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The field of operations research models known as multi-criteria analysis, also known as Multi-Criteria Decision-Making or Multi-Criteria Satisfaction Analysis deals with the process of making decisions when there are numerous objectives. The conflicting criteria, incomparable units, and challenges in designing/selecting alternatives are all aspects of these methods, which can manage both quantitative and qualitative criteria. The MUSA approach is an ordinal regression analysis-based preference disaggregation model. Based on their values and expressed preferences, the integrated methodology assesses the level of satisfaction of faculty at engineering institutions. The MUSA approach aggregates the various preferences in special satisfaction functions using data from satisfaction surveys. The paper presents a faculty performance analysis by implementing optimization technique known as PSO on Multi Criteria Satisfaction Analysis and shown performance analysis.

Type Ia supernovae, SNeIa, are used as standard candles in cosmology to determine the distances of the galaxies harbouring them. We show that the luminosity of an SNIa depends on its distance from us when physical constants (the speed of light c, the gravitational constant G, and the Planck constant h) are permitted to evolve. It is because the Chandrasekhar mass of the white dwarf that explodes to create SNIa depends on the values of the constants at the epoch the SNIa is formed. We show that the SNeIa luminosities could be about four times higher in the past than they are now. Thus, the luminosity distance estimation of the earliest SNeIa could be off by up to a factor of 2. Cosmological parameters, determined with this correction applied to the redshift versus distance modulus data base (Pantheon SNeIa), are not very different from those from the standard ΛCDM model without this correction, except for the dark-energy density and the curvature energy density; the latter increases at the cost of the former. Variations of the constants are given by $\dot{G}/G = \ 3.90 \ ( { \pm 0.04} ) \times {10^{ - 10}}\ {\rm y{r^{ - 1}}}$and $\dot{c}/c = \dot{h}/h\ = \ 1.30\ ( { \pm 0.01} ) \times {10^{ - 10}}\ {\rm y{r^{ - 1}}}$ at present. These variations are valid only when $G,\ c,\ $and$\ h$ are permitted to vary concurrently rather than individually.

Equations governing the evolution of a star involve multiple coupling constants. Thus, the time it spends as a main-sequence star can be expected to depend on whether or not such constants vary over the time scale of stellar evolution. When the star belongs to a globular cluster, the star's age cannot exceed that of the globular cluster, and the latter cannot exceed the age of the Universe. This fact can be used to constrain or verify the variation of the coupling constants, i.e., the speed of light c, the gravitational constant G, the Planck constant h, and the Boltzmann constant k. We have estimated the age of the main-sequence star analytically from the time it takes to synthesize all its hydrogen into helium under fixed and varying coupling constants scenarios. When we permitted the interrelated variation of the four constants ($G\thicksim c^{3}\thicksim h^{3}\thicksim k^{3/2}$) and differentiated between the cosmological energy and local energy conservation laws, we could show that the variation of the constants established in our earlier studies, i.e., $(\dot{G}/G)_{0}=3(\dot{c}/c)_{0}=(\dot{h}/h)_{0}=1.5 (\dot{k}/k)_{0}=5.4H_{0} =3.90(\pm 0.04)\times 10^{-10} yr^{-1}$ at the current cosmic time is consistent with the present work. Nevertheless, the challenge remains to come up with an experiment, astrometric or terrestrial, that can unequivocally prove or falsify the predicted variation., 12 pages, 2 figures

A study was conducted to explore the potentiality of coconut milk residue (CMR) for cold extrusion (pasta preparation). Proximate analysis revealed that coconut milk residue is a rich source of crude fibre (24.03%) in addition to crude fat (41.55%), crude protein (5%), total carbohydrates (26.24%) and ash content (0.97%) at 2.23 per cent moisture. The effect of coconut milk residue upon replacing durum wheat semolina on cooking qualities, colour parameters, textural property and overall sensory acceptability of pasta samples were evaluated. Incorporation of coconut milk residue significantly influenced the observed parameters (P0.05). Thus, the study recommends incorporating 10 per cent coconut milk residue in durum wheat semolina for pasta preparation. Moreover, the entrepreneurs engaged in the coconut milk/milk powder and virgin coconut oil industry would be benefitted by adopting this venture, wherein they would be able to fetch huge additional income by placing their residue product on an upgraded fast-moving consumer good (FMCG) value chain.

Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) is a serious life threatening disease associated with morbidity and mortality in India. Hypothetical relationship between serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein (CRP) levels has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of CKD. Fifty chronic kidney disease patients before dialysis and fifty controls were executed for measurement of serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein as well as other biochemical parameters analysis. Serum C-Reactive protein was measured by quantitative turbidimetric immunoassay. In this study, serum uric acid, creatinine, urea and C-Reactive protein levels were significant raised in CKD group to that of controls. Notably serum C-Reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the CKD patients associated with non-diabetic factors in comparison to diabetic associated CKD patients. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) exhibited a strong association between uric acid and C-Reactive protein levels. A strong direct relationship between serum uric acid and C-Reactive protein in CKD patients are plausibly culprits in the progression of diseases.

The 'extreme Population A (xA) quasars' approaching, sometimes exceeding the Eddington limit, are a type of quasars that could serve as a standard candle to measure distances too large for supernovae type Ia (SNe Ia) to be observable. For using xA quasars as standard candles, it would be beneficial to know how their luminosities would vary if coupling constants varied over cosmic time. Alternatively, when calibrated using SN Ia standard candle, xA quasar observations could constrain the variation of coupling constants. We show that the Hubble diagram of xA quasars provides the same constraint on the constants' variation as the Hubble diagram of SNe Ia from the Pantheon data. The coupling constants vary concurrently in our model, i.e., the variation of the speed of light $c$, the gravitational constant $G$, the Planck constant $h$, and the Boltzmann constant $k$, are interrelated as $G\thicksim c^{3}\thicksim h^{3}\thicksim k^{3/2}$. The constraint thus determined can be expressed in terms of the Hubble constant $H_{0}$ as $(\dot{G}/G)_{0}=3(\dot{c}/c)_{0}=3(\dot{h}/h)_{0}=1.5 (\dot{k}/k)_{0}=5.4H_{0} =3.90(\pm 0.04)\times 10^{-10} yr^{-1}$, where subscript 0 is for the current time. This conclusion is corroborated with the analysis of data on the quasars with correlated UV and X-ray emissions., 10 pages, 3 figures. Modified as per MNRAS review

Since Dirac predicted in 1937 possible variation of gravitational constant and other coupling constants from his large number hypothesis, efforts continue to determine such variation without success. Such efforts focus on the variation of one constant while assuming all others pegged to their currently measured values. We show that the variations of the speed of light $c$, the gravitational constant $G$, the Planck constant $h$, and the Boltzmann constant $k$ are interrelated: $G\thicksim c^{3}\thicksim h^{3/2}\thicksim k^{3/2}$. Thus, constraining any one of the constants leads to inadvertently constraining all the others. It may not be possible to determine the variation of a constant without concurrently considering the variation of others. We discuss several astrophysical observations that have been explained recently with the concomitant variation of two or more constants. We also analyze the reported and unexplained 35 micro-gram decrease of 1 Kg Pt-Ir working standards over 22 years of measurements and show that the Kibble balance, that measures mass in units of Planck constant, cannot determine the variation of h when h and c variations are interrelated as determined in here., Comment: 6 pages. This version has been corrected for the error in the variation of the Planck constant

A scalar-tensor theory of gravity is considered wherein the gravitational coupling $G$ and the speed of light $c$ are admitted as space-time functions and combine to form the definition of the scalar field $\phi$. The varying $c$ participates in the definition of the variation of the matter part of the action; it is related to the effective stress-energy tensor which is a result of the requirement of symmetry under general coordinate transformations. The effect of the cosmological coupling $\Lambda$ is accommodated within a possible behaviour of $\phi$. We analyze the dynamics of $\phi$ in the phase space, thereby showing the existence of an attractor point for reasonable hypotheses on the potential $V(\phi)$ and no particular assumption on the Hubble function. The phase space analysis is performed both with the linear stability theory and via the more general Lyapunov's method. Either method lead to the conclusion that the condition $\dot{G}/G=\sigma\left(\dot{c}/c\right)$ where $\sigma=3$ must hold for the rest of cosmic evolution after the system gets to the globally asymptotically stable fixed point and the dynamics of $\phi$ ceases. This result provides a physical foundation for the phenomenological model admitting $\left(G/G_{0}\right)=\left(c/c_{0}\right)^{3}$ used recently to interpret cosmological and astrophysical data. The thus co-varying couplings $G$ and $c$ impact the cosmic evolution after the dynamical system settles to equilibrium. This impact is investigated by constructing the generalized continuity equation in our scalar-tensor model and considering two possible regimes for the varying speed of light -- decreasing $c(a)$ and increasing $c(a)$ -- while solving our modified Friedmann equations. The solutions to the latter equations make room for radiation- and matter-dominated eras that progress to a dark-energy-type of accelerated expansion., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures. v2: 19 pages, 6 figures; stability analysis expanded and generalized; discussion improved. v3: 27 pages, 6 figures; appendix added; abstract edited due to arXiv's policy; content matches the published version

