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Despite substantial interest in Career and Technical Education (CTE) courses in U.S. high schools--and associated scholarship on this topic--very little is known about characteristics of CTE teachers who are a critical resource for program implementation and expansion. Using eight years of statewide data from Maryland, we document key facts about the CTE teacher workforce and pathways into the profession. First, a sizable share (17%) of CTE teachers enter the profession with a high school diploma or associate's degree, aligned to state policy that allows Professional and Technical Education-certified teachers to substitute years of professional experience for higher degrees. Relatedly, CTE teachers are substantially more likely than non-CTE teachers to enter the profession through an "alternative" path that bypasses traditional undergraduate teacher education (54% versus 30%). Finally, there is a larger share of Black teachers in CTE versus out of CTE (25% versus 16%), leading to greater opportunities for teacher-student race matching. We hypothesize that these patterns are related: decreased barriers to entry into the CTE teaching profession may support more Black individuals to become CTE teachers.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and Predominantly Black Institutions (PBIs) provide access to education for many African Americans across the United States. These institutions offer a unique perspective on higher education in multiple disciplines, none more famous than music performance. The marching band, in particular, stands as a sense of pride for these institutions and allows students the opportunity to develop themselves as musicians while pursuing opportunities in higher education. This mixed methods action research study explores the successful strategies employed by college students at Predominantly Black Institutions (PBIs) to balance their time between marching band and academics. The study identified several themes related to effective time management and study practices students use to excel in both areas. Students prioritized study time to master all academic classes and adopted different study modes to maximize their time use. They also organized their time effectively to balance their study and practice routines. The themes related to practice highlighted the importance of reflective practice, group study, and independent practice styles, all of which enabled these exceptional college musicians to succeed in both music performance and academic study. Overall, this study sheds light on the positive impact of HBCUs and PBIs in educating diverse communities and promoting academic and musical excellence. By showcasing the successful strategies employed by college students, this study offers valuable insights into balancing multiple priorities and achieving success in different fields.

Local teacher recruitment through "grow-your-own" programs is a prominent strategy to address workforce shortages and ensure that incoming teachers resemble, understand, and have strong connections to their communities. We exploit the staggered rollout of the Teacher Academy of Maryland career and technical education certificate program across public high schools, finding that exposed students were more likely to become teachers by 0.6 percentage points (pp), or 47%. Effects are concentrated among White girls (1.4pp/39%) and Black girls (0.7pp/80%). We also identify positive impacts on wages (5% on average/18% for Black girls), countering a prevailing narrative that teaching leaves one worse off financially relative to other labor market opportunities.

Mounting evidence supporting the advantages of a diverse teacher workforce prompts policymakers to scrutinize existing recruitment pathways. Following four cohorts of Maryland public high-school students over 12 years reveals several insights. Early barriers require timely interventions, aiding students of color in achieving educational milestones that are prerequisites for teacher candidacy (high school graduation, college enrollment). While alternative pathways that bypass traditional undergraduate teacher preparation may help, current approaches still show persistent racial disparities. Data simulations underscore the need for race-conscious policies specifically targeting or differentially benefiting students of color, as race-neutral strategies have minimal impact. Ultimately, multiple race-conscious policy solutions addressing various educational milestones must demonstrate significant effects--approximately 30% increases--to reshape the teacher workforce to align with student body demographics.

We consider the Rydberg electron in a circularly polarized microwave field, whose dynamics is described by a 2 d.o.f. Hamiltonian, which is a perturbation of size $K>0$ of the standard rotating Kepler problem. In a rotating frame, the largest chaotic region of this system lies around a center-saddle equilibrium point $L_1$ and its associated invariant manifolds. We compute the distance between stable and unstable manifolds of $L_1$ by means of a semi-analytical method, which consists of combining normal form, Melnikov, and averaging methods with numerical methods. Also, we introduce a new family of Hamiltonians, which we call Toy CP systems, to be able to compare our numerical results with the existing theoretical results in the literature. It should be noted that the distance between these stable and unstable manifolds is exponentially small in the perturbation parameter $K$ (in analogy with the $L_3$ libration point of the R3BP).

We study the electronic band structure and optical response of a hybrid model, a $\alpha-\mathcal{T}_3$ model featuring a $\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{3}$ Kekul\'e pattern modulation. Such a hybrid system may result from the depositing of adatoms in a hexagonal lattice, where the two sublattices are displaced in the perpendicular direction, like in germanene and silicene. We derive analytical expressions for the energy dispersion and the eigenfunctions using a tight-binding approximation of nearest-neighbor hopping electrons. The energy spectrum consists of a double-cone structure with Dirac points at zero momentum caused by Brillouin zone folding and a doubly degenerate flat band resulting from destructive quantum interference effects. Furthermore, we study the spectrum of intraband and interband transitions through the joint density of states, the optical conductivity, and the Drude spectral weight. We find new conductivity terms resulting from the opening of intervalley channels that are absent in the $\alpha-\mathcal{T}_3$ model and manifest themselves as van Hove singularities in the optical response. In particular, we identify an absorption window related to intervalley transport, which serves as a viable signature for detecting Kekul\'e periodicity in two-dimensional materials., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

