rats with T2DM. In this experimental study, fifty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 10): aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT + Vit D), aerobic training (5 days/week for 8 weeks; AT), vitamin D supplementation (Vit D), diabetic control (C) and NC (Non-Diabetic Control). AT + Vit D and AT groups practiced an 8-week aerobic training, 5 days a week. Vit D and AT + Vit D groups receive 5000 IU of vitamin D by injection once a week while AT and C received sesame oil. After blood sampling, visceral fat was taken to measure AMPK, PGC-1α, and UCP1 gene expression. Data were statistically analyzed by One-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test at a significance level of p

Abstract Background The lockdown and social distancing caused by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have changed Physical Activity Level (PAL), eating behavior, and health habits due to long-term confinement worldwide. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the PAL, eating behavior, Quality of Life (QoL), General Health (GH), and mood states during COVID-19 confinement in a large sample of Iraqi adults. Methods 3738 healthy adults (age 18–70 years) residing in Halabjeh, Iraq answered the online questionnaires including the short form of international physical activity, GH, three-factor eating (TFEQ-R18), and a short form of the profile of mood states (POMS-SF) questionnaires. Data analysis was done by Chi-square, and Spearman’s correlation using SPSS statistical software at a significant level of (P

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Abstract Background Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the health issues causing untoward low-grade systemic inflammation. Aerobic Training (AT) and Vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation are among the approaches that improve lipid profile and liver enzymes in T2DM. However, the mechanisms responsible for these improvements are not fully elucidated. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effects of AT and Vit D supplementation on lipid profile, liver enzymes, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Cluster of differentiation 27 (CD27), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Ligand 13 (CXCL13), Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) gene expressions in patients with T2DM. Methods In this study, 40 male T2DM patients aged 35–50 years were randomly selected and assigned into four groups (n = 10 for each); AT+vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D), AT+placebo (AT), Vit D supplementation (Vit D), and control+placebo (C). The intervention consisted of 8 weeks of 20–40 minutes AT protocol at 60–75% HRmax 3 sessions/week and taking 50,000 IU of Vit D supplement once a week. Serum levels of lipid profile and liver enzymes and gene expression of IL-6, IL-10, CD27, CXCL13, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were measured. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s post hoc, and paired sample t-test at P-values less than 0.05 were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. Results AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D significantly decreased TC, TG, LDL, AST, ALT, and GGT while increased HDL after 8 weeks in favor of AT+Vit D. Also, gene expressions of IL-6, IL-10, CD27, CXCL13, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 were downregulated significantly in AT+Vit D, AT, and Vit D, while upregulated in C. Furthermore, compared to individual AT or Vit D, AT+Vit D significantly downregulated IL-6 (P = 0.013; P = 0.025), IL-10 (P = 0.012; P = 0.026), CD27 (P = 0.023; P = 0.041), CXCL13 (P = 0.014; P = 0.025), IFN-γ (P = 0.017; P = 0.026), and TGF-β1 (P = 0.001; P = 0.028). Conclusion In comparison to individual AT or Vit D, AT+Vit D may enhance lipid profile, and liver enzymes and drive the balance to favor inhibition of inflammation by downregulating gene expression of inflammation-related factors. As a result, AT+Vit D may be considered appropriate therapy for managing T2DM.