Dirac, in 1937 proposed the variation of coupling constants derived from his large number hypothesis. Efforts have continued since then to constrain their variation by various methods. We briefly discuss several methods used for the purpose while focusing primarily on the use of supernovae type 1a, quasars, and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as cosmological probes for determining cosmological distances. Supernovae type Ia (SNeIa) are considered the best standard candles since their intrinsic luminosity can be determined precisely from their light curves. However, they have only been observed up to about redshift $z=2.3$, mostly at $z, Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2202.12758

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be one of the important tools while teaching at under graduate and post graduate level. It is being popular at education sector because of their different modes of operations. Since, the education includes regular, online, distance and part time education, so there are a number of applications based on ICT are available in the real world. In this paper, the emphasis is given on the use of ICT by teachers and its effects on the teaching methods with their different perspectives. The paper has also focused on the certain important issues related to the effective implementation of ICTs at educational level and provides suggestions for effectively use of ICT at higher education level for distance education.

The world is growing rapidly with constantly increasing the data. There are innumerable people around the world who use different types of applications, whether it is for reservation, marketing, shopping or knowledge in the form of text, image, audio and video. Only data is being generated everywhere and this growing data which is large and high dimensional is in nature is generally known as “big data”. For the organizations, it is a big task to cluster streaming big data successfully. In this paper, we are presenting a survey of data stream clustering algorithms applied over big data and big datasets. The paper shows the comparative analysis of all the studied methods and also review the evolution and progression of data stream clustering algorithm for big datasets. The paper also analyses the proposed and implemented algorithms in recent years.

In the phishing attack, the user sends their confidential information on mimic websites and face the financial problem, so the user should be informed immediately about the visiting website. According to the Third Quarter Phishing Activity Trends Report, there are 55,282 new phishing websites have been detected in the month of July 2014. To solve the phishing problem, a browser based add-on system may be one of the best solution to aware the user about the website type. In this paper, a novel browser based add-on system is proposed and compared its performance with the existing antiphishing tools. The proposed anti-phishing tool ‘ePhish’ is compared with the existing browser based antiphishing toolbars. All the anti-phishing tools have been installed in computer systems at an autonomous college to check their performance. The obtained result shows that if the task is divided into a group of systems, it can give better results. For different phishing features, the add-on system tool show around 97 percentage successful results at different case conditions. The current study would be very helpful to countermeasure the phishing attach and the proposed system is able to protect the user by phishing attacks. Since the system tool is capable of handling and managing the phishing website details, so it would be helpful to identify the category of the websites.

The term Phishing is a kind of spoofing website which is used for stealing sensitive and important information of the web user such as online banking passwords, credit card information and user’s password etc. In the phishing attack, the attacker generates the warning message to the user about the security issues, ask for confidential information through phishing emails, ask to update the user’s account information etc. Several experimental design considerations have been proposed earlier to countermeasure the phishing attack. The earlier systems are not giving more than 90 percentage successful results. In some cases, the system tool gives only 50-60 percentage successful result. In this paper, a novel algorithm is developed to check the performance of the anti-phishing system and compared the received data set with the data set of existing anti-phishing tools. The performance evaluation of novel anti-phishing system is studied with four different classification data mining algorithms which are Class Imbalance Problem (CIP), Rule based Classifier (Sequential Covering Algorithm (SCA)), Nearest Neighbour Classification (NNC), Bayesian Classifier (BC) on the data set of phishing and legitimate websites. The proposed system shows less error rate and better performance as compared to other existing system tools.

Safe web browsing and feeding confidential information into websites require the use of protected and secured websites. For the web security, a number of anti-phishing tools have been proposed which provide web user with a dynamic system of warning and protection against potential phishing attacks. Earlier study shows that there is no anti-phishing tool gives satisfactory result in identifying the phishing web pages. For the solution of this problem, in this paper a Bayesian classification approach is proposed to identify the phishing websites. Bayesian filter require two datasets in their approach; one is legitimate website details and second thing is phishing website parameters. A large set of legitimate transactional websites are needed in the study because the set of websites mostly resembles just like phishing websites and the filter must have numerous examples of legitimate transactional websites to achieve a low false positive rate. With the use of Bayesian Classification, some prominent results obtained by selecting phishing indicators.