Fibrillar structures are ubiquitous in the solar chromosphere and their potential for mediating the mass and energy transport in the solar atmosphere is undeniable. An accurate determination of their properties requires the use of advanced high-resolution observations which are now becoming broadly available from different observatories. We exploit the capabilities of multi-atom, multi-line spectropolarimetric inversions using the Stockholm Inversion Code (STiC). Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium inversions of a fibril-rich area are performed using spectropolarimetric observations in the Ca II 854.2 nm line obtained with the CRISP imaging spectropolarimeter and spectroscopic observations in the Ca II H line obtained with the CHROMospheric Imaging Spectrometer (CHROMIS) at the Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope (SST). Additionally, coobservations in the Mg II h & k lines obtained with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) are used in the inversions to better constrain the thermodynamic properties of the fibrils. The incorporation of multiple atomic species and spectral lines proves to better constrain the properties of the plasma constituting the fibrils. In particular, the tracing of a large number of fibrils allowed for the study of the variation of the temperature and magnetic field along their projected length over the field of view. The results provide a view of fibrils possessing hot footpoints of about 5 900 K. The temperature drop away from the footpoints is on average 250 K, with a larger drop of around 500 K for the longer fibrils. The magnetic field is also reported to be larger at the footpoints, being almost twice as large as the minimum value reported at the middle point of the fibrils.

In this paper we explore which part of the ideal lattice of a general ring is parametrized by its Cuntz semigroup $\mathrm{S}(R)$ and its ambient semigroup $\Lambda(R)$. We identify these classes of ideals as the quasipure ideals (a generalization of pure ideals) in the case of $\mathrm{S}(R)$, and what we term decomposable ideals in the case of $\Lambda(R)$. For an ($s$-)unital ring $R$, the latter class exhausts all ideals of the ring. We prove that these constructions behave well with respect to quotients. In order to study the passage to inductive limits, we introduce the classes of dense and left normal rings. We show that $\mathrm{S}(R)$ is an abstract Cu-semigroup whenever $R$ is left normal and, for such rings, the assignment $R\mapsto \mathrm{S}(R)$ is continuous. We prove a parallel result for $\Lambda(R)$ whenever $R$ is a dense ring., Comment: 38 pages. Comments welcome!

Can we understand and predict the evolutionary pathways by which bacteria acquire multi-drug resistance (MDR)? These questions have substantial potential impact in basic biology and in applied approaches to address the global health challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here, we review how a class of machine learning approaches called evolutionary accumulation modelling (EvAM) may help reveal these dynamics using genetic and/or phenotypic AMR datasets, without requiring longitudinal sampling. These approaches are well-established in cancer progression and evolutionary biology, but currently less used in AMR research. We discuss how EvAM can learn the evolutionary pathways by which drug resistances and AMR features are acquired as pathogens evolve, predict next evolutionary steps, identify influences between AMR features, and explore differences in MDR evolution between regions, demographics, and more. We demonstrate a case study on MDR evolution in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches, providing links to some approaches for implementation.

We present three separate void catalogs created using a volume-limited sample of the DESI Year 1 Bright Galaxy Survey. We use the algorithms VoidFinder and V2 to construct void catalogs out to a redshift of z=0.24. We obtain 1,461 interior voids with VoidFinder, 420 with V2 using REVOLVER pruning, and 295 with V2 using VIDE pruning. Comparing our catalog with an overlapping SDSS void catalog, we find generally consistent void properties but significant differences in the void volume overlap, which we attribute to differences in the galaxy selection and survey masks. These catalogs are suitable for studying the variation in galaxy properties with cosmic environment and for cosmological studies., Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures

We develop a new duality for distributive and implicative meet semi-lattices. For distributive meet semi-lattices our duality generalizes Priestley's duality for distributive lattices and provides an improvement of Celani's duality. Our generalized Priestley spaces are similar to the ones constructed by Hansoul. Thus, one can view our duality for distributive meet semi-lattices as a completion of Hansoul's work. For implicative meet semi-lattices our duality generalizes Esakia's duality for Heyting algebras and provides an improvement of Vrancken-Mawet's and Celani's dualities. In the finite case it also yield's K\"ohler's duality. Thus, one can view our duality for implicative meet semi-lattices as a completion of K\"ohler's work. As a consequence, we also obtain a new duality for Heyting algebras, which is an alternative to the Esakia duality.

Security and RAS are two non-functional requirements under focus for current systems developed for the computing continuum. Due to the increased number of interconnected computer systems across the continuum, security becomes especially pervasive at all levels, from the smallest edge device to the high-performance cloud at the other end. Similarly, RAS (Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability) ensures the robustness of a system towards hardware defects. Namely, making them reliable, with high availability and design for easy service. In this paper and as a result of the Vitamin-V EU project, the authors detail the comprehensive approach to malware and hardware attack detection; as well as, the RAS features envisioned for future systems across the computing continuum.

