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Aims: Arecanut, a perennial palm species of Arecaceae family, has huge commercial value, and is grown mainly for its masticatory nuts. The ever-increasing demand for uniform quality plantlets from growers necessitates putting in place In vitro mass multiplication and other crop improvement programmes. The present study was carried out to standardize the procedure for cryopreservation of embryogenic calli of arecanut, derived from immature inflorescence cultures, by vitrification based cryo-plate technique. Study Design: Completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kerala, India during 2019. Methodology: The embryogenic calli were precultured in Eeuwen's Y3 basal medium supplemented with sucrose (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 M) for three days. Explants were affixed on cryo-plates and later dehydrated using plant vitrification solution 3 (PVS3) for 30 min. Cryoplates were inserted in cryovials and cryopreserved. Explants with no cryostorage served as control. Explants were rewarmed quickly in a water bath (40ºC) for 2 min and treated with unloading solution and cultured on recovery medium. Results: The results showed 8-10 % recovery of embryogenic calli that resulted in normal plantlet production. The clonal fidelity studies, using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) marker, showed no variation of cryopreserved calli in comparison to the original calli. Conclusion: This preliminary study demonstrated the successful use of vitrification (V) cryo-plate technique in cryopreservation of embryogenic calli of arecanut. With better recovery percentage, the optimal concentration of sucrose in the preculture medium was found to be 0.3 M. Desiccation in PVS3 solution for 30 min had no adverse effect.

This study was designed to assess the antimicrobial potencies of apple vinegar against pathogenic microbes. The acidity and total phenolic content were carried out by titration with NaOH 0.1 N and the Folin–Ciocalteu method, respectively, while the spread plate method, agar well diffusion, and MIC assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of different vinegar samples. Acidity and phenolic content were dependent on the variety, where the highest values were observed in S2 with 4.02 ± 0.04% and 1.98 ± 0.05 mg GAE/mL for acidity and total phenolic content, respectively. The spread plate method revealed that samples S1 and S2 obtained from the Red delicious variety and Golden delicious variety, respectively, inhibit the growth of all tested strains, while S3 obtained from different varieties and S4 obtained from the Gala royal variety inhibit only two microbes (Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae). Sample S1 presented moderate antimicrobial effect against all examined strains with a diameter of inhibition ranging from 11 ± 0.7 to 19 ± 0.5 mm and with MIC values ranging between 1/2 and 1/100. The findings of the current study confirm the usefulness of apple vinegar as a natural sanitizer that inhibits the growth of pathogenic microbes.

In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) offers a unique opportunity to analyze ongoing bacterial infections qualitatively and quantitatively in intact animals over time, leading to a reduction in the number of animals needed for a study. Since accurate determination of the bacterial burden plays an essential role in microbiological research, the present study aimed to evaluate the ability to quantify bacteria by non-invasive BLI technique in comparison to standard spread plate method and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). For this purpose, BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with 1 × 105 CFU of bioluminescent Streptococcus pneumoniae A66.1. At day 1 post-infection, the presence of S. pneumoniae in lungs was demonstrated by spread plate method and RT-qPCR, but not by in vivo BLI. However, on the second day p.i., the bioluminescent signal was already detectable, and the photon flux values positively correlated with CFU counts and RT-qPCR data within days 2–6. Though in vivo BLI is valuable research tool allowing the continuous monitoring and quantification of pneumococcal infection in living mice, it should be kept in mind that early in the infection, depending on the infective dose, the bioluminescent signal may be below the detection limit.

To investigate the relationship of biofilm-forming ability of (PA) with swimming motility, twitching motility and virulence gene distribution. A total of 192 clinical isolates of PA were collected consecutively. Microtiter plate method was used to evaluate the ability to form biofilm. The swimming and twitching motilities were detected by plate method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect virulence genes. Of the 192 PA clinical isolates, 186 (96.9%) showed biofilm-forming ability. Among them, 36 isolates showed weak biofilm-forming ability, 84 exhibited moderate biofilm-forming ability and 66 showed strong biofilm-forming ability. The diameters of the swimming ring for PA with none biofilm-forming ability, weak biofilm-forming ability, moderate biofilm-forming ability, strong biofilm-forming ability were (9.12±6.76), (18.42±7.51), (19.10±4.77) and respectively. The diameters of the twitching ring for PA in above groups were (8.38±1.50), (17.21±7.42), (18.49±5.62) and respectively. The swimming motility and twitching motility of none biofilm-forming ability group were weaker than biofilm-forming ability groups (all