Target based association rules extract the correlation between targets in and around strategically specified regions. These rules can be used to predict and estimate the future results and find the faulty targets, etc. To extract these rules efficiently and effectively data preparation is required. The existing mechanisms of data preparation have the problem of redundancy in the data. As a consequence, extra energy is required for the sensors which used to monitor the targets. In this paper, authors propose a novel data preparation approach for target based association rule mining from the point of coverage wireless sensor networks, which reduces the redundancy in the data and thus enhances the performance of the network.

the periodontal tissue to orthodontic forces, which leads to modeling and remodeling of the surrounding alveolar bone. The endocrine system is responsible for hormonal secretion, being closely related to the central nervous sys‑ tem, as it diversifies its functions through the hypothala‑ mus and pituitary glands. It controls physiological processes and maintains homeostasis. The neuroendocrine system is responsible for adaptation to environmental changes. Also, the nervous system may provide a correct organic response, of primary type, with the release of neu‑ rotransmitters or, if the stimulus prevails, the endocrine system secretes hormones. This is especially important in dentistry because many of the patients attending dental clinics face stressful situations. Awareness is therefore nec‑ essary on the risks and difficulties that may arise during the dental and orthodontic management of patients with endocrine disorders and most common oral manifesta‑ tions.

The phishing is a kind of e-commerce lure which try to steal the confidential information of the web user by making identical website of legitimate one in which the contents and images almost remains similar to the legitimate website with small changes. Another way of phishing is to make minor changes in the URL or in the domain of the legitimate website. In this paper, a number of anti-phishing toolbars have been discussed and proposed a system model to tackle the phishing attack. The proposed anti-phishing system is based on the development of the Plug-in tool for the web browser. The performance of the proposed system is studied with three different data mining classification algorithms which are Random Forest, Nearest Neighbour Classification (NNC), Bayesian Classifier (BC). To evaluate the proposed anti-phishing system for the detection of phishing websites, 7690 legitimate websites and 2280 phishing websites have been collected from authorised sources like APWG database and PhishTank. After analyzing the data mining algorithms over phishing web pages, it is found that the Bayesian algorithm gives fast response and gives more accurate results than other algorithms.

The study was aimed to evaluate and compare resting and exercise induced metabolic responses between acclimatized high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) susceptible (HAPE-s) and HAPE resistance (HAPE-r) volunteers at sea level. A group of 14 Indian soldiers volunteered for this study, divided into two groups, (i) HAPE-s, with past history of HAPE [n1 = 7; age = 33.3 ± 4.5 (M ± SD)] and (ii) HAPE-r, with prior history of repeated exposure to high altitude and without suffering HAPE [n2 = 7; age = 31.9 ± 4.2 (M ± SD)]. Respiratory frequency (fR), tidal volume (T), minute ventilation (E), oxygen consumption (O2), carbon dioxide output (CO2), heart rate (HR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were recorded on all the volunteers during resting and exercise conditions. Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (EqO2) and oxygen pulse (O2P) were calculated. Significant differences were observed between HAPE-s and HAPE-r volunteers in fRrest (25.3% higher), O2Prest (23.7% lower), Emax (50.9% lower) (all PRmax (55.7% lower), O2max (55.5% lower), O2Pmax (34.2% lower) (all P2max (42.1% lower, P

A Cholinesterase was isolated and purified (65-fold) from roots of Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings. It hydrolyzes acetylcholine and acetylthiocholine more readily than propionylthiocholine or butyrylthiocholine. The enzyme has high affinity for acetylthiocholine (Km=150 μm) and is inhibited by animal anticholinesterases, neostigmine and physostigmine, and by Phosfon-D, a plant growth retardant.