The increased brightness temperature of young rocky protoplanets during their magma ocean epoch makes them potentially amenable to atmospheric characterization to distances from the solar system far greater than thermally equilibrated terrestrial exoplanets, offering observational opportunities for unique insights into the origin of secondary atmospheres and the near surface conditions of prebiotic environments. The Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE) mission will employ a space-based mid-infrared nulling interferometer to directly measure the thermal emission of terrestrial exoplanets. Here, we seek to assess the capabilities of various instrumental design choices of the LIFE mission concept for the detection of cooling protoplanets with transient high-temperature magma ocean atmospheres, in young stellar associations in particular. Using the LIFE mission instrument simulator (LIFEsim) we assess how specific instrumental parameters and design choices, such as wavelength coverage, aperture diameter, and photon throughput, facilitate or disadvantage the detection of protoplanets. We focus on the observational sensitivities of distance to the observed planetary system, protoplanet brightness temperature using a blackbody assumption, and orbital distance of the potential protoplanets around both G- and M-dwarf stars. Our simulations suggest that LIFE will be able to detect (S/N $\geq$ 7) hot protoplanets in young stellar associations up to distances of $\approx$100 pc from the solar system for reasonable integration times (up to $\sim$hours). Detection of an Earth-sized protoplanet orbiting a solar-sized host star at 1 AU requires less than 30 minutes of integration time. M-dwarfs generally need shorter integration times. The contribution from wavelength regions $<$6 $\mu$m is important for decreasing the detection threshold and discriminating emission temperatures., Comment: 18 pages, 19 figures; accepted for publication in A&A

This report presents Sabi\'a-3, our new flagship language model trained on a large brazilian-centric corpus. Evaluations across diverse professional and academic benchmarks show a strong performance on Portuguese and Brazil-related tasks. Sabi\'a-3 shows large improvements in comparison to our previous best of model, Sabi\'a-2 Medium, especially in reasoning-intensive tasks. Notably, Sabi\'a-3's average performance matches frontier LLMs, while it is offered at a three to four times lower cost per token, reinforcing the benefits of domain specialization.

We measure the growth of cosmic density fluctuations on large scales and across the redshift range $0.3

The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is a Milky Way (MW) satellite that is massive enough to gravitationally attract the MW disc and inner halo, causing significant motion of the inner MW with respect to the outer halo. In this work, we probe this interaction by constructing a sample of 9,866 blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars with radial velocities from the DESI spectroscopic survey out to 120 kpc from the Galactic centre. This is the largest spectroscopic set of BHB stars in the literature to date, and it contains four times more stars with Galactocentric distances beyond 50 kpc than previous BHB catalogues. Using the DESI BHB sample combined with SDSS BHBs, we measure the bulk radial velocity of stars in the outer halo and observe that the velocity in the Southern Galactic hemisphere is different by 3.7$\sigma$ from the North. Modelling the projected velocity field shows that its dipole component is directed at a point 22 degrees away from the LMC along its orbit, which we interpret as the travel direction of the inner MW. The velocity field includes a monopole term that is -24 km/s, which we refer to as compression velocity. This velocity is significantly larger than predicted by the current models of the MW and LMC interaction. This work uses DESI data from its first two years of observations, but we expect that with upcoming DESI data releases, the sample of BHB stars will increase and our ability to measure the MW-LMC interaction will improve significantly., Comment: 22 pages, 19 figures. Submitted to MNRAS

Federated Learning (FL) is a widespread approach that allows training machine learning (ML) models with data distributed across multiple devices. In cross-silo FL, which often appears in domains like healthcare or finance, the number of participants is moderate, and each party typically represents a well-known organization. For instance, in medicine data owners are often hospitals or data hubs which are well-established entities. However, malicious parties may still attempt to disturb the training procedure in order to obtain certain benefits, for example, a biased result or a reduction in computational load. While one can easily detect a malicious agent when data used for training is public, the problem becomes much more acute when it is necessary to maintain the privacy of the training dataset. To address this issue, there is recently growing interest in developing verifiable protocols, where one can check that parties do not deviate from the training procedure and perform computations correctly. In this paper, we present a systematization of knowledge on verifiable cross-silo FL. We analyze various protocols, fit them in a taxonomy, and compare their efficiency and threat models. We also analyze Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) schemes and discuss how their overall cost in a FL context can be minimized. Lastly, we identify research gaps and discuss potential directions for future scientific work.

The aviation industry is vital for global transportation but faces increasing pressure to reduce its environmental footprint, particularly CO2 emissions from ground operations such as taxiing. Single Engine Taxiing (SET) has emerged as a promising technique to enhance fuel efficiency and sustainability. However, evaluating SET's benefits is hindered by the limited availability of SET-specific data, typically accessible only to aircraft operators. In this paper, we present a novel deep learning approach to detect SET operations using ground trajectory data. Our method involves using proprietary Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data of A320 flights to label ground movements as SET or conventional taxiing during taxi-in operations, while using only trajectory features equivalent to those available in open-source surveillance systems such as Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) or ground radar. This demonstrates that SET can be inferred from ground movement patterns, paving the way for future work with non-proprietary data sources. Our results highlight the potential of deep learning to improve SET detection and support more comprehensive environmental impact assessments.