La evaluación de la calidad de los inoculantes comerciales es fundamental para garantizar una adecuada respuesta de los cultivos a la inoculación dentro de un marco de bioseguridad. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue la estandarización y validación de la técnica de la microgota para la cuantificación de Azospirillum como metodología alternativa a la técnica de siembra en superficie, propuesta actualmente en el protocolo consenso de la Red de Calidad de Inoculantes, REDCAI. Entre 14 y 25 laboratorios, tanto privados como públicos, participaron de tres ensayos independientes. A partir de ellos se obtuvieron resultados reproducibles y robustos que permiten confirmar que ambas técnicas son equivalentes y concluir que la técnica de recuento por la microgota es una alternativa adecuada para ser incluida dentro del mencionado protocolo consenso. Quality evaluation of commercial inoculants is essential to warrant an adequate crop response to inoculation within a biosecurity framework. In this sense, this work is aimed at standardizing and validating the drop plate method for the enumeration of Azospirillum viable cells as an alternative to the spread plate technique, which is currently proposed in the consensus protocol of the REDCAI network. Between 14 and 25 private and public laboratories participated in three independent trials. We obtained consistent and robust results that allowed to confirm that both techniques are equivalent, concluding that the drop plate method is an alternative enumeration technique that is adequate to be included in the abovementioned consensus protocol. Fil: Di Salvo, Luciana Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: García, Julia E.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola; Argentina Fil: Puente, Mariana Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola; Argentina Fil: Amigo, Josefina Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia. Departamento de Ecología. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola; Argentina Fil: Anriquez, Analia Liliana. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias; Argentina Fil: Barlocco, Claudia. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria; Uruguay Fil: Benintende, Silvia Mercedes. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina Fil: Bochatay, Tatiana. BASF Agricultural Specialities S.A.; Argentina Fil: Bortolato, Marta Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Cassan, Fabricio Dario. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas; Argentina Fil: Ramirez Castaño, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Catafesta, Melina. Bio Nova; Argentina Fil: Coniglio, Nayla Anahí. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas; Argentina Fil: Díaz, Marisa. Rizobacter Argentina; Argentina Fil: Galian, Liliana Rosa. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Gallace, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía. Recursos Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina Fil: Garcia, Patricia Graciela. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; Argentina Fil: García de Salamone, Inés E.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola; Argentina Fil: Landa, Marianela. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimento. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria; Argentina Fil: Liernur, Germán. No especifíca; Fil: Maneiro, María Laura. Rizobacter Argentina S.A.; Argentina Fil: Massa, Rosana. Stoller Biociencias S.R.L.; Argentina Fil: Malinverni, Julieta. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimento. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria; Argentina Fil: Marchessi, Nicolas Carlos. Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Monteleone, Emilia. Nitrasoil Argentina S.A.; Argentina Fil: Oviedo, Silvina. Rizobacter Argentina S.A.; Argentina Fil: Pobliti, Lucrecia. Barenbrug Argentina; Argentina Fil: Portela, Gabriela Rut. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Radovancich, Débora. Laformed S.A.; Argentina Fil: Righes, Silvia. Marketing Agrícola S.R.L.; Argentina

Correlation between hyaluronidase (Hyl) activity and biofilm detachment in a few bacterial species was found. However, it is unclear if this association applies to bacterial species or for more general bacterial characteristics. This study determined the association between biofilm production and Hyl activity among bacterial isolates from the oral cavity of healthy subjects, and its association with Gram staining group, colony surface morphology and bacteria shape. The swab was taken from the tongue, cheek and entire teeth surfaces of 35 subjects, and tested for biofilm through modified microtiter plate assay while Hyl production was screened through HA rapid plate method. Forty-four isolates were found, each 50% are Gram-positive, and Gram-negative bacteria, with the majority are cocci and non-mucoid colony. More than 70% of isolates are moderate and strong; (n= 17, 38.6%) and (n=15, 34.1%) respectively for biofilm production; and 68.2% are Hyl producer. A significant association was found between Hyl and bacterial shape (p=0.018) and colony morphology (p=0.018), while other association is not significantly measured, including between Hyl and biofilm (p=0.659). This study showed that biofilm production is not affected by the characteristics of the bacteria to produce or not produce hyaluronidase. Meanwhile, Hyl production is prone in rod shape and mucoid isolates which need further investigations.