Abstract Background Eccentric exhaustive exercise (EEE) training has been known as a promising training modality to enhance performance and stimulate adaptation in healthy individuals or patients that might also cause abnormal liver enzymes and lipid profiles. Vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation is believed to improve the condition of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) patients. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of Vit D supplementation on the EEE-induced alterations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term supplementation of Vit D on the liver enzymes and lipid profile alterations following EEE in overweight women with NAFLD. Methods In this clinical trial, 22 overweight women with NAFLD were randomly divided into experimental and control (n = 11 in each). The experimental group consumed 2000 IU of Vit D per day for six weeks; the control group consumed a lactose placebo daily with the same color, shape, and warmth percentage. Two treadmill EEE sessions were performed before and after the six-week Vit D supplementation. Blood was taken from the antecubital vein to measure the liver enzymes, lipid profile, and Vit D at four stages: Pre 1(before the first EEE session), Post 1(after the first EEE session), Pre 2 (before the second EEE session), and Post 2 (after the second EEE session). Results The results indicate that Vit D supplementation significantly reduced Bodyweight (BW; P = 0.047), Body Mass Index (BMI; P = 0.044), Body Fat Percentage (BFP; P = 0.001), and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR; P = 0.001) in the experimental group. Additionally, the results showed increased liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT) and lipid profile (TC, TG, and LDL) following EEE. While the HDL levels decreased significantly after EEE. Compared with control, the results of the independent t-test showed significantly lower ALT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), AST (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), and GGT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001); while significantly higher Vit D (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in the experimental in both Pre 2 and Post 2; receptively. Also, significantly lower TC (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), TG (P = 0.048; P = 0.001), and LDL (P = 0.001; P = 0.001); while significantly higher HDL (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) were observed in the experimental group compared to the control in both Pre 2 and Post 2; receptively. Conclusions Vit D supplementation reduces the liver enzymes and improves lipid profile alterations following EEE in overweight women with NAFLD. Thus, Vit D supplementation can be considered a functional supplement to improve the EEE-induced alteration. Trial registration: The trial was in the Iranian Clinical Trial Registration Center under the (IRCT20201130049538N1) on 05/07/2021.

Abstract Background Vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation and Aerobic Training (AT) exert several beneficial effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. The literature on the effects of AT and Vit D supplementation on the oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is limited. The present study aimed to examine the effects of AT and Vit D supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress signaling pathways in T2DM patients. Materials and methods In this single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 48 men with T2DM (aged 35–50 years with Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25–30 kg/m2) were randomly allocated into four groups: AT+Vit D (n = 10); AT + placebo (AT; n = 10); Vit D (n = 10), and Control + placebo (C; n = 10). The eight-week AT program was executed for 20–40 min/day, at 60–75% of heart rate maximum (HRmax), for 3 days/wks. The Vit D group received 50,000 IU of Vit D supplement capsules per week for 8 weeks. The serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were evaluated using the RT-PCR method. To analyze the data, paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used at the significance level of P

Abstract Background Lifestyle interventions are the first-line treatment for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), highly prevalent in the community. This study aimed to examine the 8-week separate and combined effects of aerobic training (AT) and pomegranate juice intake (PJI) on insulin resistance and serum levels of liver enzymes, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance in men with T2DM. Methods This study evaluated the alterations of anthropometric indices, insulin resistance, and liver enzymes in 40 middle-aged men (40–50) with T2DM. Participants were randomly assigned into four groups: AT+PJI (n = 10); AT (n = 10); PJI (n = 10), and control (C) (n = 10). The AT program consisted of 60–75% of maximum heart rate (HRmax), 40–60 min/day, and 3 days/wk. Participants in the PJI group consumed 240 ml of pomegranate juice (sugar or additive-free) daily for 8 weeks. Results AT+PJI, PJI, and AT groups decreased anthropometric indices, HOMA-IR, and liver enzymes after 8 weeks. In contrast, the C group significantly increased the mentioned variables after the intervention. The result showed that AT+PJI significantly lowered liver enzymes, anthropometric indices, and HOMA-IR than AT or PJI alone. Also, the results of this study showed no significant difference between AT and PJI groups. However, in these groups, significant improvements in these variables were observed compared to the control group. Conclusion Due to the effect of combined AT+PJI in improving T2DM risk factors, it could be recommended for T2DM patients to prevent increased liver enzymes and insulin resistance.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for various metabolic diseases, and it is characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. The core component for MetS is adipose tissue, which releases adipokines and influences physical health. Adipokines consist of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and contribute to various physiological functions. Generally, a sedentary lifestyle promotes fat accumulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines. However, regular exercise has been known to exert various beneficial effects on metabolic and cognitive disorders. Although the mechanisms underlying exercise beneficial effects in MetS are not fully understood, changes in energy expenditure, fat accumulation, circulatory level of myokines, and adipokines might be involved. This review article focuses on some of the selected adipokines in MetS, and their responses to exercise training considering possible mechanisms.

