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Widespread implementation of on-site water reuse is hindered by the limited availability of monitoring approaches that ensure microbial quality during operation. In this study, we developed a methodology for monitoring microbial water quality in on-site water reuse systems using inexpensive and commercially available online sensors. An extensive dataset containing sensor and microbial water quality data for six of the most critical types of disruptions in membrane bioreactors with chlorination was collected. We then tested the ability of three typological machine learning algorithms – logistic regression, support-vector machine, and random forest – to predict the microbial water quality as “safe” or “unsafe” for reuse. The main criteria for model optimization was to ensure a low false positive rate (FPR) – the percentage of safe predictions when the actual condition is unsafe – which is essential to protect users health. This resulted in enforcing a fixed FPR ≤ 2%. Maximizing the true positive rate (TPR) – the percentage of safe predictions when the actual condition is safe – was given second priority. Our results show that logistic-regression-based models using only two out of the six sensors (free chlorine and oxidation–reduction potential) achieved the highest TPR. Including sensor slopes as engineered features allowed to reach similar TPRs using only one sensor instead of two. Analysis of the occurrence of false predictions showed that these were mostly early alarms, a characteristic that could be regarded as an asset in alarm management. In conclusion, the simplest algorithm in combination with only one or two sensors performed best at predicting the microbial water quality. This result provides useful insights for water quality modeling or for applications where small datasets are a common challenge and a general advantage might be gained by using simpler models that reduce the risk of overfitting, allow better interpretability, and require less computational power., Water Research, 240, ISSN:0043-1354, ISSN:1879-2448

Background: The clinical outcomes of prostate cancer (PC) may involve changes in immune profiles. Whether long-term prognosis of PC is related to circulating lymphocytes is still uncertain. Therefore, we investigated the long-term prognostic value of different lymphocyte populations in PC. Materials: Patients with a pathological diagnosis of PC, at the Gleason Grades of 5 to 10 were included in the prospective cohort study. Lymphocyte count was evaluated in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. The prognostic value of different lymphocytes was analyzed in the whole cohort and the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models were used for survival curves and multivariate analysis, respectively. Results: Between January 2001 and June 2021, 94 evaluable patients with prostate cancer were prospectively enrolled. The median follow-up duration of the study was 98 months. The levels of the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, CD19(+), and CD19(+)CD5(−) B lymphocytes in non-survivors were lower than those in survivors. Grouping by each cutoff point of the lymphocytes respectively, the lower level of total CD3(+) T cells, CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells, the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, total CD19(+) B cells, CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells, CD19(+)CD5(-) B cells showed poor survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed the worse prognosis associated with higher PSA (HR=2.493, 95%CI: 1.356-4.584, P=0.003), lower CD3(+)CD4(+) T lymphocytes (HR=0.379, 95%CI: 0.170-0.843, P=0.017), lower total CD19(+) B cell (HR=0.398, 95%CI:0.187-0.845, P=0.016) and higher CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(+) NK cells(HR=2.355, 95%CI: 1.175-4.723, P=0.016). Conclusion: Our results showed that low level of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, decreased CD19(+) B cell and high level of NK cells were correlated with poor survival, which indicates that B lymphocytes, CD4(+) T lymphocytes and NK cells might involve in prostate cancer and associated with the long-term prognosis of this elderly patients.

Well spread pachytene bivalents with high-resolution multiple bands of zebrafish were obtained after the testes were treated with alkaline hypotonic solution and high chloroform fixative solution. This might be the pattern with the largest number of multiple bands obtained from fish chromosomes so far published. Both the number and character of the bands in each bivalent were stable. According to the principles of ISCN (1978) and ISCN (1981), an idiogram of 599 bands was set up, and the detailed description of the landmark system and the band positions were given.