Background Comminuted patellar fractures are not rare, and the ideal treatment method remains controversial. The present study was conducted to evaluate effects and compare complications of two different methods used to treat comminuted patellar fractures. Methods From March 2010 to August 2016, 102 cases of 34-C2 or 34-C3 comminuted patellar fractures were treated at our hospital, wherein patients received two different treatments: titanium cable tension band with cerclage method (group A) and intrafragmentary screws with X-shaped plating technique (group B). At follow-ups, articular step-off, range of motion (ROM), Lysholm scores, time of union, and complications were recorded and analyzed. Radiographic and clinical data as well as rate of complications were statistically analyzed. Results In total, 87 patients were included in the final analysis (n = 47 in group A and n = 40 in group B). No significant differences were noted in terms of cost of implant, age, gender, rate of 34-C3 fractures, rate of layered inferior pole fractures, postoperative articular step-off and union time. At 2-year follow-up, average Lysholm scores, ROM and rate of complications were (89.0 ± 4.5), (122°±12°) and (27.7%) in group A and (90.2 ± 3.9), (124°±11°) and (17.5%) in group B, respectively, with no significant differences (p > 0.05). The mean time of surgery in group B was shorter than that in group A with significant difference (p Conclusions Treatment using the intrafragmentary screws and plate method for amenable comminuted patellar fractures achieved similar complication rate and favorable functional outcomes at the 2-year follow-up, which was comparable to the titanium cable tension band with cerclage method. Thus, the intrafragmentary screws and plate method is effective, safe and convenient for 34-C2/C3 comminuted patellar fractures, especially appropriate for patients with layered fragments.

Research describes the effect of the on-street parking to the travel time of vehicle in crossing the road. The case study from this research is in the Jalan H. Agus Salim Jakarta Pusat, where the location is using the on street parking as the type of the parking system. Research method that we used is license plate method for travel time and parking characteristic survey. We used Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI) 1997 and linear regression as the based to calculate all the datas. To get the correlation between travel time and on-street parking, we used Correlation Test. With the value of R more than 0,8 it means the relationship between travel time and on-street parking is very strong. And for the result of the relationship between travel time, flow and capacity we get Y = 186,24 + 215,71 X, with a = 0,733. The conclusion from this research is on street parking has strong influence on the travel time of the vehicle to get through to Jalan H. Agus Salim.

In this study, it is aimed to analyze for the presence of Mesophilic Aerobic Bacteria (MAB), C.sakazakii, and the pH values of the enteral nutrition products, which are categorized under the special medicinal dietary products in the Turkish Food Codex. 20 enteral nutrition products were obtained from various hospital pharmacies in the province of Istanbul, and the spread plate method was carried out on suitable media. According to the results of microbiological analysis, no MAB and C.sakazakii were found in any of the samples (100%

Research on ice nucleation-active bacteria causes frost injury from tropic areas has not been widely publicized. The purpose of this study was to determine the population of Ice Nucleation-Active Bacteria on Soe tangerines leaves and the class of Ice Nucleation-Active bacteria based on Ice formation temperatures. The collecting of Soe tangerine leaves used the purpose sampling method. Leaves with frost blotches were collected from three stages at altitudes of 1500, 1800, and 2000 meters above sea level (m asl). Bacterial isolation was carried out by the spread plate method on Nutrien Agar 2,5 % glycerol (NAG) media. Ice Nucleation activity was determined by the tube nucleation test method. Estimation of INA bacterial population was conducted by the multiple-tube nucleation test with Thomas series .3.3.3. The result showed that the highest INA bacterial population was 6.9x104 which was found in leaves samples collected from stations 1800 and 2000 m asl, and the lowest population i.e. 5,4x103 on leaf samples from station 1500 m asl. Based on the temperature of ice formation, it was known that INA bacteria that attack the Soe tangerines leaves Mutis plateau are the INA bacteria class B and C.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the antibacterial property of Curcuma longa. Human beings are dependent on the use of plants and herbs as a source of drugs for curing ailments since ancient times. Herbs are medicinal plants which are created by nature for curing human diseases. Ayurvedic Materia Medica is a rich repository of herbs and about 2000 plant species mentioned in Ayurveda are used to cure various diseases in human beings. In Veda and Atharvaveda, written around 2000 BC, there are a lot of medical references and prescriptions showing beneficial results in a cure for a number of human chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, neuralgia, jaundice, skin diseases, gout, tumors, encephalitis, and bronchitis. Most of the medicinal plants and herbs have been found to have antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and protective properties. The use of the traditional system of medicines in India and China such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha is around 5000 years old, which recommends management of lifestyle, including diet management, exercise, and meditation along with treatment, including specific herbs to cure several ailments. Curcuma longa a traditional herbal medicine is widely used in India since ancient times to cure several ailments.In the present study, antibacterial property of ethanolic extract, extracted from dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa was studied in microbiology laboratory against different bacterial strains. Materials and Methods: The dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa were purchased from local market in Punjab. The collected roots of Curcuma longa were washed, shade dried, grounded to fine powder and was subjected to soxhlet extraction using ethanol as solvent. Two bacterial strains were used in current study; one was Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. The method to access antibacterial activity was Cylinder Plate method. Results: 50 gm. of dried powder was subjected to Soxhlet extraction using ethanol solvent to get the extract of curcumin for investigation of antibacterial activity of turmeric against different Gram-positive and Gram negative bacterial strains using cylindrical plate method. A distinguished zones of inhibition 6.5 mm, 7.5 mm, and 11 mm in diameter were seen under plates containing different concentrations of Curcuma longa extract. Conclusion: The potentiality of extract of Curcuma longa to inhibit the growth of microbial strains indicates its broad-spectrum antibacterial property which can be used for the betterment of health of society to treat several infections. Turmeric and its constituents may be included in modern system of medicine for the development of new dosage forms to treat several diseases with natural herbs with lesser adverse effects in comparison to allopathic system of medicine and improve the health and wellness of our society.

