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Abstract The goal of this experimental study was to quantify the influence of helical pitch and gantry rotation time on image quality and file size in ultrahigh-resolution photon-counting CT (UHR-PCCT). Cervical and lumbar spine, pelvis, and upper legs of two fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were subjected to nine dose-matched UHR-PCCT scan protocols employing a collimation of 120 × 0.2 mm with varying pitch (0.3/1.0/1.2) and rotation time (0.25/0.5/1.0 s). Image quality was analyzed independently by five radiologists and further substantiated by placing normed regions of interest to record mean signal attenuation and noise. Effective mAs, CT dose index (CTDIvol), size-specific dose estimate (SSDE), scan duration, and raw data file size were compared. Regardless of anatomical region, no significant difference was ascertained for CTDIvol (p ≥ 0.204) and SSDE (p ≥ 0.240) among protocols. While exam duration differed substantially (all p ≤ 0.016), the lowest scan time was recorded for high-pitch protocols (4.3 ± 1.0 s) and the highest for low-pitch protocols (43.6 ± 15.4 s). The combination of high helical pitch and short gantry rotation times produced the lowest perceived image quality (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.866; 95% confidence interval 0.807–0.910; p

The goal of this experimental study was to quantify the influence of helical pitch and gantry rotation time on image quality and file size in ultrahigh-resolution photon-counting CT (UHR-PCCT). Cervical and lumbar spine, pelvis, and upper legs of two fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were subjected to nine dose-matched UHR-PCCT scan protocols employing a collimation of 120 × 0.2 mm with varying pitch (0.3/1.0/1.2) and rotation time (0.25/0.5/1.0 s). Image quality was analyzed independently by five radiologists and further substantiated by placing normed regions of interest to record mean signal attenuation and noise. Effective mAs, CT dose index (CTDIvol), size-specific dose estimate (SSDE), scan duration, and raw data file size were compared. Regardless of anatomical region, no significant difference was ascertained for CTDIvol (p ≥ 0.204) and SSDE (p ≥ 0.240) among protocols. While exam duration differed substantially (all p ≤ 0.016), the lowest scan time was recorded for high-pitch protocols (4.3 ± 1.0 s) and the highest for low-pitch protocols (43.6 ± 15.4 s). The combination of high helical pitch and short gantry rotation times produced the lowest perceived image quality (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.866; 95% confidence interval 0.807–0.910; p < 0.001) and highest noise. Raw data size increased with acquisition time (15.4 ± 5.0 to 235.0 ± 83.5 GByte; p ≤ 0.013). Rotation time and pitch factor have considerable influence on image quality in UHR-PCCT and must therefore be chosen deliberately for different musculoskeletal imaging tasks. In examinations with long acquisition times, raw data size increases considerably, consequently limiting clinical applicability for larger scan volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encouraging and astonishing developments have recently been achieved in image-based diagnostic technology. Modern medical care and imaging technology are becoming increasingly inseparable. However, the current diagnosis pattern of signal to image to knowledge inevitably leads to information distortion and noise introduction in the procedure of image reconstruction (from signal to image). Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that can mine knowledge from vast amounts of data offer opportunities to disrupt established workflows. In this prospective study, for the first time, we develop an AI-based signal-to-knowledge diagnostic scheme for lung nodule classification directly from the computed tomography (CT) raw data (the signal). We find that the raw data achieves almost comparable performance with CT, indicating that it is possible to diagnose diseases without reconstructing images. Moreover, the incorporation of raw data through three common convolutional network structures greatly improves the performance of the CT models in all cohorts (with a gain ranging from 0.01 to 0.12), demonstrating that raw data contains diagnostic information that CT does not possess. Our results break new ground and demonstrate the potential for direct signal-to-knowledge domain analysis.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an indispensable tool for marine monitoring. Conventional data processing involves data down-linking and on-ground operations for image focusing, analysis, and ship detection. These steps take significant amount of time, resulting in potentially critical delays. In this work, we propose a ship detection algorithm that operates directly on raw SAR echoes, based on convolutional neural networks. To evaluate our approach, we performed experiments using raw data simulations and real raw SAR data from Sentinel-1 stripmap mode scenes. Preliminary results on this set show the capability of detecting multiple ships from raw data with similar accuracy as using single-look-complex images as input. Simultaneously, running time is reduced significantly, by-passing the image focusing step. This illustrates the great potential of deep learning, moving toward more intelligent SAR systems.

This article explores methods for processing unstructured data using an analytical platform. The authors analyze existing methods and propose new approaches for data processing. They discuss the use of spectral processing and noise removal techniques to improve the accuracy of statistical analysis. The authors emphasize the importance of processing raw data and highlight the need for analytics platforms to handle large volumes of data. Overall, this paper contributes to the development of raw data processing technologies and emphasizes the importance of obtaining accurate results from any data source. [Extracted from the article]

The Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale is a 7-item psychometric scale developed by Freeman and colleagues a year after detecting the first case of the disease in 2019. The scale assesses people's thoughts, feelings, and behavior toward COVID-19 vaccines. A comprehensive search of major electronic databases, including Scopus, Clarivate Analytics, and PubMed, was conducted to extract eligible articles for inclusion in this meta-analysis. This paper reports information on data collected for a reliability generalization meta-analysis of the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale. The dataset incorporates information on the average reliability of the scale as measured with Cronbach's alpha in 20 studies included in the meta-analysis. Several benefits can be derived from the dataset. In particular, the research community would find this dataset beneficial as it can enhance their understanding of the health challenges of COVID-19, helping them come up with better solutions to eradicate the disease.