Abstract Background Exercise-induced muscle damage typically caused by unaccustomed exercise results in pain, soreness, inflammation, and muscle and liver damages. Antioxidant supplementation might be a useful approach to reduce myocytes and hepatocytes damages. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of short-term vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation on the response to muscle and liver damages indices by Exhaustive Aerobic Exercise (EAE) in untrained men. Methods In this clinical trial, 24 untrained men were randomly divided into experimental (Exp; n = 12) and control (C; n = 12) groups. Exp received 2000 IU of Vit D daily for six weeks (42 days), while C daily received a lactose placebo with the same color, shape, and warmth percentage. Two bouts of EAE were performed on a treadmill before and after six weeks of supplementation. Anthropometric characteristics (Bodyweight (BW), height, Body Fat Percentage (BFP), Body Mass Index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR)) were measured at the Pre 1 and Pre 2. Blood samples were taken to measure the Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Vit D levels at four stages: Pre 1 (before the first EE session), Post 1 (after the first EE session), Pre 2 (before the second EE session), and Post 2 (after the second EE session). The data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni's post hoc test, independent t test, and dependent t-test at the significant level of P

Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease of the central nervous system, of which the symptoms and problems reduce the quality of life. Recent research has identified sport exercises as an important part of healthy lifestyle in reducing the symptoms of the disease and improving the quality of life; however, the most effective type of exercise is not yet clearly known. The aim of this study was to provide information about the beneficial effects of exercise in MS patients and guidelines for prescribing exercise programs for them. Materials and Methods: This article is an overview of the ways different sport exercises affect MS. To access scientific articles, databases of PubMed, SID, Google Scholar, and Mag Iran, and the keywords including multiple sclerosis (MS), aerobic training, resistance training, and combined training were used. Results: Recent reports show that different types of sport exercises lead to a significant increase in the improvement of MS symptoms, although there are many discrepancies between researchers in prescribing different exercise programs (various training protocol, duration, and intensity). However, according to the results of studies, regular moderate-intensity exercise training leads to the functional benefits and improvement and control of the disease process without exacerbation of inflammation through various physiological mechanisms. thus, contrary to popular belief, modulated exercise training can have beneficial effects on MS patient. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, regular exercises (aerobic, resistance and combination) with moderate intensity improve the symptoms of MS and increase the quality of life.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused stress and anxiety in many people that can be reduced by regular physical activity. Regular physical exercise is essential for health. In the absence of COVID-19 symptoms, no limitation in physical activity is recommended. However, parameters such as frequency, intensity, type, and time need to be considered to prescribe the program and obtain the best results. Consequently, The level of physical activity that should be done during the outbreak has always been one of the most important and common questions.

Background & Objective: Exercise is a well-known strategy to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and chronic disease. However, the concurrent effect of aerobic training with vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric indices and lipid profile are somewhat unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT+Vit D) on anthropometric indices and lipid profile in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Materials & Methods: Forty-six postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to four groups: AT+Vit D (n=11), AT (n=12), Vit D (n=12), and control (C; n=11). The training protocol was incrementally conducted for 8 weeks, 20-40 min of training, with 60-75% HRmax, 3 sessions per week. The intervention groups received capsules of 5000 IU vitamin D or placebo. The data were analyzed through paired t-tests and two-way ANOVA analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test with SPSS 24 at the signification level of P