Objectives: The present research aims to find the relationship in the field that the road condition index has concerning its operating speed, based on the expected assumption that the worse the condition index, the lower the road operating speed will be. Methodology: The methodology used to carry out this research consisted in the estimation of the condition index (PCI) and the measurement of speeds in different road sections of the city of Barranquilla (Colombia), where a record of the surface conditions of the pavement from 0 when it was failed and 100 for pavement in excellent condition. In the case of speed recording, the plate method was used to obtain operating speeds. Then, using the UNALPCIA software, the value of the PCI of the evaluated road sections was estimated and then correlated with the operating speeds obtained in the field of those sections. Findings: The main findings obtained from the investigation consist of the effective relationship between the value of the PCI and the operating speed, having that the lower the condition index, the lower the operating speed on the road due to the presence of damage to the road pavement surface. Novelty: The study of the surface conditions of the pavement in the cities of Colombia is little studied, which leads to policies associated with the maintenance of pavement structures becoming late, given that the comfort and speed of operation allowed by these do not is appropriate, even though its structural function is still in force. Keywords: Condition index; comfort; policies; surface condition

Indoor and outdoor air of five (5) hospitals in Ilorin, Kwara state were sampled using settling plate method to isolate fifteen (15) bacteria. Bacillus cereus was the identified spore former. Biodegradation performance of Bacillus cereus on hexadecane and heptane using Mineral Salts Medium (MSM) was studied for 20 days at four days interval using the Jenway 6320D Spectrophotometer to assess the optical density. The degradation and utilization of the hydrocarbons occurred before the fourth day with readings for optical density obtained as 1.051nm and 0.820nm for hexadecane and heptane respectively. After day 4, there was a sharp decline in the utilization of hydrocarbons. A second experiment was setup for optical density with heptane and decane utilization being checked daily for a period of 5days. Bacillus cereus utilized the hydrocarbons till the fourth day as the optical density dropped on the fifth day. The readings for decane obtained on day 4 and day 5 were 0.431nm and 0.338nm respectively. Also, there was a decline in the readings of heptane from 0.451nm obtained on day 4 to 0.343nm obtained on day 5. This study shows that Bacillus cereus is promising in the biodegradation of alkanes and can also be utilized to clean up pollution from petroleum spill which is becoming a prevalent ecological hazard. Keywords: Air, Bacillus cereus, Biodegradation, Hospitals, Hydrocarbons

Solving parking challenges in a manner that is sustainable would require a shift from using up more scarce land resources in providing supply to meet an unending demand for parking. Parking management is the approach of tackling parking challenges that efficiently utilizes scarce resources to meet demand in a sustainable way. This paper studied an on-street parking system in the central business district with the aim of proffering policies and strategies that can help improve the capacity and operational efficiency of the park. Parking inventory and the license plate method were employed in analyzing the parking characteristics of the park. By introducing a parking duration restriction, more capacity could be accommodated on the current available lots. A 90-minute limit would accommodate at least 106 more vehicles and increase the turnover from 13 to 14 vehicles per lot for the duration of survey, thus improving operational capacity and efficiency. The paper shows that parking management strategies that are effective in making the difference should be employed based on adequate field surveys, observations and analysis. Keywords: On street parking, parking capacity, parking management, Parking survey, License plate

