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Nepotpuna prehrana životinja pa tako i ovaca, može dovesti do narušavanje homeostaze organizma, smanjenja proizvodnje, pojave bolesti pa i do uginuća. Vitamin D označava skupinu usko povezanih tvari koje posjeduju antirahitičnu aktivnost. Među vitaminima jedinstven je po tome što je jedini koji se u organizam ne unosi samo hranom (sijeno, a u mesojeda hrana animalnog podrijetla), već se u organizmu (koži) stvara i uz pomoć sunčeve svjetlosti. Uobičajeno je da pašno držane ovce rijetko kad trebaju dodatke vitamina D. To je stoga jer ovce ukoliko su izložene UVB zračenju, odnosno sunčevoj svjetlosti mogu nadoknaditi manjak vitamina D u hrani sintezom vitamina D unutar kože. No, ukoliko je izloženost ovaca suncu smanjena dugotrajnom naoblakom ili uzgojem u zatvorenom te kada je sadržaj vitamina D2 u hrani nizak, tada unesena količina vitamina D može biti nedostatna. U janjadi se deficit vitamina D očituje pojavom rahitisa, a u odraslih ovaca pojavom osteomalacije te hipokalcemije. U ovaca se obično javlja u kasnom graviditetu, ali je zabilježena i u životinja različite dobi. Slijedom svega navedenoga cilj je ovoga preglednoga rada je upoznati doktore veterinarske medicine s novim saznanjima o ulogama i metabolizmu vitamina D u ovaca te njegovom značenju za zdravlje i održavanje proizvodnih sposobnosti jedinke, odnosno stada., The incomplete nutrition of animals, including sheep, can lead to a disruption of homeostasis, reduced production, development of disease, and even animal death. Vitamin D refers to a group of closely related substances that possess antirachitic activity. This is the only vitamin that is not only taken into the organism by way of dietary origin (hay, food of animal origin in carnivores), but is also synthetised in the body (skin) with the help of sunlight. Typically, grazing sheep rarely need vitamin D supplements. This is because sheep can compensate for the lack of vitamin D in their food by synthesizing vitamin D in the skin if they are exposed to UVB radiation or sunlight. However, if sheep exposure to the sun is reduced by prolonged bad weather or indoor animal breeding, and when the vitamin D2 content of the diet is low, then the animal may have insufficient vitamin D consumption. In lambs, vitamin D deficiency is manifested by rickets, and in adult sheep by osteomalacia and hypocalcaemia. In sheep, this usually occurs in late pregnancy but has been observed in animals of all ages. Following the above, the aim of this review is to acquaint veterinarians with new knowledge about the roles and metabolism of vitamin D in sheep and its importance for the health and maintenance of productive abilities of the individual animal or herd.

In the available literature, the immunostimulatory effect of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) dietary supplement mixed in the daily rations has been described in monogastric animals kept in controlled environment and intensive production conditions. Thus, after 42 days of feeding with the Agaricus bisporus dietary supplement, an increase in the proportion of T and B lymphocytes was recorded in the peripheral blood of domestic pigs and broilers. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of Agaricus bisporus on the kinetics and change in the proportion of memory T cells in lambs. Thirty lambs of the Lika pramenka breed at the age of three months were used in the experiment. The lambs were divided into two groups: control (without addition of Agaricus bisporus supplement in daily rations) and experimental (with addition of 1.5% dry Agaricus bisporus supplement in daily rations). On days 0 and 42 of the experiment, cytometric analysis of lamb peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed using directly fluorochrome- labeled specific mouse monoclonal antibodies for memory T cells of sheep (antibody panel: CD45+ CD3+ CD8+ CD4+). Statistical data analysis was performed using the SAS 9.4. software package. On the 42nd day of the experiment, in lambs fed with the addition of 1.5% dry Agaricus bisporus supplement in daily rations, a 0.33% higher share of memory T cells was recorded compared to control group lambs. There is a general lack of scientific information about the immunomodulatory effect of Agaricus bisporus in ruminants. Therefore, the results obtained in this paper are scientific recommendations for further assessment of T cells kinetics, as well as other subpopulations, during and after feeding with Agaricus bisporus dietary supplement. This study has been fully supported by the Croatian Science Foundation under the project “Innovative functional lamb meat products” (HRZZ-IP-06-2016-3685).