The miniaturisation and decrease of price are amongst the main current trends in the area of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. Besides standalone receivers also receivers incorporated into Android devices can provide raw GNSS measurements thus enabling much wider options, formerly restricted to devices of much higher price. The article describes two datasets. The first was collected using a Xiaomi Mi 8 smartphone with and without application of a simple ground plane. In the second we compared a smartphone receiver (Google Pixel 5) with a standalone low-cost receiver (u-Blox ZED F9P). In both cases the datasets consist of multiple measurement sessions, also considering the conditions where the reception of GNSS signals was obstructed by trees’ canopy. The datasets are focused on repeatability (multiple measurements), influence of external conditions (canopy and foliage state) and the devices used.

The article discusses methods for processing unstructured data using an analytical platform. The authors analyze existing methods and technologies used to implement data processing and propose new approaches to solving this problem. The possibilities of using analytical platforms to solve the problem of processing source data are considered. The purpose of the article is to explore the possibilities of data import, partial preprocessing, missing data recovery, anomaly removal, spectral processing and noise removal. The authors explored how analytics platforms can function without a data warehouse, obtaining information from any other sources, but the most optimal way is to use them together, and how big data and unstructured data can be processed using an analytics platform. The authors solved a specific problem related to processing problems and proposed ways to solve them using an analytical platform. Particular attention is paid to a complete set of mechanisms that allows you to obtain information from any data source, carry out the entire processing cycle and display the results. Overall, the paper represents an important contribution to the development of raw data processing technologies. The authors plan to continue research in the field of processing big unstructured data.

In the L Area, big data techniques are employed to manage the principal controlling factors of coalbed methane (CBM) production, thereby regulating single-well output. Nonetheless, conventional data cleansing and the use of arbitrary thresholds may result in an overemphasis on certain controlling factors, compromising the design and feasibility of optimization schemes. This study introduces a novel approach that leverages raw data without data cleaning and eschews artificial threshold setting for controlling factor identification. The methodology supplements previously overlooked controlling factors, proposing a more pragmatic CBM production adjustment scheme. In addition to the initial five controlling factors, this approach incorporates three additional ones, namely, dynamic fluid level state, drainage velocity, and fracturing displacement. This study presents a practical application case study of the proposed approach, demonstrating its ability to reduce reservoir damage during the coal fracturing process and enhance output through seal adjustments. Utilizing the full spectrum of original data and minimizing human intervention thresholds enriches the information available for model training, thereby facilitating the development of a more efficacious model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three kinds of raw data in Daniel 11,2b-12,3 carry crucial implications for interpretation. First, these verses comprise one discourse unit beginning with literal language. Therefore, the entire unit is basically literal. Accordingly, 11,2b-12,3 is the third angelic explanation (with elaboration) of the symbolic vision in 8,3-14, following explanations in 8,17; 19-26 and 9,24-27. Second, these three parallel explanations share intratextual terminological points of contact. So contexts of words in chapters 8 and 9 reappearing in chapter 11 illuminate similar contexts in chapter 11. Third, matching language of literary profiles in Daniel 11 to historical events requires accurate identification of raw historical data. Thus, verse 40 does not predict the "mortal wound" of the church of Rome inflicted by atheistic France in A.D. 1798. In verses 40-43, the religious-political church, the "king of the north," defeats the religious-political "king of the south": Islamic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive testing technology that is widely applied in infrastructure maintenance, archaeological research, military operations, and other geological studies. A crucial step in GPR data processing is the detection and classification of underground structures and buried objects, including reinforcement bars, landmines, pipelines, bedrock, and underground cavities. With the development of machine learning algorithms, traditional methods such as SVM, K-NN, ANN, and HMM, as well as deep learning algorithms, have gradually been incorporated into A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan GPR image processing. This paper provides a summary of the typical machine learning and deep learning algorithms employed in the field of GPR and categorizes them based on the feature extraction method or classifier used. Additionally, this work discusses the sources and forms of data utilized in these studies. Finally, potential future development directions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Over the last decade use of raw acceleration metrics to assess physical activity has increased. Metrics such as Euclidean Norm Minus One (ENMO), and Mean Amplitude Deviation (MAD) can be used to generate metrics which describe physical activity volume (average acceleration), intensity distribution (intensity gradient), and intensity of the most active periods (MX metrics) of the day. Presently, relatively little comparative data for these metrics exists in youth. To address this need, this study presents age- and sex-specific reference percentile values in England youth and compares physical activity volume and intensity profiles by age and sex. Methods Wrist-worn accelerometer data from 10 studies involving youth aged 5 to 15 y were pooled. Weekday and weekend waking hours were first calculated for youth in school Years (Y) 1&2, Y4&5, Y6&7, and Y8&9 to determine waking hours durations by age-groups and day types. A valid waking hours day was defined as accelerometer wear for ≥ 600 min·d−1 and participants with ≥ 3 valid weekdays and ≥ 1 valid weekend day were included. Mean ENMO- and MAD-generated average acceleration, intensity gradient, and MX metrics were calculated and summarised as weighted week averages. Sex-specific smoothed percentile curves were generated for each metric using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape. Linear mixed models examined age and sex differences. Results The analytical sample included 1250 participants. Physical activity peaked between ages 6.5–10.5 y, depending on metric. For all metrics the highest activity levels occurred in less active participants (3rd-50th percentile) and girls, 0.5 to 1.5 y earlier than more active peers, and boys, respectively. Irrespective of metric, boys were more active than girls (p

In the field of autonomous driving, cameras are crucial sensors for providing information about a vehicle’s environment. Image quality refers to a camera system’s ability to capture, process, and display signals to form an image. Historically, “good quality” in this context refers to images that have been processed by an Image Signal Processor (ISP) designed with the goal of providing the optimal experience for human consumption. However, image quality perceived by humans may not always result in optimal conditions for computer vision. In the context of human consumption, image quality is well documented and understood. Image quality for computer vision applications, such as those in the autonomous vehicle industry, requires more research. Fully autonomous vehicles inevitably encounter constraints concerning data storage, transmission speed, and energy consumption. This is a result of enormous amounts of data being generated by the vehicle from suites made up of multiple different sensors. We propose a potential optimization along the computer vision pipeline, by completely bypassing the ISP block for a class of applications. We demonstrate that doing so has a negligible impact on the performance of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) object detectors. The results also highlight the benefits of using raw pre-ISP data, in the context of computation and energy savings achieved by removing the ISP.