Background Staphylococci species are the major constituents of infectious bioaerosols, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS) have serious health impacts. Here, the bacterial burden was quantified, especially prevalence of MRS in bioaerosols collected from indoors of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Central Library (DBRACL) and Central Laboratory Animal Resources (CLAR) of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. Air samplings from DBRACL and CLAR were done using the settle plate method and SKC biosampler, respectively. Results This study showed a maximum 6757 CFU/m2/hr of bacterial load in the DBRACL reading room, while unacceptable bacterial loads (> 1000 CFU/m3 of air) at different sites of CLAR. Further, at both the sampling sites the predominance of coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) was observed. A total 22 and 35 Staphylococci isolates were isolated from DBRACL and CLAR bioaerosols, respectively. Majority (16/22) of the Staphylococcal isolates from DBRACL belonged to human-associated Staphylococci where S. haemolyticus (5/22) was the most dominating species. However, in CLAR facility centre, animal-associated Staphylococci (19/35) were dominating, where S. xylosus (12/35) was the most dominating species. Further, antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed 41% MRS and 73% multidrug resistant (MDR) among airborne Staphylococci from DBRACL indoor bioaerosols. Similarly, in CLAR facility, approximately, 66% Staphylococci isolates were methicillin resistant, out of which 2 isolates showed high MIC value ≥ 16 μg/mL. Further, we confirmed the presence of 49% multidrug resistant Staphylococci in the indoor air of CLAR facility. Conclusions This study suggested that the exposure of workers and students in CLAR to such a high concentration of drug-resistant Staphylococci should not be undermined, as these bacterial concentrations are the direct representative of inhalable particulate matter (PM2.5) as per collection procedure. Simultaneously, passive sampling from DBRACL assessed the risks due to microbial contamination in particle agglomerates, which may deposit on the crucial surfaces such as wounds/ cuts or on the frequently used items.

Wood-based materials are generally prone to colonization by mould fungi and other discoloring microorganisms, but their resistance to fungal discoloration varies. Different standardized test methods for determining the susceptibility to mould fungi have been used to evaluate various wood-based materials, but the obtained results suggest that mould resistance depends on the method applied. Therefore, this study aimed at a comparative evaluation of two commonly used methods for determining the mould resistance of wood-based materials, i.e. the chamber method according to BS 3900—Part G6 and the malt agar plate method according to ISO 16869. Solid wood, wood fiber insulation boards and wood polymer composites were inoculated, incubated for different time intervals, and assessed with regard to superficial mould growth. Mould growth ratings obtained with the two methods did not correlate well, neither within one type of material nor across different materials, which can be attributed to higher moisture contents and additional nutrients available for the specimens in the agar plate test compared to those in the chamber test. It was concluded, that the experimental set up could have an overriding effect on the results of mould resistance tests.

BACKGROUND: Urethroplasty techniques generally can be divided into two methods, the flap method (Mathieu and Onlay Flap) and no flap with tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty method. Complications are common after urethral reconstructioninclude urethrocutaneous fistulae and cosmetic appearance, which is usually measured by Hypospadias Objective Penile Evaluation (HOPE) scoring system. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the outcome of flap method compare to TIP method in distal hypospadias patients who underwent urethroplasty. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The subjects of this study were patients with distal hypospadias who underwent urethroplasty in Sanglah General Hospital from September 2017 to December 2017. Thirty-six samples were selected by consecutive sampling. RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference in the incidence of meatal stenosis (p = 0.05) and urinary stream disturbances(p = 0.05) between two methods. No significant differences were found in the incidence of urethrocutaneous fistulae (p = 0.500) and the unsatisfactory HOPE score (p = 0.169). CONCLUSION: This research showed that meatal stenosis andthe maximum urinary stream were better in flap method compared to TIP method in distal hypospadias patients underwent urethroplasty.

Objective. The study objective it to analyze the dynamics of microbial content of burn wounds and to assess the markers of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) in different periods of hospitalization.Methods: 617 microbiological samples from the surface of burn wounds of 515 patients in the period from the first to ninth days after the injury were analyzed. The presence of gramnegative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, multiresistant microorganisms and microbial associations was determined. Spectrophotometry was used to identify pathogens and plate method was used to assess microbial content of wounds.Results: During treatment, there was change of pathogens associated with duration of stay in the hospital. With an increase in hospitalization, the degree of microbial contamination of wounds, the rate of gram-negative bacteria, multiresistant microorganisms, and microbial associations increased.Conclusions: The greatest severity of all signs of nosocomial infection occurs on the 3–4th day of hospitalization in a burn care facility. This period can be considered ad a start of active contamination of burn wounds with nosocomial flora. To prevent this, it is necessary as early as possible, from 2–3 days after hospitalization to apply active strategy for treating burn wounds and closing burn surfaces.

The purpose of this study was to obtain cellulolytic bacterial isolates isolated from leaf litter in absorption holes biopori FMIPA Unesa and obtain the most optimal cellulolytic bacterial isolates in cellulose degradation. This research was an observational study and the data were analyzed descriptively. Stages of the study began with bacterial isolation, cellulolytic ability testing, and characterization of cellulolytic bacterial isolates. Bacterial isolation was carried out by the pour plate method, isolation was carried out by the streak plate method, cellulolytic testing was carried out using Carboxy Methyl Cellulose media which was given Congo red 1%. While the isolation characterization was done morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. The results obtained 15 isolates of cellulolytic bacteria that were tested for their ability to degrade cellulose. Cellulolytic test results showed that 6 isolates, namely BS1, BS7, BS10, BS11, BS14, and BS15 had a cellulolytic index of 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8. and 1. Isolates BS15 is the most optimal isolate in cellulose degradation with characteristics of the punctiform colony, yellow pigmentation, entire edge, convex elevation, optical opaque and smooth surface, produces catalase enzymes, is non-motile and can ferment in glucose and starch but cannot ferment lactose and also a Gram-negative