Introduction: The identification of individualschr('39') physical activity levels and different dietary patterns can play a leading role in reducing the incidence of hypertension. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between physical activity level and dietary patterns with hypertension in elderly women with metabolic syndrome. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study included 350 elderly women (mean age: 63.41±1.08 years, mean body weight: 85.33 ± 3.47 kg, mean height: 157.08±3.38 cm, and mean mass body index: 34.61±1.61 kg/m2) who participated in this study voluntarily. The metabolic syndrome was defined based on the International Federation of Diabetes. Data were collected using questionnaires, blood sampling, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure values. All of the variables were measured following the standards of the World Health Organization and the Adult Therapy Panel. Moreover, the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regressions. Findings: According to the results, there was a significant reverse correlation between high physical activity level and healthy dietary pattern with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P

Background & Objective: Nowadays, due to the epidemic of sports supplements, the effects of these supplements on total antioxidant capacity require analysis and evaluation. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is the effect of L-Arginine supplementation on indices of delayed-onset muscle soreness after one-session exhaustive aerobic training in inactive men. Materials & Methods: The population of this quasi-experimental are 20 male that were selected on a voluntary basis. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of L-arginine (n = 10) and placebo (n = 10). The subjects participated in three phases of aerobic activity. Blood samples were collected during the first phase before and after aerobic test, but in the second and third phases after receiving three days supplementation and placebo immediately after aerobic running. For extraction of results the ANOVA with repeated measures and paired t-test were applied and the significant level set as P

Background & Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training (AT) and vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation on cardiovascular variables in elderly women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and vitamin D deficiency. Materials & Methods: A total of forty women (60-65 years) with NAFLD (second or third grade) and vitamin D deficiency were recruited for the study. Participants were randomly assigned to four AT+Vit D, AT, Vit D, and control (C) groups and were allocated to receive either vitamin D (∼50000 IU • week for eight weeks) or placebo. The aerobic training protocol consisted of 40-60 minutes of aerobic training at 60% - 75% of HRmax, 3 times a week for eight weeks. Anthropometric indices along with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured and mean of arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated. Results: AT+Vit D, Vit D and AT groups demonstrated a significant decrease in SBP, DBP, and HR, (P

Abstract Purpose Here, we studied the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic syndrome components, cognitive performance, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin in ovariectomized rats with different serum vitamin D (Vit D) status. Methods Eighty female wistar rats were divided into 2 groups of sham operated (sham, n = 8), and ovariectomized (OVX, n = 72). Then OVX were divided into 9 groups of receiving combination of exercise protocol with low dose of Vit D (OVX + EXE + LD), high dose of Vit D (OVX + EXE + HD), Vit D deficiency (OVX + EXE − D), and (OVX + EXE + Veh). Also non exercised groups of OVX receiving high dose of Vit D (OVX + HD), low dose of Vit D (OVX + LD), Vit D deficiency (OVX − D), and Veh (OVX + Veh) were included. After 2 months of related interventions, spatial memory was assessed using Morris water maze (MWM), and then metabolic syndrome components were measured. Results High dose of Vit D supplementation showed significant reduction in weight (p = 0.001), lipid profiles (p = 0.001), visceral fat (p = 0.001) and waist circumference (p = 0.001) regardless of exercising or not, with no change in cognitiive function. Serum BDNF level was significantly higher in Vit D deficient group (p = 0.001), and was decreased in the OVX + HD. In contrary, irisin did not show any significant relationship with serum concentration of Vit D, while it was significantly elevated in the exercised groups compared with non-exercised counterparts. Conclusion Vit D insufficiency deteriorates metabolic syndrome components, and elevates serum BDNF as a compensatory metabotropic factor, and further supplementation significantly attenuates these components parallel with reduction in BDNF. In addition, aerobic exercise successfully induces various metabolic benefits, provided optimum serum level of Vit D.