Background: Functional capacity assessment is a critical step in the preoperative evaluation to identify patients at increased risk of cardiac complications and disability after major noncardiac surgery. Smartphones offer the potential to objectively measure functional capacity but are limited by inaccuracy in patients with poor functional capacity. Open-source methods exist to analyze accelerometer data to estimate gait cadence (steps/min), which is directly associated with activity intensity. Here, we used an updated Step Test smartphone application with an open-source method to analyze accelerometer data to estimate gait cadence and functional capacity in older adults. Methods: We performed a prospective observational cohort study within the Frailty, Activity, Body Composition and Energy Expenditure in Aging study at the University of Chicago. Participants completed the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) and performed an in-clinic 6-min walk test (6MWT) while using the Step Test application on a study smartphone. Gait cadence was measured from the raw accelerometer data using an adaptive empirical pattern transformation method, which has been previously validated. A 6MWT distance of 370 m was used as an objective threshold to identify patients at high risk. We performed multivariable logistic regression to predict walking distance using a priori explanatory variables. Results: Sixty patients were enrolled in the study. Thirty-seven patients completed the protocol and were included in the final data analysis. The median (IQR) age of the overall cohort was 71 (69–74) years, with a body mass index of 31 (27–32). There were no differences in any clinical characteristics or functional measures between participants that were able to walk 370 m during the 6MWT and those that could not walk that distance. Median (IQR) gait cadence for the entire cohort was 110 (102–114) steps/min during the 6MWT. Median (IQR) gait cadence was higher in participants that walked more than 370 m during the 6MWT 112 (108–118) versus 106 (96–114) steps/min; p = 0.0157). The final multivariable model to identify participants that could not walk 370 m included only median gait cadence. The Youden’s index cut-point was 107 steps/min with a sensitivity of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.85) and a specificity of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.59) and an AUCROC of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.87). Conclusions: Our pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of using gait cadence as a measure to estimate functional capacity. Our study was limited by a smaller than expected sample size due to COVID-19, and thus, a prospective study with preoperative patients that measures outcomes is necessary to validate our findings.

Background: Over the last decade use of raw acceleration metrics to assess physical activity has increased. Metrics such as Euclidean Norm Minus One (ENMO), and Mean Amplitude Deviation (MAD) can be used to generate metrics which describe physical activity volume (average acceleration), intensity distribution (intensity gradient), and intensity of the most active periods (MX metrics) of the day. Presently, relatively little comparative data for these metrics exists in youth. To address this need, this study presents age- and sex-specific reference percentile values in England youth and compares physical activity volume and intensity profiles by age and sex. Methods: Wrist-worn accelerometer data from 10 studies involving youth aged 5 to 15 y were pooled. Weekday and weekend waking hours were first calculated for youth in school Years (Y) 1&2, Y4&5, Y6&7, and Y8&9 to determine waking hours durations by age-groups and day types. A valid waking hours day was defined as accelerometer wear for ≥ 600 min·d−1 and participants with ≥ 3 valid weekdays and ≥ 1 valid weekend day were included. Mean ENMO- and MAD-generated average acceleration, intensity gradient, and MX metrics were calculated and summarised as weighted week averages. Sex-specific smoothed percentile curves were generated for each metric using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape. Linear mixed models examined age and sex differences. Results: The analytical sample included 1250 participants. Physical activity peaked between ages 6.5–10.5 y, depending on metric. For all metrics the highest activity levels occurred in less active participants (3rd-50th percentile) and girls, 0.5 to 1.5 y earlier than more active peers, and boys, respectively. Irrespective of metric, boys were more active than girls (p <.001) and physical activity was lowest in the Y8&9 group, particularly when compared to the Y1&2 group (p <.001). Conclusions: Percentile reference values for average acceleration, intensity gradient, and MX metrics have utility in describing age- and sex-specific values for physical activity volume and intensity in youth. There is a need to generate nationally-representative wrist-acceleration population-referenced norms for these metrics to further facilitate health-related physical activity research and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of the attacker profile is often used in risk analysis tasks such as cyber attack forecasting, security incident investigations and security decision support. The attacker profile is a set of attributes characterising an attacker and their behaviour. This paper analyzes the research in the area of attacker modelling and presents the analysis results as a classification of attacker models, attributes and risk analysis techniques that are used to construct the attacker models. The authors introduce a formal two-level attacker model that consists of high-level attributes calculated using low-level attributes that are in turn calculated on the basis of the raw security data. To specify the low-level attributes, the authors performed a series of experiments with datasets of attacks. Firstly, the requirements of the datasets for the experiments were specified in order to select the appropriate datasets, and, afterwards, the applicability of the attributes formed on the basis of such nominal parameters as bash commands and event logs to calculate high-level attributes was evaluated. The results allow us to conclude that attack team profiles can be differentiated using nominal parameters such as bash history logs. At the same time, accurate attacker profiling requires the extension of the low-level attributes list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EEG signals are interpreted, analyzed and classified by many researchers for use in brain–computer interfaces. Although there are many different EEG signal acquisition methods, one of the most interesting is motor imagery signals. Many different signal processing methods, machine learning and deep learning models have been developed for the classification of motor imagery signals. Among these, Convolutional Neural Network models generally achieve better results than other models. Because the size and shape of the data is important for training Convolutional Neural Network models and discovering the right relationships, researchers have designed and experimented with many different input shape structures. However, no study has been found in the literature evaluating the effect of different input shapes on model performance and accuracy. In this study, the effects of different input shapes on model performance and accuracy in the classification of EEG motor imagery signals were investigated, which had not been specifically studied before. In addition, signal preprocessing methods, which take a long time before classification, were not used; rather, two CNN models were developed for training and classification using raw data. Two different datasets, BCI Competition IV 2A and 2B, were used in classification processes. For different input shapes, 53.03–89.29% classification accuracy and 2–23 s epoch time were obtained for 2A dataset, 64.84–84.94% classification accuracy and 4–10 s epoch time were obtained for 2B dataset. This study showed that the input shape has a significant effect on the classification performance, and when the correct input shape is selected and the correct CNN architecture is developed, feature extraction and classification can be done well by the CNN architecture without any signal preprocessing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies on indoor positioning using Wi-Fi fingerprinting are motivated by the ubiquity of Wi-Fi networks and their promising positioning accuracy. Machine learning algorithms are commonly leveraged in indoor positioning works. The performance of machine learning based solutions are dependent on the availability, volume, quality, and diversity of related data. Several public datasets have been published in order to foster advancements in Wi-Fi based fingerprinting indoor positioning solutions. These datasets, however, lack dual-band Wi-Fi data within symmetric indoor environments. To fill this gap, this research work presents the UTMInDualSymFi dataset, as a source of dual-band Wi-Fi data, acquired within multiple residential buildings with symmetric deployment of access points. UTMInDualSymFi comprises the recorded dual-band raw data, training and test datasets, radio maps and supporting metadata. Additionally, a statistical radio map construction algorithm is presented. Benchmark performance was evaluated by implementing a machine-learning-based positioning algorithm on the dataset. In general, higher accuracy was observed, on the 5 GHz data scenarios. This systematically collected dataset enables the development and validation of future comprehensive solutions, inclusive of novel preprocessing, radio map construction, and positioning algorithms. Dataset: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7260097 Dataset License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we suggest a blueprint for an ideal open-access repository for clinical trial data with a description of a model of such a repository using a business process analysis approach. Firstly, we suggested which features an ideal repository should have. Secondly, we used business process management software to describe the whole process, from the decision to share clinical trial data to either publication of data in a repository or discarding data. The research community, legislators and society at large should be interested in a transparent open-access repository that will host clinical trial data. We hope this work can inspire relevant stakeholders to engage in discussion about the necessity of creating such repository, and that we will witness the creation of such a repository in the near future.