The aim of this study was to determine the detection capability (CCβ) of a multi-plate diffusion method for selected cephalosporins for which the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in milk have been set (ceftiofur, cefoperazone, cephalexine, cephazoline, cephalonium, cephapirine, cefquinome). The multiplate method was composed of Bacillus subtilis BGA CCM 4062 plates (agar pH of 6, 8 and 7.2); Kocuria rhizophila CCM 552 plate, Geobacillus stearothermophilus CCM 5965 plate and Escherichia coli CCM 7372 plate. Geobacillus stearothermophilus plate showed the highest sensitivity. CCβ for the tested cephalosporins was determined at MRLs or lower, except for cefquinome, which was undetectable even at 12 × the MRL. Kocuria rhizophila plate showed the highest sensitivity to ceftiofur (CCβ = 100 μg/l); cephazoline and cephalonium could not be detected even at 12 × times the MRL. Escherichia coli plate was most sensitive to cefoperazone (CCβ = 60 μg/l). Other than cephapirine, none of the cephalosporins could be detected by B. subtilis BGA (pH 6, 8 and 7.2) plates even at 12 × the MRL. Our results demonstrate the differences in sensitivity to selected cephalosporins of the individual plate methods that together form the multi-plate method. The multi-plate method is sensitive enough to detect most of the tested cephalosporins, with the exception of cefquinome, which could not be detected at levels close to MRL.

The chalcone of p-bromoacetophenone and p-chlorobenzaldehyde was prepared and converted into aminopyrimidine by treating with guanidine nitrate. The aminopyrimidines so obtained were converted into Schiff bases by treating with different substituted benzaldehydes. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by physical parameters and spectral studies such as UV, IR, and PMR. The synthesized Schiff bases were screened with different bacterial species for the antibacterial activity by cup plate method and serial dilution technique. The confirmation of the biological activity of the final compounds was established by bioautography. The mono and dihydroxy amino pyrimidines (I-g, I-j) of the novel series were found to be potential against bacteria. Keywords: Chalcone, 2-Aminopyrimidine, Schiff bases, Antibacterial activity, Bioautography, Spectral studies

Objectives. To compare the efficacy of the Filipino plate method against standard nutrition education in the selection of food group proportions and in reducing 2-hour postprandial blood glucose levels (2h-PPG) among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methodology. This randomized, open-label trial assigned 148 subjects with type 2 diabetes to receive nutrition education using either the Filipino plate method or standard nutrition education, as recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). The subjects were given meals before and three days after the intervention, at which time the contents of their plate were scored based on food group proportions. After the meal, 2h-PPG levels were obtained. Pre- and post-intervention plate scores and 2h-PPG were compared in both groups. Results. Plate scores were significantly increased from pre to post-teaching for both groups (p value

Background The 3M™ Petrifilm™ Coliform Count (CC) Plate is a sample-ready-culture medium system which contains modified Violet Red Bile nutrients, a cold-water-soluble gelling agent, and a tetrazolium indicator that facilitates colony enumeration. Objective To validate the 3M Petrifilm CC Plate method for bottled water through the AOAC® Performance Tested Method(s)SM program. Methods The performance of the 3M Petrifilm CC Plate was compared to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual Chapter 4, Section III.D for the enumeration of coliforms in bottled water. Matrix data were normalized by log10 transformation and performance indicators included repeatability and difference of means with 90 and 95% confidence intervals. Inclusivity, exclusivity, robustness, and product consistency and stability were evaluated. Results This study demonstrated that the 3M Petrifilm CC Plate method detects and enumerates coliforms from bottled water. The average log10 counts of the 3M Petrifilm CC Plate method were equivalent to or better than the average log10 counts of the reference method. Results from inclusivity and exclusivity studies demonstrated that the 3M Petrifilm CC Plate method differentiated coliforms from non-coliform strains. In product consistency, stability, and robustness testing, different lots of 3M Petrifilm CC Plates and small deviations in incubation time and temperature did not affect test results. Conclusion The 3M Petrifilm CC Plate method is an accurate and robust method for the enumeration of coliforms in bottled water. Highlights The 3M Petrifilm CC Plate allows for detection of confirmed coliforms within 24 h. Up to 20 sample-ready plates can be stacked during incubation, providing flexibility and saving space.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the validity of pharmaceutical raw materials obtained from an Egyptian pharmaceutical factory to ensure the accuracy of the examination findings before they are used in the manufacturing process. On the other hand, it also aims to determine the environmental microbial count at the microbiology laboratory and production areas to prevent microbial contamination during production and during microbiological analysis. Methods: Assessment of microbiological quality control according to pharmacopeia as plate method by using TSB media with a concentration of 0.1% tween 80, for passive monitoring using settled plate (TSA) media. Results: the percentage of microbial recovery for lactose monohydrate was 89%, 85%, 94%, 92%, 91%, and 91%, while Croscarmellose recorded 81%, 85%, 85%, 85%, and 88%, Mannitol recorded 86%, 85%, 91%, 83%, 86%, and 88%, Magnesium stearate recorded 91%, 85%, 94%, 89%, and 91%, and finally, Talc Powder recorded 94%, 85%, 94%, 91%, 87% and 85% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli respectively for each pharmaceutical raw material. Methods of analysis recorded under acceptance criteria in the selected pharmaceutical factory according to pharmacopeia. On the other hand, the microbial quality of air for the production area selected by an Egyptian pharmaceutical company was under acceptance limits. Conclusion: All quality control methods and assessments of pharmaceutical raw materials, laboratories, and production areas must be performed to measure and control microbial contamination in the pharmaceutical industry and then produce high-quality pharmaceutical products free of microbial contamination, and methods of analysis must be recorded under acceptance criteria in the selected pharmaceutical factory according to pharmacopeia. On the other hand, the microbial quality of the air for the production area and microbiology laboratory that was selected by an Egyptian pharmaceutical company was under accepted limits. All quality control methods and assessments of pharmaceutical raw materials, laboratories, and production areas must be performed to measure and control microbial contamination in the pharmaceutical industry and then produce high-quality pharmaceutical products free of microbial contamination.