Accurately estimating aircraft fuel flow is essential for evaluating new procedures, designing next-generation aircraft, and monitoring the environmental impact of current aviation practices. This paper investigates the generalization capabilities of deep learning models in predicting fuel consumption, focusing particularly on their performance for aircraft types absent from the training data. We propose a novel methodology that integrates neural network architectures with domain generalization techniques to enhance robustness and reliability across a wide range of aircraft. A comprehensive dataset containing 101 different aircraft types, separated into training and generalization sets, with each aircraft type set containing 1,000 flights. We employed the base of aircraft data (BADA) model for fuel flow estimates, introduced a pseudo-distance metric to assess aircraft type similarity, and explored various sampling strategies to optimize model performance in data-sparse regions. Our results reveal that for previously unseen aircraft types, the introduction of noise into aircraft and engine parameters improved model generalization. The model is able to generalize with acceptable mean absolute percentage error between 2\% and 10\% for aircraft close to existing aircraft, while performance is below 1\% error for known aircraft in the training set. This study highlights the potential of combining domain-specific insights with advanced machine learning techniques to develop scalable, accurate, and generalizable fuel flow estimation models.

Physics-informed deep learning often faces optimization challenges due to the complexity of solving partial differential equations (PDEs), which involve exploring large solution spaces, require numerous iterations, and can lead to unstable training. These challenges arise particularly from the ill-conditioning of the optimization problem, caused by the differential terms in the loss function. To address these issues, we propose learning a solver, i.e., solving PDEs using a physics-informed iterative algorithm trained on data. Our method learns to condition a gradient descent algorithm that automatically adapts to each PDE instance, significantly accelerating and stabilizing the optimization process and enabling faster convergence of physics-aware models. Furthermore, while traditional physics-informed methods solve for a single PDE instance, our approach addresses parametric PDEs. Specifically, our method integrates the physical loss gradient with the PDE parameters to solve over a distribution of PDE parameters, including coefficients, initial conditions, or boundary conditions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method through empirical experiments on multiple datasets, comparing training and test-time optimization performance.

Identifying client needs to provide optimal services is crucial in tourist destination management. The events held in tourist destinations may help to meet those needs and thus contribute to tourist satisfaction. As with product management, the creation of hierarchical catalogs to classify those events can aid event management. The events that can be found on the internet are listed in dispersed, heterogeneous sources, which makes direct classification a difficult, time-consuming task. The main aim of this work is to create a novel process for automatically classifying an eclectic variety of tourist events using a hierarchical taxonomy, which can be applied to support tourist destination management. Leveraging data science methods such as CRISP-DM, supervised machine learning, and natural language processing techniques, the automatic classification process proposed here allows the creation of a normalized catalog across very different geographical regions. Therefore, we can build catalogs with consistent filters, allowing users to find events regardless of the event categories assigned at source, if any. This is very valuable for companies that offer this kind of information across multiple regions, such as airlines, travel agencies or hotel chains. Ultimately, this tool has the potential to revolutionize the way companies and end users interact with tourist events information.

The military environment generates a large amount of data of great importance, which makes necessary the use of machine learning for its processing. Its ability to learn and predict possible scenarios by analyzing the huge volume of information generated provides automatic learning and decision support. This paper aims to present a model of a machine learning architecture applied to a military organization, carried out and supported by a bibliometric study applied to an architecture model of a nonmilitary organization. For this purpose, a bibliometric analysis up to the year 2021 was carried out, making a strategic diagram and interpreting the results. The information used has been extracted from one of the main databases widely accepted by the scientific community, ISI WoS. No direct military sources were used. This work is divided into five parts: the study of previous research related to machine learning in the military world; the explanation of our research methodology using the SciMat, Excel and VosViewer tools; the use of this methodology based on data mining, preprocessing, cluster normalization, a strategic diagram and the analysis of its results to investigate machine learning in the military context; based on these results, a conceptual architecture of the practical use of ML in the military context is drawn up; and, finally, we present the conclusions, where we will see the most important areas and the latest advances in machine learning applied, in this case, to a military environment, to analyze a large set of data, providing utility, machine learning and decision support.

As Large Language Models become ubiquitous in many sectors and tasks, there is a need to reduce token usage, overcoming challenges such as short context windows, limited output sizes, and costs associated with token intake and generation, especially in API-served LLMs. This work brings the Design Structure Matrix from the engineering design discipline into LLM conversation optimization. Applied to a use case in which the LLM conversation is about the design of a spacecraft and its subsystems, the DSM, with its analysis tools such as clustering and sequencing, demonstrates being an effective tool to organize the conversation, minimizing the number of tokens sent to or retrieved from the LLM at once, as well as grouping chunks that can be allocated to different context windows. Hence, this work broadens the current set of methodologies for token usage optimization and opens new avenues for the integration of engineering design practices into LLMs., Comment: 10 pages, 26th International Dependency and Structure Modelling Conference, DSM 2024