The data presentation is one of the segments of the methodology in every research depending on the approach. The methodology, therefore, refers to the design and the theory that underpins the research. The paper contained a detailed explanation of the steps taken from the researcher’s interactions with the raw data and how such data was presented or analyzed. The data processing used observations, interviews, and audio recordings to have a balanced presentation. The pattern of ideas in data presentation involved familiarizing with the data to generate initial codes, searching for themes, defining and producing the report. Thus, the paper gives the reader a clear view of how qualitative data are presented and discussed with credibility. It is recommended that a researcher must rely on a wide range of sources of data that would help to produce an in-depth and holistic portrait of the participants' experiences.

This is a quantitative methodological study for the validation of a research instrument. It aimed to validate the data from the TrackHealth accelerometry device. The sample consisted of 30 adult individuals of both sexes selected by convenience who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The physical activity monitors used for the research protocol were the ActiGraph® wGT3X-BT triaxial accelerometer and the TrackHealth accelerometer (TH). The activity protocol consisted of 4 (four) activities (walking at 4.8 and 6.4 km h¹ and running at 9.7 and 12 km h¹) performed in the laboratory, on an Ibramed treadmill, lasting 5 (five) minutes at each stage. A difference was found between the raw acceleration data of the two devices, however the TrackHealth device showed higher sensitivity at speeds of 4.8 and 6.4 km/h, and a high level of agreement (2.7-2.8%) at the initial speeds of the magnitude vectors. However, there is still a need for improvement in the functioning of the device, so that TrackHealth can be commercialized.

In recent years, there is a significant interest from the crystallographic and materials science communities to have access to raw diffraction data. The effort in archiving raw data for access by the user community is spearheaded by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Committee on Data. In materials science, where powder diffraction is extensively used, the challenge in archiving raw data is different to that from single crystal data, owing to the very nature of the contributions involved. Powder diffraction (X-ray or neutron) data consist of contributions from the material under study as well as instrument specific parameters. Having raw powder diffraction data can be essential in cases of analysing materials with poor crystallinity, disorder, micro structure (size/strain) etc. Here, the initiative and progress made by the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD R ) in archiving powder X-ray diffraction raw data in the Powder Diffraction File TM (PDF R ) database is outlined. The upcoming 2025 release of the PDF-5+ database will have more than 20 800 raw powder diffraction patterns that are available for reference., (open access.)

o-Nitroaniline, C6H6N2O3, is known to be polymorphic. The α-form is probably amorphous, while the β- and γ-forms are crystalline. Difficulties with the unit-cell determination of the γ-form were reported as a consequence of twinning. In this paper, newly recorded diffraction data of the γ-form of o-nitroaniline are described that were processed taking into account the two twin lattices. Data were partly deconvoluted and much better agreement was obtained in terms of R1 values and C—C bond precision. The availability of raw data and proper reprocessing using twin lattices is by far superior to efforts to de-twin processed structure factors.