This study aimed to evaluate the Total Plate Count and total Staphylococcus aureus count of beef sold in wet markets in Mulyorejo sub-district below the National Standard Indonesia (SNI 7388:2009) about maximum limit of microbial contamination in food or not. Total of twenty four samples of beef purchased from traditional markets of Tempurejo, Krempyeng Yamuri, Pacar Keling, and Menur in Mulyorejo sub-district Surabaya were examined by Total Plate Count using pour plate method. The sample was also cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar. The colony suspected to be S . aureus were taken for identification. The identification of S. aureus consists of isolation in Mannitol Salt Agar, Gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. Total plate count result showed that four samples were exceeding the National Standard of Indonesia SNI 7388:2009 or 1x10 6 CFU/g and the rest were below the maximum Total Plate Count in SNI. The highest Total Plate Count result was 1,9x10 6 CFU/g and the lowest was 7,8x10 4 CFU/g. The result of identification showed that 100% samples examined were contaminated by S. aureus with the highest result was 2,9x10 4 CFU/g and the lowest result was 4,3x10 3 CFU/g or exceeding the SNI 7388:2009.

Natural products are very attractive for development of medicine. Their structure and bioactivities are often beyond human knowledge and imagination. We have developed isolation methods for target protein-oriented natural products so as quickly to discover bioactive compounds from natural resources. This review summarizes our recent results including protein beads methods for neural stem cells differentiation activators and new cancer drug candidates. Syntheses of isolated compounds are described. We also developed protein plate method for identification of protein-protein interaction inhibitors. Because protein binding ability is tightly related to bioactivity, protein-based natural products isolation is a powerful means to find new candidate medicines.

Introduction: Diagnosing Central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and Central line Related local infections (CRLI) involves doing central line tip culture. The routine method which is followed in every laboratory is the semiquantitative roll plate method. However, the use of a quantitative flush method will add a further advantage, as it may detect endoluminal microorganisms more easily which helps in diagnosing blood stream infections due to central line. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in MICU of tertiary care hospital. Semiquantitative roll over technique and quantitative flush technique was followed to process central line catheter in patients suspected of CRLI and CLABSI. Results: Of 210 samples processed from patients forty seven patients (47) were diagnosed with CRLI and seven (7) with CLABSI. Semiquantitative technique had superiority in diagnosing local infections whereas flush technique had superiority in diagnosing blood stream infections. Conclusion: Both Semiquantitative and flush techniques are recommended for processing central line catheters for diagnosing CRLI and CLABSI. Early CLABSI can be missed sometimes in samples from ICU patients who have associated comorbid conditions. Thus those laboratories where only semiquantitative roll over technique is followed, quantitative flush technique is recommended which aids in diagnosing CLABSI which can be missed by roll over technique. Keywords: Central line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), Central line related local infections (CRLI), Intensive care unit (ICU), Semiquantitative roll over, Quantitative flush technique. Introduction Central line catheter associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) remains one of the leading causes of nosocomial acquired bacteremia in ICUs leading to increased mortality, whereas Central line related local infections (CRLI) leads to increased morbidity and hospital stay in turn increasing cos