Background and Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and vitamin D deficiency are both too common during menopause. Since the effect of different doses of vitamin D supplements on blood sugar, insulin concentration and insulin resistance are unknown, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of different doses of the vitamin D supplements on visceral fat, blood sugar, insulin concentration, and insulin resistance in ovariectomized rats. Materials and Methods: In this randomized experimental study, 32 female Wistar rats were divided into 4 equal groups as follows: three groups . that received vitamin D supplements (high, moderate, and low dose) and one control group. After 8 weeks of different doses of vitamin D supplementation plasma concentration of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were measured in the three groups. The obtained data was statistically analyzed by means of dependent t-test and ANOVA . at the significance level of P

Abstract Background: The effect of exercise training on body weight and visceral fat have been examined in several studies, whereas those of aerobic training along with the different dosages of intramuscular vitamin D on body weight, visceral fat and food intake are unknown. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of aerobic training and different doses of intramuscular vitamin D on body weight, visceral fat and food intake in female Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, seventy-two female Wistar rats were divided into 9 with 8 rats in each group, one group: aerobic training (3 days/week for 8 weeks), three groups: aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (in high, moderate and low doses), three groups: vitamin D supplementation (in high, moderate and low doses) and two control groups. One-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results: Results showed that body weight and visceral fat in aerobic training with high dose vitamin D supplementation group was significantly lower than other groups. Also, the mean food intake in three groups of (aerobic training with low dose vitamin D supplementation, low dose vitamin D supplementation and control) was significantly higher than other groups. Conclusion: It seems that aerobic training with high dose vitamin D compared to using each of the strategies is more effective in decreasing body weight, visceral fat in female Wistar rats.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to the relationship of physical activity and risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) in older men. Methods & Materials: The target population of this study was all older men in city of Kermanshah. Then, 123 healthy older men with mean age of 63.5±3.58 years, height 174.11±7.83 cm, weight 84.23±8.13 kg and body mass index 27.74±4.2 kg.m2 were selected as subjects by using the clustering method for sampling. Subjects completed an informed consent form, health history questionnaire and physical activity questionnaire (Beack). Measurements included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (PBF), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and CHD risk (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systole blood pressure (SBP) and Diastolic blood pressure (DBP). For data analysis, inferential statistics of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results showed that were significant negative correlations between physical activity and percent body fat (PBF), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), systole blood pressure (SBP) and Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) . Also, results showed that was significant positive correlations between physical activity and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Conclusion: This research showed that the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in older men in is over expectation. Also it cleared that the increase in the levels of physical activity can reduce the risk of heart disease – cardiovascular disease is effective, it is recommended that through various ways such as the holding of the workshop of educational meetings, holding a lecture about the benefits of regular sport activity and Increase participation in physical activity can be a method for improving health and reducing cardiovascular diseases in them.

Introduction: Physical activity has many advantages such as cardio-respiratory health promotion, prevention of some diseases and improvement of quality of life. In contrast, smoking tobacco products is one of the most important risk factors of non-infectious diseases, especially cardiovascular and cancers and may be influenced by physical activity of people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare cigarette and hookah smoking between physical education and non-physical education students. Materials and Methods: The target population of this study was all male and female students of Guilan University. The instrument used was the PDUQ questionnaire (Alpha value of 0.81(. According to Odineski table, the questionnaire was randomly distributed among 144 students of P.E and 386 students of non-P.E. The collected data was analyzed using Chi-square test, and Pearson correlation coefficient (P