In the L Area, big data techniques are employed to manage the principal controlling factors of coalbed methane (CBM) production, thereby regulating single-well output. Nonetheless, conventional data cleansing and the use of arbitrary thresholds may result in an overemphasis on certain controlling factors, compromising the design and feasibility of optimization schemes. This study introduces a novel approach that leverages raw data without data cleaning and eschews artificial threshold setting for controlling factor identification. The methodology supplements previously overlooked controlling factors, proposing a more pragmatic CBM production adjustment scheme. In addition to the initial five controlling factors, this approach incorporates three additional ones, namely, dynamic fluid level state, drainage velocity, and fracturing displacement. This study presents a practical application case study of the proposed approach, demonstrating its ability to reduce reservoir damage during the coal fracturing process and enhance output through seal adjustments. Utilizing the full spectrum of original data and minimizing human intervention thresholds enriches the information available for model training, thereby facilitating the development of a more efficacious model.

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive testing technology that is widely applied in infrastructure maintenance, archaeological research, military operations, and other geological studies. A crucial step in GPR data processing is the detection and classification of underground structures and buried objects, including reinforcement bars, landmines, pipelines, bedrock, and underground cavities. With the development of machine learning algorithms, traditional methods such as SVM, K-NN, ANN, and HMM, as well as deep learning algorithms, have gradually been incorporated into A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan GPR image processing. This paper provides a summary of the typical machine learning and deep learning algorithms employed in the field of GPR and categorizes them based on the feature extraction method or classifier used. Additionally, this work discusses the sources and forms of data utilized in these studies. Finally, potential future development directions are presented.

In a chemical analysis laboratory, sample detection via most analytical devices obtains raw data and processes it to validate data reports, including raw data filtering, editing, effectiveness evaluation, error correction, etc. This process is usually carried out manually by analysts. When the sample detection volume is large, the data processing involved becomes time-consuming and laborious, and manual errors may be introduced. In addition, analytical laboratories typically use a variety of analytical devices with different measurement principles, leading to the use of various heterogeneous control software systems from different vendors with different export data formats. Different formats introduce difficulties to laboratory automation. This paper proposes a modular data evaluation system that uses a global unified management and maintenance mode that can automatically filter data, evaluate quality, generate valid reports, and distribute reports. This modular software design concept allows the proposed system to be applied to different analytical devices; its integration into existing laboratory information management systems (LIMS) could maximise automation and improve the analysis and testing quality and efficiency in a chemical analysis laboratory, while meeting the analysis and testing requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile industries and the manufacturing revolution leads to a large extend of risk and hazards to automobile workers. The modern automobile industries are complicated because of various breakthroughs in technological innovations and based on the nature of operation with hazards of assorted degrees at every stage. This paper aims in identifying the hazards to evaluate and compare the rate of risk. The proposed framework comprises three diverse levels such as the data collection phase, data processing phase and risk prediction phase. In the data collection phase, the data gathered from the automobile manufacturing industry located in Tamil Nadu region is taken for investigation. In the data processing phase, raw data obtained from cameras and sensors are processed and the features are then extracted and selected for prediction purposes. In the risk prediction phase, the risk is predicted and classified into four levels namely level 1 (Extreme risk level), level 2 (High risk level), level 3 (Medium risk level), and level 4 (Low risk level) using deep convolutional neural network-hybrid Aquila optimizer (DCNN-HAO) approach. Regarding the evaluation of the proposed model, few performance measures namely area of under curve (AUC), area under receiving operation characteristics (ROC), false positive rate (FPR) and true positive rate (TPR) are evaluated. The experimental investigations are performed and graphical evaluation revealed that the proposed technique achieves better performances than other techniques. This confirms that the superiority and feasibility of the proposed DCNN-HAO approach that accurately predicts the risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remarkable features are reported in the diffraction pattern produced by a crystal of the second extracellular domain of tetraspanin CD9 (deemed CD9EC2), the structure of which has been described previously [Oosterheert et al. (2020), Life Sci. Alliance, 3, e202000883]. CD9EC2 crystallized in space group P1 and was twinned. Two types of diffuse streaks are observed. The stronger diffuse streaks are related to the twinning and occur in the direction perpendicular to the twinning interface. It is concluded that the twin domains scatter coherently as both Bragg reflections and diffuse streaks are seen. The weaker streaks along c* are unrelated to the twinning but are caused by intermittent layers of non-crystallographic symmetry related molecules. It is envisaged that the raw diffraction images could be very useful for methods developers trying to remove the diffuse scattering to extract accurate Bragg intensities or using it to model the effect of packing disorder on the molecular structure.

Modern data-driven research has the power to promote novel biomedical discoveries through secondary analyses of raw data. Therefore, it is important to ensure data-driven research with great reproducibility and robustness for promoting a precise and accurate secondary analysis of the immunogenomics data. In scientific research, rigorous conduct in designing and conducting experiments is needed, specifically in scientific writing and reporting results. It is also crucial to make raw data available, discoverable, and well described or annotated in order to promote future re-analysis of the data. In order to assess the data availability of published T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire data, we examined 11,918 TCR-Seq samples corresponding to 134 TCR-Seq studies ranging from 2006 to 2022. Among the 134 studies, only 38.1% had publicly available raw TCR-Seq data shared in public repositories. We also found a statistically significant association between the presence of data availability statements and the increase in raw data availability (p = 0.014). Yet, 46.8% of studies with data availability statements failed to share the raw TCRSeq data. There is a pressing need for the biomedical community to increase awareness of the importance of promoting raw data availability in scientific research and take immediate action to improve its raw data availability enabling cost-effective secondary analysis of existing immunogenomics data by the larger scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performing the entire transition from raw data to reportable statistics can pose difficulties: it takes time, it allows various mistakes (that may or may not go unnoticed), and there are no general guidelines on how to proceed with this task. One particularly useful tool for this transition is the R programming language. However, how to use R for this is not trivial, especially for novices. The present paper serves as a step-by-step yet fast tutorial on how to make all the steps from raw data files to all the statistics normally needed in a conventional psychological experiment (including ANOVA and t-tests). At the same time, it also introduces the R package \fontencoding {T1}\texttt {neatStats}, which was created for the very purpose of making these steps as easy and straightforward as possible.