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IMUNO-2865® is a natural hemicellulose compound with well-documented immunostimulative properties in people and marine mammals , but not yet tested on teleost fish. The aim of this study was to test in vivo effects of IMUNO- 2865® on blood biochemistry parameters in sea bream under aquaculture conditions during winter period. Blood Ca++ levels were significantly higher after 60 days of feeding in all treatment groups compared to the control, and remained elevated in group 4 even after 90 days following secession of supplementation. Antioxidant enzyme (SOD) was increased in group 4 compared to the control group from day 60 until the end of the experiment (P

The Effects of Splenectomy and Autologous Spleen Transplantation on Complete Blood Count and Cell Morphology in a Porcine Model

The total and differential leukocyte count, erythrocyte and thrombocyte count, the hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width in male and female New Zealand white rabbits were studied. Furthermore, the basic red blood cell morphometric characteristics were analyzed. The complete blood count values were within the reference intervals for this rabbit breed. Comparing the results regarding the gender, signifi cantly higher hemoglobin concentrations were detected in female rabbits (134.86 vs. 127.5 g/L), whereas in males the anisocytosis was more prominent (RDW 16.09 vs. 15.53). The results of mathematical analysis of the morphometry of erythrocytes revealed statistically different parameters in males and females. Erythrocytes of females had a larger area (30.81 vs. 27.6 μm2 ), greater maximal (3.54 vs. 3.34 μm) and minimal radius (2.61 vs. 2.47 μm), greater convex area (31.95 vs. 29.03 μm2 ) and greater length (6.73 vs. 6.33 μm) and cell elongation factor (1.14 vs. 1.10) than the erythrocytes of males. Though the average cell volume was not signifi cantly different, morphometry data showed that the erythrocytes in males were smaller and with lesser prominence than in females, which is congruent with higher RDW and lower hemoglobin concentration in the male rabbits’ blood, and presumably the higher presence of microcytes in the blood of male rabbits. In conclusion, erythrocyte morphometry may provide valuable data about the changes in erythrocyte morphology and could complement the results obtained by standard hematology methods.

Oksidacijski stres je poremećaj ravnoteže prooksidacijskog i antioksidacijskog sustava. Antioksidansi su one tvari koje u maloj količini u kratkome vremenu neutraliziraju djelovanje slobodnih radikala i drugih oksidansa. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinke intenzivne fizičke aktivnosti i pojačanih stresnih prilika nakon intenzivnog fizičkog napora na antioksidacijski kapacitet u lovačkih pasmina pasa. Istraživanje je provedeno na skupini lovačkih pasmina goniča. Psi su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine prema učestalosti sudjelovanja u lovu (kao mjera utreniranosti pasa), a uzorci krvi uzeti su 24 sata prije i 5 minuta nakon intenzivnog fizičkog napora tj. sudjelovanja u višesatnom skupnom lovu na divlje svinje. Određeni su sljedeći pokazatelji oksidacijskog stanja tj. odnosno antioksidacijskog kapaciteta prije i nakon intenzivnog fizičkog napora: 1. kompletna krvna slika (KKS) i diferencijalna krvna slika (DKS); 2. preventivni neenzimski antioksidansi i neki metaboliti; 3. enzimski antioksidansi i 4. proteini akutne faze. Utvrđen je značajno (P, Oxidation stress is a disorder of the balance of the prooxidation and antioxidant system. Antioxidants are substances that in a small amount in a short time neutralize the action of free radicals and other oxidants. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of intense physical activity and increased stress conditions after intensive physical effort on antioxidative capacity in hunting dogs. The research was conducted in two groups of hunting dogs breeds (goat and goat). Dogs were divided into two groups according to the frequency of participation in hunting (as a measure of dog-eating), and blood samples were taken 24 hours before and 5 minutes after intense physical effort or participation in multiple-time wildlife hunting. The following indicators of oxidative status ie antioxidative capacity were determined before and after intense physical effort: 1. Complete Blood Image (KKS) and Differential Blood Image (DKS); 2. preventative non-enzymatic antioxidants and certain metabolites; 3. Enzyme Antioxidants and 4. Acute Phase Proteins. Significantly higher (P