Radiology reports often remain incomprehensible to patients, undermining patient-centered care. We present ReXplain (Radiology eXplanation), an innovative AI-driven system that generates patient-friendly video reports for radiology findings. ReXplain uniquely integrates a large language model for text simplification, an image segmentation model for anatomical region identification, and an avatar generation tool, producing comprehensive explanations with plain language, highlighted imagery, and 3D organ renderings. Our proof-of-concept study with five board-certified radiologists indicates that ReXplain could accurately deliver radiological information and effectively simulate one-on-one consultations. This work demonstrates a new paradigm in AI-assisted medical communication, potentially improving patient engagement and satisfaction in radiology care, and opens new avenues for research in multimodal medical communication., Comment: 13 pages

Even though a few initial works have shown on small sets of data some level of bias in the performance of fingerprint recognition technology with respect to certain demographic groups, there is still not sufficient evidence to understand the impact that certain factors such as gender, age or finger-type may have on fingerprint quality and, in turn, also on fingerprint matching accuracy. The present work addresses this still under researched topic, on a large-scale database of operational data containing 10-print impressions of almost 16,000 subjects. The results reached provide further insight into the dependency of fingerprint quality and demographics, and show that there in fact exists a certain degree of performance variability in fingerprint-based recognition systems for different segments of the population. Based on the experimental evaluation, the work points out new observations based on data-driven evidence, provides plausible hypotheses to explain such observations, and concludes with potential follow-up actions that can help to reduce the observed fingerprint quality differences. This way, the current paper can be considered as a contribution to further increase the algorithmic fairness and equality of biometric technology., Comment: Extended journal version submitted to IET Biometrics. 10 pages, 5 figures Reference conference paper: J. Galbally, A. Cepilovs, R. Blanco-Gonzalo, G. Ormiston, O. Miguel-Hurtado, and I. S. Racz, 'Fingerprint quality per individual finger type: A large-scale study on real operational data' in Proc. IEEE Intl. Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics 2023 (IWBF 2023)

Single image scene relighting aims to generate a realistic new version of an input image so that it appears to be illuminated by a new target light condition. Although existing works have explored this problem from various perspectives, generating relit images under arbitrary light conditions remains highly challenging, and related datasets are scarce. Our work addresses this problem from both the dataset and methodological perspectives. We propose two new datasets: a synthetic dataset with the ground truth of intrinsic components and a real dataset collected under laboratory conditions. These datasets alleviate the scarcity of existing datasets. To incorporate physical consistency in the relighting pipeline, we establish a two-stage network based on intrinsic decomposition, giving outputs at intermediate steps, thereby introducing physical constraints. When the training set lacks ground truth for intrinsic decomposition, we introduce an unsupervised module to ensure that the intrinsic outputs are satisfactory. Our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in performance, as tested on both existing datasets and our newly developed datasets. Furthermore, pretraining our method or other prior methods using our synthetic dataset can enhance their performance on other datasets. Since our method can accommodate any light conditions, it is capable of producing animated results. The dataset, method, and videos are publicly available., Comment: Accepted for publication as a Regular paper in the IEEE Transactions on Multimedia

Objective: To propose a mathematical model for applying Ionization Detail (ID), the detailed spatial distribution of ionization along a particle track, to proton and ion beam radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP). Approach: Our model provides for selection of preferred ID parameters (I_p) for RTP, that associate closest to biological effects. Cluster dose is proposed to bridge the large gap between nanoscopic I_p and macroscopic RTP. Selection of I_p is demonstrated using published cell survival measurements for protons through argon, comparing results for nineteen Ip: N_k; k = 2,3,...,10, the number of ionizations in clusters of k or more per particle, and F_k; k = 1,2,...,10, the number of clusters of k or more per particle. We then describe application of the model to ID-based RTP and propose a path to clinical translation. Main results: The preferred I_p were N_4 and F_5 for aerobic cells, N_5 and F_7 for hypoxic cells. Signifcant differences were found in cell survival for beams having the same LET or the preferred N_k. Conversely, there was no signi?cant difference for F_5 for aerobic cells and F_7 for hypoxic cells, regardless of ion beam atomic number or energy. Further, cells irradiated with the same cluster dose for these I_p had the same cell survival. Based on these preliminary results and other compelling results in nanodosimetry, it is reasonable to assert that I_p exist that are more closely associated with biological effects than current LET-based approaches and microdosimetric RBE-based models used in particle RTP. However, more biological variables such as cell line and cycle phase, as well as ion beam pulse structure and rate still need investigation. Signifcance: Our model provides a practical means to select preferred I_p from radiobiological data, and to convert I_p to the macroscopic cluster dose for particle RTP., Comment: 31 pages, 12 figures

In this work we prove that for a compact odd-dimensional orbifold its Euler characteristic is half of the Euler characteristic of its boundary.

We introduce a technique for multi-document grounded multi-turn synthetic dialog generation that incorporates three main ideas. First, we control the overall dialog flow using taxonomy-driven user queries that are generated with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting. Second, we support the generation of multi-document grounded dialogs by mimicking real-world use of retrievers to update the grounding documents after every user-turn in the dialog. Third, we apply LLM-as-a-Judge to filter out queries with incorrect answers. Human evaluation of the synthetic dialog data suggests that the data is diverse, coherent, and includes mostly correct answers. Both human and automatic evaluations of answerable queries indicate that models fine-tuned on synthetic dialogs consistently out-perform those fine-tuned on existing human generated training data across four publicly available multi-turn document grounded benchmark test sets.