Purpose: Methodologies for optimization of SPECT image acquisition can be challenging due to imaging throughput, physiological bias, and patient comfort constraints. We evaluated a vendor‐independent method for simulating lower count image acquisitions. Methods: We developed an algorithm that recombines the ECG‐gated raw data into reduced counting acquisitions. We then tested the algorithm to simulate reduction of counting statistics from phantom SPECT image acquisition, which was synchronized with an ECG simulator. The datasets were reconstructed with a resolution recovery algorithm and the summed stress score (SSS) was assessed by three readers (two experts and one automatic). Results: The algorithm generated varying counting levels, simulating multiple examinations at the same time. The error between the expected and the simulated countings ranged from approximately 5% to 10% for the ungated simulations and 0% for the gated simulations. Conclusions: The vendor‐independent algorithm successfully generated lower counting statistics datasets from single‐gated SPECT raw data. This method can be readily implemented for optimal SPECT research aiming to lower the injected activity and/ or to shorten the acquisition time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the literature, one of the means that institutions can use for an in-depth understanding of the results, as well as the causes that enhance (or limit) them, is bibliometrics and the construction of bibliometric research indicators. However, there are few studies that illustrate, based on data from a real research institution, the benefits that bibliometrics could provide when there is no systematic approach to the treatment of data from the scientific production carried out by the institution. In this sense, the objective of this work illustrates the potential of bibliometric indicators in the treatment of scientific production data from a research institution that does not systematically carry out this treatment. The research is classified as descriptive with an analytical approach and bibliometrics was used as a technique for analyzing information. As an example, the research was applied to the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo. The results present the creation and interpretation, from the raw data, of several bibliometric indicators. It is concluded that the use of bibliometrics can convert unprotected data into an understanding of the research carried out by the institution, as well as generate useful insights to expand its results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract A reproducibility crisis is a situation where many scientific studies cannot be reproduced. Inappropriate practices of science, such as HARKing, p-hacking, and selective reporting of positive results, have been suggested as causes of irreproducibility. In this editorial, I propose that a lack of raw data or data fabrication is another possible cause of irreproducibility. As an Editor-in-Chief of Molecular Brain, I have handled 180 manuscripts since early 2017 and have made 41 editorial decisions categorized as “Revise before review,” requesting that the authors provide raw data. Surprisingly, among those 41 manuscripts, 21 were withdrawn without providing raw data, indicating that requiring raw data drove away more than half of the manuscripts. I rejected 19 out of the remaining 20 manuscripts because of insufficient raw data. Thus, more than 97% of the 41 manuscripts did not present the raw data supporting their results when requested by an editor, suggesting a possibility that the raw data did not exist from the beginning, at least in some portions of these cases. Considering that any scientific study should be based on raw data, and that data storage space should no longer be a challenge, journals, in principle, should try to have their authors publicize raw data in a public database or journal site upon the publication of the paper to increase reproducibility of the published results and to increase public trust in science.

Abstract Background As Next Generation Sequencing technologies are increasingly implemented in biomedical research and (translational) care, the number of study participants and patients who ask for release of their genomic raw data is set to increase. This raises the question whether research participants and patients have a legal and moral right to receive their genomic raw data and, if so, how this right should be implemented into practice. Methods In a first step we clarify some central concepts such as “raw data”; in a second step we sketch the international legal framework. The third step provides an extensive ethical analysis which comprehends two parts: an evaluation of whether there is a prima facie moral right to receive one’s raw data, and a contextualization and discussion of the right in light of potentially conflicting interests and rights of the data subject herself and third parties; in a last fourth step we emphasize the main practical consequences of the ethical analyses and propose recommendations for the release of raw data. Results In several legislations like the new European General Data Protection Regulation, patients do in principle have the right to receive their raw data. However, the procedural implementation of this right and whether it involves genetic counselling is at the discretion of the Member States. Even more questions remain with respect to the research context. The ethical analysis suggests that patients and research subjects have a moral right to receive their genomic raw data and addresses aspects which are also of relevance for the legal discussion such as the costs of release of raw data and its impact on academic freedom. Conclusion Taking into account the specific nature and implications of genomic raw data and the contexts of research and health care, several concerns and potentially conflicting interests of the data subjects themselves and involved researchers, physicians, biomedical institutions and relatives arise. Instead of using them to argue in favor of restrictions of the data subjects’ legal and moral right to genomic raw data, the concerns should be addressed through provision of information and other measures. To this end, we propose relevant recommendations.

This article discusses the sea level determination using raw intermediate frequency data transmitted from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and received by spaceborne GNSS-Reflectometry satellites, TechDemoSat-1. The reflected signals scattered from a sea ice surface and a rough sea surface are investigated. The altimetry method based on the bistatic group delay (code phase) from GNSS signals for sea level estimation are introduced. The two raw IF datasets recorded on January 18 and 27, 2015 for a duration of 40 s are analyzed to drain more information than Level 1 data. The results show a good consistence with mean sea surface (MSS) model. The orbit error of the GNSS-R satellite is corrected by a proposed method that combines the MSS and the least squares solution, which help evaluate the actual altimetry precision. The defect of fixed temporal resolution and fixed four onboard processing channels of Level 1 data can be improved by postprocessing using software define receiver to mine more information, so as to explore the potential. At the end, fake high signal-to-noise ratio Doppler delay maps from the raw data are analyzed, which provides a reference for the altimetry of GNSS-R technique using raw data.