Multi-grain dalia (MGD) formulations were prepared utilizing sprouted wheat and mixer of other three grains (barley, sorghum and pearl millet) in the ratio of 100:0 (MGD-A), 75:25 (MGD-B), 50:50 (MGD-C), 25:75 (MGD-D) and 0:100 (MGD-E), respectively. The mixer of barley, sorghum and pearl millet was prepared using 50, 25, 25 parts of these grains, respectively. The recovery of grits/ dalia (particle size 1.41 to 2 mm) from sprouted wheat and barley was 74.56 and 69.77 %, respectively while sorghum and pearl millet yield 47.94 and 49.39 % (particle size 0.954 to 1.41 mm), respectively. Sprouting brought a reduction of cooking time by about 50 % as compared to un-sprouted studied grains. Cooking time for different MGD formulations ranged from 3.91 to 4.42 min, which was slightly increased with increasing proportion of mixer of barley, sorghum and pearl millet (p > 0.05). Rehydration ratio of MGD samples varied from 3.12 to 3.45 with minimum in MGD-E sample. Though protein content was decreased with increasing proportion of mixer of three grains in MGD samples but in vitro protein digestibility (58.68 to 62.75 %) was similar (p > 0.05). The mean overall sensory acceptability scores for MGD samples ranged from 7.50 to 8.49 with ≥8.0 in samples having up to 75 % grits of mixer of three grains. In view of very good overall sensory acceptability, rich in crude fibre, calcium and iron content and low cooking time, 25:75 parts of sprouted wheat and mixer of studied three grains, respectively may be considered for preparation of acceptable quality quick cooking multi-grain dalia.

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders have serious impact on the profession of dentistry. There is common occurrence of pain due to incorrect posture in dental professionals. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies may cast a new light on preventing and intercepting musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). An epidemiological study was conducted in an effort to contribute to the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of MSD at dentists using CAM as a treatment and preventive modality for MSD and to compare job/career satisfaction between dentists who use CAM and conventional therapy (CT). Material and Methods: Dentists registered in Uttrakhand state, India, under the Dental Council of India and registered members of the Indian Dental Association, Uttrakhand branch (N = 1496) were surveyed. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 17. Results: A response rate of 84% (N = 1257) was obtained, revealing that 90% (N = 1131) had the problem of MSD. Seventy three percentage (N = 826) of dentists with MSD reported the use of CAM and CT. Complementary and alternative medicine users reported greater overall health (72.7% vs. 51%, p < 0.001), job satisfaction (61.2% vs. 35%, p < 0.001) and work efficiency compared to CT users. Conclusions: Complementary and alternative medicine therapies may improve quality of life, reduce work interruption and enhance job satisfaction for dentists who suffers from MSD. Through the course of their studies, dentists should be equipped with knowledge on ergonomics and CAM therapies, such as yoga and others, to help them prevent musculoskeletal disorders more effectively. Med Pr 2014;65(3):317–323

Background: High prevalence rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) among dentists have been reported. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies can be helpful in managing and preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine if dental professionals are using CAM for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Who have greater job satisfaction: dentist who uses Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) or conventional therapy (CT) as a treatment modality for WRMSD Method : Dentists who registered in Uttar Pradesh state, India under Indian Dental Council, Uttar Pradesh branch (n=1134) were surveyed. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses and logistic regression. Result : A response rate of 53% (n=601) was obtained, revealing that 82% (n=487) of the respondents suffered from work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The use of complementary and alternative medicine or conventional therapy was reported among 80% (n=390) of the dentists with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Complementary and alternative medicine users reported greater overall health compared to conventional therapy users (P

We present experimental evidence to show that acetylcholine (ACh) causes decrease in shoot formation in leaf explants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller var Pusa Ruby) when cultured on shoot regeneration medium. The optimum response was obtained at 10(-4) M ACh-enriched medium. ACh also causes decrease in percentage of cultures forming callus and reduces the callus mass. Inhibitors of enzymatic hydrolysis of ACh, neostigmine and physostigmine, also suppresses callogenesis and caulogenesis. On the other hand, the breakdown products of Ach, choline and acetate, do not alter the morphogenic response induced on the shoot regeneration medium. Neostigmine showed optimal reduction in shoot formation at 10(-5) M. The explants cultured on neostigmine augmented medium showed decline in the activity of ACh hydrolyzing enzyme acetylcholinesterase. ACh and neostigmine added together showed marked reduction in callus mass. These results strongly support the role of ACh as a natural regulator of morphogenesis in tomato plants.

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is present in plants including bryophytes. The first biochemical evidence for ACh hydrolysis by enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) in bryophytes is presented. Thirty-nine species belonging to 16 families of bryophytes were surveyed for ChE activity. Thirty species belonging to 13 families showed ChE activity. Of the bryophytes tested, Anoectangium bicolor showed the highest ChE activity. Widespread distribution of ChE in bryophytes indicates their suitability as a system to study the role of ACh in plants.