ANNZ is a fast and simple algorithm which utilises artificial neural networks (ANNs), it was known as one of the pioneers of machine learning approaches to photometric redshift estimation decades ago. We enhanced the algorithm by introducing new activation functions like tanh, softplus, SiLU, Mish and ReLU variants; its new performance is then vigorously tested on legacy samples like the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) and Stripe-82 samples from SDSS, as well as modern galaxy samples like the Physics of the Accelerating Universe Survey (PAUS). This work focuses on testing the robustness of activation functions with respect to the choice of ANN architectures, particularly on its depth and width, in the context of galaxy photometric redshift estimation. Our upgraded algorithm, which we named ANNZ+, shows that the tanh and Leaky ReLU activation functions provide more consistent and stable results across deeper and wider architectures with > 1 per cent improvement in root-mean-square error ($\sigma_{\textrm{RMS}}$) and 68th percentile error ($\sigma_{68}$) when tested on SDSS data sets. While assessing its capabilities in handling high dimensional inputs, we achieved an improvement of 11 per cent in $\sigma_{\textrm{RMS}}$ and 6 per cent in $\sigma_{68}$ with the tanh activation function when tested on the 40-narrowband PAUS dataset; it even outperformed ANNZ2, its supposed successor, by 44 per cent in $\sigma_{\textrm{RMS}}$. This justifies the effort to upgrade the 20-year-old ANNZ, allowing it to remain viable and competitive within the photo-z community today. The updated algorithm ANNZ+ is publicly available at https://github.com/imdadmpt/ANNzPlus., Comment: 37 pages, 9 figures, submitted to JCAP

The reconstruction of an inflationary universe considering the parametrization of the scalar spectral index as a function of the number of $e-$folds in the framework of a modified Friedmann equation is analyzed. In this context, we examine the possibility of reconstructing the Hubble parameter together with the effective potential considering a modified Friedmann equation specified by $\mathcal{F}(H)\propto \rho$, where $\mathcal{F}(H)$ corresponds to an arbitrary function of the Hubble parameter $H$ and $\rho$ denotes the energy density associated with the matter in the universe. To reconstruct the background variables during the inflationary scenario, we develop a new methodology by expressing the spectral index in terms of the Hubble parameter and its derivatives. Thus, we obtain a general formalism for the reconstruction of the inflation, using the slow roll approximation together with the parametrization of the scalar spectral index as a function of the number of $e-$folds $N$. As specific examples, we consider the simplest attractor $n_s-1=-2/N$ together with different functions $\mathcal{F}(H)$, associated to the modified Friedmann equation, to rebuild the Hubble parameter and the effective potential in terms of the scalar field $\phi$. Additionally, we examine the reheating epoch by considering a constant equation of state parameter, in which we determine the temperature and the number of e-folds during this epoch, using the background variables found during the reconstruction of the different $\mathcal{F}(H)-$models studied. Besides, we constrain the different parameters associated with the reconstructed inflationary $\mathcal{F}(H)-$models during the epochs of inflation and reheating, using current astronomical data from Planck and BICEP/Keck results., Comment: 25 pages and 9 figures

We present new Galactic reddening maps of the high Galactic latitude sky using DESI imaging and spectroscopy. We directly measure the reddening of 2.6 million stars by comparing the observed stellar colors in $g-r$ and $r-z$ from DESI imaging with the synthetic colors derived from DESI spectra from the first two years of the survey. The reddening in the two colors is on average consistent with the \cite{fitzpatrick_correcting_1999} extinction curve with $R_\mathrm{V}=3.1$. We find that our reddening maps differ significantly from the commonly used \cite{schlegel_maps_1998} (SFD) reddening map (by up to 80 mmag in $E(B-V)$), and we attribute most of this difference to systematic errors in the SFD map. To validate the reddening map, we select a galaxy sample with extinction correction based on our reddening map, and this yields significantly better uniformity than the SFD extinction correction. Finally, we discuss the potential systematic errors in the DESI reddening measurements, including the photometric calibration errors that are the limiting factor on our accuracy. The $E(g-r)$ and $E(g-r)$ maps presented in this work, and for convenience their corresponding $E(B-V)$ maps with SFD calibration, are publicly available., Comment: Submitted to the Open Journal of Astrophysics. Associated data files: https://data.desi.lbl.gov/public/papers/mws/desi_dust/y2/v1/maps/