Ishrana je važan dio svakog fitnes programa. Osnovni cilj dijtetike za fizički aktivne pojedince je da jedu odgovarajuću hranu kako bi optimizovali svoje zdravlje i povećali sportske vještine. Cilj ovog rada je da uporedi znanja o ishrani i prehrambene navike sportista studenati i nestudenati. Ciljana populacija ovog istraživanja bili su svi studenti nestudenti sportisti u gradu Rasht u Iranu. Nakon prevođenja upitnika Zawila i saradnika o uopštenim znanjima i stavovima o ishrani, i prilagođavanja pojedinih pitanja, upitnik je procijenjen od strane profesora Fakulteta fizičkog vapsitanja i sportskih nauka. Pouzdanost je iznosila 0,81 vrijednosti Cronbach alfe. Izrađeni istraživački upitnik, osmišljen za mjerenje znanja i navika o ishrani, podijeljen je nasumice 130 sportista i 120 spotiskinja studenata i nestudenata. Upitnik je sadržavao od 15 pitanja o znanjima i 25 pitanja o navikama iz ishrane. Prikupljeni podaci analizirali su se t-testom, jednosmjernom ANOVA i Pirsonovim testom korelacije (p < 0,05). Stepen ispravnih odgovora za sportski ishranu i opštu ishranu bio je u sportista (57,15; 52,50%) i sportiskinja (58,14; 54,85%) studenata, a kod nestudenata sportista (41,55; 39,86%) i sportistkinja (42,11; 40,66%). Takođe, aritmetičke sredine ishrane kod sportista i sportiskinja studenata značajno su više nego kod sportista i sportiskinja nestudenata. Pred toga, značajne razlika je bila u ukupnom srednjem rezultatu upitnika između sportista studenata i nestudenata (p < 0,05). Na osnovu rezultata našeg istraživanja ustanovili smo da su znanja irnaskih sportista nestudenata niža od znanja sportista studenata. Shodno tome treba raditi na tome da se znanja i stavovi o ishrani irnaskih sportista nestudenata poboljšaju. Jedno od rješenja za poboljšanje znanja o ishrani su kursevi.

Nutrition is an important component of any physical fitness program. The main dietary goal for active individuals is to obtain adequate nutrition to optimize health fitness and to increase sports performance. The purpose of this study was to compare nutritional knowledge and food habits in collegiate s and non-collegiate athletes. The target population of this study was all male and female collegiate and non-collegiate athletes in Rasht city of Iran. After translate of the standard nutrition knowledge and attitudes survey questionnaire Zawila et al., and adjust of some questions, questionnaire was evaluated by Professors of faculty of physical education and sport sciences. The reliability guided Cronbach Alpha value of .81. A researcher-built questionnaire which was developed to measure subject’s nutrition knowledge and habits, distributed to 130 collegiate and non-collegiate athletes males and 120 Collegiate and non- collegiate athletes females randomly. The questionnaire contained 15 nutrition knowledge questions and 25 nutrition habits questions. The collected data was analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient (p < .05). The correct response rate for the sport nutrition and general nutrition score were in collegiate athletes male (57.15; 52.5%) and athletes female (58.14; 54.85%); non-collegiate athlete’s males (41.55; 39.86%) and athletes female (42.11; 40.66 %) respectively. Also, mean nutrition scores in collegiate athlete’s males and females were significantly higher than non-collegiate athletes male and females. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the total mean score questionnaire between collegiate and non- collegiate athletes (p < .05). Based on the result of our study the knowledge of Iranian non-collegiate athletes were lower than collegiate athlete. For this reason, nutrition knowledge and attitudes of Iranian non-collegiate athletes need to improve. So, these suggest that nutrition lectures’ courses is one of the solutions to increase knowledge about nutrition.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate-intensity resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension (PEH) in the hypertensive. The study was conducted with eighteen hypertensive elderly individuals (20–30 years). They were subjected to two experimental sessions: control session (SC) and 50% (S50%) of 1RM. For each session, subjects were evaluated pre-and postintervention. In the preintervention, the blood pressure (BP) and FVR were measured after 10 min of rest. Thereafter, they were taken to the gym to perform the exercise sessions or remained at rest in each of the equipment during the same time.In the S50% group was composed of a set of ten repetitions of ten exercises, with an interval of 90 s between exercises. Subsequently,the FVR and BP measurements were again performed at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min of recovery (postintervention). The PEH was greater in S50% compared with SC, with the lower value of BP being found at 75 min of recovery for the two sessions (systolic BP:125.21 ±0.98mmHg versus 145.45 ±1.72 mmHg; diastolic BP: 83.60 ±1.67 mmHg versus 95.14 ±0.74 mmHg respectively). Moderateintensity resistance exercise was effective in promoting PEH, this phenomenon being accompanied by a reduction in FVR within the first minute of recovery in the hypertensive young.