The notion of the attacker profile is often used in risk analysis tasks such as cyber attack forecasting, security incident investigations and security decision support. The attacker profile is a set of attributes characterising an attacker and their behaviour. This paper analyzes the research in the area of attacker modelling and presents the analysis results as a classification of attacker models, attributes and risk analysis techniques that are used to construct the attacker models. The authors introduce a formal two-level attacker model that consists of high-level attributes calculated using low-level attributes that are in turn calculated on the basis of the raw security data. To specify the low-level attributes, the authors performed a series of experiments with datasets of attacks. Firstly, the requirements of the datasets for the experiments were specified in order to select the appropriate datasets, and, afterwards, the applicability of the attributes formed on the basis of such nominal parameters as bash commands and event logs to calculate high-level attributes was evaluated. The results allow us to conclude that attack team profiles can be differentiated using nominal parameters such as bash history logs. At the same time, accurate attacker profiling requires the extension of the low-level attributes list.

EEG signals are interpreted, analyzed and classified by many researchers for use in brain–computer interfaces. Although there are many different EEG signal acquisition methods, one of the most interesting is motor imagery signals. Many different signal processing methods, machine learning and deep learning models have been developed for the classification of motor imagery signals. Among these, Convolutional Neural Network models generally achieve better results than other models. Because the size and shape of the data is important for training Convolutional Neural Network models and discovering the right relationships, researchers have designed and experimented with many different input shape structures. However, no study has been found in the literature evaluating the effect of different input shapes on model performance and accuracy. In this study, the effects of different input shapes on model performance and accuracy in the classification of EEG motor imagery signals were investigated, which had not been specifically studied before. In addition, signal preprocessing methods, which take a long time before classification, were not used; rather, two CNN models were developed for training and classification using raw data. Two different datasets, BCI Competition IV 2A and 2B, were used in classification processes. For different input shapes, 53.03–89.29% classification accuracy and 2–23 s epoch time were obtained for 2A dataset, 64.84–84.94% classification accuracy and 4–10 s epoch time were obtained for 2B dataset. This study showed that the input shape has a significant effect on the classification performance, and when the correct input shape is selected and the correct CNN architecture is developed, feature extraction and classification can be done well by the CNN architecture without any signal preprocessing.

Recent studies on indoor positioning using Wi-Fi fingerprinting are motivated by the ubiquity of Wi-Fi networks and their promising positioning accuracy. Machine learning algorithms are commonly leveraged in indoor positioning works. The performance of machine learning based solutions are dependent on the availability, volume, quality, and diversity of related data. Several public datasets have been published in order to foster advancements in Wi-Fi based fingerprinting indoor positioning solutions. These datasets, however, lack dual-band Wi-Fi data within symmetric indoor environments. To fill this gap, this research work presents the UTMInDualSymFi dataset, as a source of dual-band Wi-Fi data, acquired within multiple residential buildings with symmetric deployment of access points. UTMInDualSymFi comprises the recorded dual-band raw data, training and test datasets, radio maps and supporting metadata. Additionally, a statistical radio map construction algorithm is presented. Benchmark performance was evaluated by implementing a machine-learning-based positioning algorithm on the dataset. In general, higher accuracy was observed, on the 5 GHz data scenarios. This systematically collected dataset enables the development and validation of future comprehensive solutions, inclusive of novel preprocessing, radio map construction, and positioning algorithms.

In order to play back the operation process of the coal mine monitoring system in the laboratory, analyze the problems in the field system, and simulate the field environment for system debugging, a data playback system is established based on coal mine safety monitoring system. Through the real-time storage of raw data from underground hardware equipment, the original data in a certain period of time are selected for data input, processing and playback rehearsal of the monitoring system, which can effectively find out various problems existing in the monitoring system.

Intelligent fault diagnosis has been widely used for mechanical fault diagnosis. Most intelligent diagnostic methods extract fault features from the frequency domain or other domains, instead of from raw data. Given that converting raw data to other domains will cause a partial loss of information, this study is based on feature extraction from raw vibration data. However, there are some difficulties in extracting features from time domain data: 1) raw vibration data lacks regularity compared to the frequency domain data signal, making it difficult to extract features from it; 2) the number of labeled samples is so small that the deep neural networks can easily be over-fitted, making their generalization ability excessively poor; and 3) too many parameters in the neural networks need to be adjusted, such as learning rate, and the convergence speed is slow. To overcome the aforementioned difficulties, this study proposes the following three methods: 1) a sample segmentation method to effectively improve the feature extraction from raw data; 2) a data augmentation method for raw vibration data, which can increase the number of samples; and 3) the use of the scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) algorithm in the networks to quickly learn sample features without other parameters such as learning rate. Bearing and rotor datasets are used to validate the performance of the proposed methods. The results indicate that the methods obtain superior performance for feature learning and classification compared with the existing ones in the field of induction rotating machinery fault diagnosis.

In this article, we suggest a blueprint for an ideal open-access repository for clinical trial data with a description of a model of such a repository using a business process analysis approach. Firstly, we suggested which features an ideal repository should have. Secondly, we used business process management software to describe the whole process, from the decision to share clinical trial data to either publication of data in a repository or discarding data. The research community, legislators and society at large should be interested in a transparent open-access repository that will host clinical trial data. We hope this work can inspire relevant stakeholders to engage in discussion about the necessity of creating such repository, and that we will witness the creation of such a repository in the near future.