This paper studies moving 180-degree N\'eel walls in ferromagnetic thin films under the reduced model for the in-plane magnetization proposed by Capella, Melcher and Otto [5], in the case when a sufficiently weak external magnetic field is applied. It is shown that the linearization around the moving N\'eel wall's phase determines a spectral problem that is a relatively bounded perturbation of the linearization around the static N\'eel wall, which is the solution when the external magnetic field is set to zero and which is spectrally stable. Uniform resolvent-type estimates for the linearized operator around the static wall are established in order to prove the spectral stability of the moving wall upon application of perturbation theory for linear operators. The spectral analysis is the basis to prove, in turn, both the decaying properties of the generated semigroup and the nonlinear stability of the moving N\'eel wall under small perturbations, in the case of a sufficiently weak external magnetic field. The stability of the static N\'eel wall, which was established in a companion paper [4], plays a key role to obtain the main result., Comment: 40 pages, 4 figures

One of the fundamental problems in quantum mechanics is finding the correct quantum image of a classical observable that would correspond to experimental measurements. We investigate for the appropriate quantization rule that would yield a Hamiltonian that obeys the quantum analogue of Hamilton's equations of motion, which includes differentiation of operators with respect to another operator. To give meaning to this type of differentiation, Born and Jordan established two definitions called the differential quotients of first type and second type. In this paper we modify the definition for the differential quotient of first type and establish its consistency with the differential quotient of second type for different basis operators corresponding to different quantizations. Theorems and differentiation rules including differentiation of operators with negative powers and multiple differentiation were also investigated. We show that the Hamiltonian obtained from Weyl, simplest symmetric, and Born-Jordan quantization all satisfy the required algebra of the quantum equations of motion.

This study presents a comprehensive methodology for modeling and forecasting the historical time series of active fire spots detected by the AQUA\_M-T satellite in the Amazon, Brazil. The approach employs a mixed Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model, combining Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) architectures to predict the monthly accumulations of daily detected active fire spots. Data analysis revealed a consistent seasonality over time, with annual maximum and minimum values tending to repeat at the same periods each year. The primary objective is to verify whether the forecasts capture this inherent seasonality through machine learning techniques. The methodology involved careful data preparation, model configuration, and training using cross-validation with two seeds, ensuring that the data generalizes well to both the test and validation sets for both seeds. The results indicate that the combined LSTM and GRU model delivers excellent forecasting performance, demonstrating its effectiveness in capturing complex temporal patterns and modeling the observed time series. This research significantly contributes to the application of deep learning techniques in environmental monitoring, specifically in forecasting active fire spots. The proposed approach highlights the potential for adaptation to other time series forecasting challenges, opening new opportunities for research and development in machine learning and prediction of natural phenomena. Keywords: Time Series Forecasting; Recurrent Neural Networks; Deep Learning., Comment: 16 pages and 24 figures, in Portuguese language

We study the ground-state phase diagram of an unfrustrated antiferromagnetic Ising chain with longitudinal and transverse fields in the full range of interactions: from all-to-all to nearest-neighbors. First, we solve the model analytically in the strong long-range regime, confirming in the process that a mean-field treatment is exact for this model. We compute the order parameter and the correlations and show that the model exhibits a tricritical point where the phase transition changes from first to second order. This is in contrast with the nearest-neighbor limit where the phase transition is known to be second order. To understand how the order of the phase transition changes from one limit to the other, we tackle the analytically-intractable interaction ranges numerically, using a variational quantum Monte Carlo method with a neural-network-based ansatz, the visual transformer. We show how the first-order phase transition shrinks with decreasing interaction range and establish approximate boundaries in the interaction range for which the first-order phase transition is present. Finally, we establish that the key ingredient to stabilize a first-order phase transition and a tricritical point is the presence of ferromagnetic interactions between spins of the same sublattice on top of antiferromagnetic interactions between spins of different sublattices. Tunable-range unfrustrated antiferromagnetic interactions are just one way to implement such staggered interactions., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures

Disentangling irreversible and reversible forces from random fluctuations is a challenging problem in the analysis of stochastic trajectories measured from real-world dynamical systems. We present an approach to approximate the dynamics of a stationary Langevin process as a discrete-state Markov process evolving over a graph-representation of phase-space, reconstructed from stochastic trajectories. Next, we utilise the analogy of the Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition of an edge-flow on a contractible simplicial complex with the associated decomposition of a stochastic process into its irreversible and reversible parts. This allows us to decompose our reconstructed flow and to differentiate between the irreversible currents and reversible gradient flows underlying the stochastic trajectories. We validate our approach on a range of solvable and nonlinear systems and apply it to derive insight into the dynamics of flickering red-blood cells and healthy and arrhythmic heartbeats. In particular, we capture the difference in irreversible circulating currents between healthy and passive cells and healthy and arrhythmic heartbeats. Our method breaks new ground at the interface of data-driven approaches to stochastic dynamics and graph signal processing, with the potential for further applications in the analysis of biological experiments and physiological recordings. Finally, it prompts future analysis of the convergence of the Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition in discrete and continuous spaces., Comment: 26 pages, 12 figures

PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) is ESA's M3 mission designed to detect and characterise extrasolar planets and perform asteroseismic monitoring of a large number of stars. PLATO will detect small planets (down to <2 R_(Earth)) around bright stars (<11 mag), including terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. With the complement of radial velocity observations from the ground, planets will be characterised for their radius, mass, and age with high accuracy (5 %, 10 %, 10 % for an Earth-Sun combination respectively). PLATO will provide us with a large-scale catalogue of well-characterised small planets up to intermediate orbital periods, relevant for a meaningful comparison to planet formation theories and to better understand planet evolution. It will make possible comparative exoplanetology to place our Solar System planets in a broader context. In parallel, PLATO will study (host) stars using asteroseismology, allowing us to determine the stellar properties with high accuracy, substantially enhancing our knowledge of stellar structure and evolution. The payload instrument consists of 26 cameras with 12cm aperture each. For at least four years, the mission will perform high-precision photometric measurements. Here we review the science objectives, present PLATO's target samples and fields, provide an overview of expected core science performance as well as a description of the instrument and the mission profile at the beginning of the serial production of the flight cameras. PLATO is scheduled for a launch date end 2026. This overview therefore provides a summary of the mission to the community in preparation of the upcoming operational phases.

Many educators in California are unaware of just how harmful out of school suspensions can be. When suspended students are barred from attending school, more often than not, the rule broken was some form of minor misconduct. This update of "Lost Instruction Time in California Schools" demonstrates that despite the important efforts by the state of California to reduce suspensions, those efforts are seriously insufficient. The most recent statewide rates of lost instruction due to out of school suspensions show a widespread increase in the days lost per 100 students. The increase in these lost instruction rates, is not large for every group, but the 2023 data reverses a consistent downward 6-year trend. In 2023, nearly every racial and ethnic group, as well as students with disabilities, experienced an increase over their rate of lost instruction from the prior year. Using the recently released data for 2023, show that not only are the rates for homeless youth increasing for every demographic, but they increased far more for Black and Native American homeless youth than any other groups.

We address the linguistic problem of the sequential arrangement of a head and its dependents from an information theoretic perspective. In particular, we consider the optimal placement of a head that maximizes the predictability of the sequence. We assume that dependents are statistically independent given a head, in line with the open-choice principle and the core assumptions of dependency grammar. We demonstrate the optimality of harmonic order, i.e., placing the head last maximizes the predictability of the head whereas placing the head first maximizes the predictability of dependents. We also show that postponing the head is the optimal strategy to maximize its predictability while bringing it forward is the optimal strategy to maximize the predictability of dependents. We unravel the advantages of the strategy of maximizing the predictability of the head over maximizing the predictability of dependents. Our findings shed light on the placements of the head adopted by real languages or emerging in different kinds of experiments., Comment: Minor corrections; references added

Measuring the growth of structure is a powerful probe for studying the dark sector, especially in light of the $\sigma_8$ tension between primary CMB anisotropy and low-redshift surveys. This paper provides a new measurement of the amplitude of the matter power spectrum, $\sigma_8$, using galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-CMB lensing power spectra of Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Legacy Imaging Surveys Emission-Line Galaxies and the $\textit{Planck}$ 2018 CMB lensing map. We create an ELG catalog composed of $27$ million galaxies and with a purity of $85\%$, covering a redshift range $0 < z < 3$, with $z_{\rm mean} = 1.09$. We implement several novel systematic corrections, such as jointly modeling the contribution of imaging systematics and photometric redshift uncertainties to the covariance matrix. We also study the impacts of various dust maps on cosmological parameter inference. We measure the cross-power spectra over $f_{\rm sky} = 0.25$ with a signal-to-background ratio of up to $ 30\sigma$. We find that the choice of dust maps to account for imaging systematics in estimating the ELG overdensity field has a significant impact on the final estimated values of $\sigma_8$ and $\Omega_{\rm M}$, with far-infrared emission-based dust maps preferring $\sigma_8$ to be as low as $0.702 \pm 0.030$, and stellar-reddening-based dust maps preferring as high as $0.719 \pm 0.030$. The highest preferred value is at $\sim 3 \sigma$ tension with the $\textit{Planck}$ primary anisotropy results. These findings indicate a need for tomographic analyses at high redshifts and joint modeling of systematics., Comment: 50 pages, 24 figures (figure data can be obtained at https://zenodo.org/records/13381499)

This work conducts a Hamilton-Jacobi analysis of classical dynamical systems with internal constraints. We examine four systems, all previously analyzed by David Brown: three with familiar components (point masses, springs, rods, ropes, and pulleys) and one chosen specifically for its detailed illustration of the Dirac-Bergmann algorithm's logical steps. Including this fourth system allows for a direct and insightful comparison with the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism, thereby deepening our understanding of both methods. To provide a thorough analysis, we classify the systems based on their constraints: non-involutive, involutive, and a combination of both. We then use generalized brackets to ensure the theory's integrability, systematically remove non-involutive constraints, and derive the equations of motion. This approach effectively showcases the Hamilton-Jacobi method's ability to handle complex constraint structures. Additionally, our study includes an analysis of a gauge system, highlighting the versatility and broad applicability of the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism. By comparing our results with those from the Dirac-Bergmann and Faddeev-Jackiw algorithms, we demonstrate that the Hamilton-Jacobi approach is simpler and more efficient in its mathematical operations and offers advantages in computational implementation., Comment: 41 pages, 5 figures