In a chemical analysis laboratory, sample detection via most analytical devices obtains raw data and processes it to validate data reports, including raw data filtering, editing, effectiveness evaluation, error correction, etc. This process is usually carried out manually by analysts. When the sample detection volume is large, the data processing involved becomes time-consuming and laborious, and manual errors may be introduced. In addition, analytical laboratories typically use a variety of analytical devices with different measurement principles, leading to the use of various heterogeneous control software systems from different vendors with different export data formats. Different formats introduce difficulties to laboratory automation. This paper proposes a modular data evaluation system that uses a global unified management and maintenance mode that can automatically filter data, evaluate quality, generate valid reports, and distribute reports. This modular software design concept allows the proposed system to be applied to different analytical devices; its integration into existing laboratory information management systems (LIMS) could maximise automation and improve the analysis and testing quality and efficiency in a chemical analysis laboratory, while meeting the analysis and testing requirements.

The Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale is a 7-item psychometric scale developed by Freeman and colleagues a year after detecting the first case of the disease in 2019. The scale assesses people's thoughts, feelings, and behavior toward COVID-19 vaccines. A comprehensive search of major electronic databases, including Scopus, Clarivate Analytics, and PubMed, was conducted to extract eligible articles for inclusion in this meta-analysis. This paper reports information on data collected for a reliability generalization meta-analysis of the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale. The dataset incorporates information on the average reliability of the scale as measured with Cronbach's alpha in 20 studies included in the meta-analysis. Several benefits can be derived from the dataset. In particular, the research community would find this dataset beneficial as it can enhance their understanding of the health challenges of COVID-19, helping them come up with better solutions to eradicate the disease., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Here we present datasets provided by a SCINDA GNSS receiver installed in the Lisbon airport area from November of 2014 to July of 2019. The installed equipment is a NovAtel EURO4 with a JAVAD Choke-Ring antenna. The data are in an archived format and include the general messages on quality of records (*.msg), RANGE files (*.rng), raw observables as the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios, pseudoranges and phases (*.obs), receiver position information (*.psn), ionosphere scintillations monitor (ISMRB; *.ism) and ionospheric parameters: total electron content (TEC), rate of change of TEC index (ROTI), and the scintillation index S4 (*.scn). The presented data cover the full 2015 year. The raw data are of 1-min resolution and available for each of the receiver-satellite pairs. The processing and the analysis of the ionosphere scintillation datasets can be done using a specific ''SCINDA-Iono'' toolbox for the MATLAB developed by T. Barlyaeva in 2019 and available online via MathWorks File Exchange system. The toolbox calculates 1-h means for ionospheric parameters for each of the available receiver-satellite pairs and averaged over all available satellites during the analyzed hour. Here we present the processed data for the following months in 2015: March, June, October, and December. The months were selected as containing most significant geomagnetic events of 2015. The 1-h means for other months can be obtained from the raw data using the aforementioned toolbox. The provided datasets are interesting for the GNSS and ionosphere based scientific communities.

The scientific community encourages the use of raw data graphs to improve the reliability and transparency of the results presented in articles. However, the current methods used to visualize raw data are limited to one or two numerical variables per graph and/or small sample sizes. In the behavioral sciences, numerous variables must be plotted together in order to gain insight into the behavior in question. In this article, we present ViSiElse, an R-package offering a new approach in the visualization of raw data. ViSiElse was developed with the open-source software R to visualize behavioral observations over time based on raw time data extracted from visually recorded sessions of experimental observations. ViSiElse gives a global overview of a process by creating a visualization of the timestamps for multiple actions and all participants into a single graph; individual or group behavior can then be easily assessed. Additional features allow users to further inspect their data by including summary statistics and time constraints.

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structural biology by providing 3D density maps of biomolecules at near-atomic resolution. However, map validation is still an open issue. Despite several efforts from the community, it is possible to overfit 3D maps to noisy data. Here, we develop a novel methodology that uses a small independent particle set (not used during the 3D refinement) to validate the maps. The main idea is to monitor how the map probability evolves over the control set during the 3D refinement. The method is complementary to the gold-standard procedure, which generates two reconstructions at each iteration. We low-pass filter the two reconstructions for different frequency cutoffs, and we calculate the probability of each filtered map given the control set. For high-quality maps, the probability should increase as a function of the frequency cutoff and the refinement iteration. We also compute the similarity between the densities of probability distributions of the two reconstructions. As higher frequencies are included, the distributions become more dissimilar. We optimized the BioEM package to perform these calculations, and tested it over systems ranging from quality data to pure noise. Our results show that with our methodology, it possible to discriminate datasets that are constructed from noise particles. We conclude that validation against a control particle set provides a powerful tool to assess the quality of cryo-EM maps.

Radar imaging system is strongly influenced by other supporting systems. There is a motor system that provides angular information to the display system, and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) system that provides the main information for radar imaging. The new approach, we substitute a DC servo motor with a DC stepper motor as radar antenna rotator in our navigation radar system development. Different from the use of servo motors that can provide angle movements smoothly, the new motor system provides angle information of 0.56 degrees in every step, results in empty pixel gaps in every 0.56 degrees in radar Plan Position Indicator (PPI) image. The width of the empty pixel gaps becomes wider when the cell array of raw data is increasing regarding the image plotting process. In this paper, we proposed a new morphological dilation method to the radar raw data based on binary template matching to accommodate the various width of empty pixel gaps before the radar raw data are plotted into the radar PPI image. By this method, the morphological dilation will only be applied to the raw data that meet the same criteria as the binary template. Otherwise, the raw data will be left as they are. The result shows that there is 150.52% pixel data addition in the empty pixel gaps from the original image, and 48.44% increase of the morphological dilation without binary template matching method.