Aim: The present study is aimed to evaluate in-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activity of phenolic ethereal oils like Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum). Materials and methods: A total of 500 g of fresh leaves and dried flower buds of Tulsi and Clove were subjected to hydro-distillation method for 6 h using Clevenger’s apparatus. The isolated ethereal oils were used for testing the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by using albumin denaturation assay, proteinase inhibitory activity at a concentration of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µl/ml and anti-bacterial activity against two gram positive microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two gram negative microorganisms (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli) at concentrations 50 µl/ml, 100 µl/ml and 200 µl/ml by adopting cup plate method. Results: The isolated ethereal oils exhibited significant in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect and also inhibited the growth of both Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms at 50 µl/ml, 100 µl/ml and 200 µl/ml concentrations. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the effectiveness of Phenolic ethereal oils isolated from Clove and Tulsi. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) showed enhanced anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activity compared to Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum). The present study provides evidence that Ocimum tenuiflorum and Syzygium aromaticum; Phenolic ethereal oils contain medicinally important bioactive components justifying its traditional use. Keywords: Phenolic ethereal oils, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-bacterial activity, Ociumm tenuiflorum, Syzygium aromaticum.

Samples of peels and soils from cassava waste sites were collected from cassava processing factory in Oyo town, Oyo State and also a dumpsite in Alaya village, Aiyedire local government, Osun State, Nigeria. Bacterial isolation was carried out using the pour plate method to obtain amylolytic bacterial species capable of hydrolyzing starch. Fourteen bacterial isolates that were most responsive to starch hydrolysis were selected from both sampling sites for molecular investigations. DNA of the isolates was extracted and subjected to a cocktail mix and condition for PCR which was purified using two universal primers and afterwards the PCR product was used for the polymorphism through electrophoresis. Bacterial isolates were identified based on their genetic sequences and results showed Bacillus subtilis (21.44%) to be the most frequently occurring specie. There was the prevalence of two similar strains Bacillus subtilis MML2483 and B. subtilis MML2411 which was isolated from the different sampling sites. Some other bacterial strains included Bacillus olivae BRB18, B. licheniformis HT-26-B1, B. cereus H17, B. safensis MS40, B. pumilus 07

An experiment was conducted to examine probable impact of location and handling on the fungi commonly associated with rotting watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). The rotting watermelon samples were obtained from two vendors each from five different markets (Bodija, Sango, Mokola, Eleyele, Agbowo and Ojoo) in Ibadan, Oyo state. They were placed in different sterile sample bags which were labeled appropriately before bringing them to the Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Ibadan. Isolation of fungi from the rotting samples was carried out using pour plate method on acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (APDA). Pathogenicity test was also conducted for the isolated fungi. All experiments were done in duplicates and all plates were incubated at 25°C ± 2°C for 7 days. Pure cultures were obtained and identified and each isolated fungus was recorded as 1 which means present and 0 which means absent. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS version 9.3 at p ≤ 0.05. A total of three fungi were isolated viz., Aspergillus flavus, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Aspergillus niger. Occurrence of A. niger and A. flavus in samples obtained from Bodija, Mokola, Sango and Ojoo markets were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than those from the other two markets. Occurrence of S. cerevisae in samples obtained from Bodija and Mokola markets were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than those from the other three markets. Location had significant impact on the occurrence of isolated fungi in the rotting watermelons. However, handling by vendors had no significant impact on occurrence of the isolated fungi. Vendors and consumers are advised to be mindful of place of purchase and to also maintain good general hygiene before consumption.

RESUMO Objetivo: Considerando a importância dos produtos naturais de uso tradicional, o trabalho propôs a avaliação de parâmetros de qualidade e atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do gargarejo produzido no Centro de Educação Popular (Cenep), Nova Palmeira (PB), e utilizado para o tratamento de afecções da orofaringe e amígdalas. Metodologia: Três amostras de gargarejo foram analisadas para avaliar o aspecto microbiológico sendo realizada a contagem de micro-organismos viáveis, por semeadura em profundidade. Materiais e métodos: A avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana in vitro contra S. pyogenes foi realizada utilizando o método de difusão em ágar e os parâmetros físico-químicos determinados foram pH, resíduo seco, densidade, bem como a caracterização fitoquímica. Resultados: Apresentaram contagem microbiana dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela Farmacopeia. A atividade antimicrobiana contra S. pyogenes apresentou halos de inibição variando de 10,5 a 18,6 mm para amostra diluída e pura, respectivamente. Os parâmetros físico-químicos apresentaram pH 4,39 ± 0,16; o resíduo seco de 13,4 % a 15,4 %; e a densidade de 1,013 ± 0,010. O perfil fitoquímico foi caracterizado pela presença de taninos, alcaloides e flavonoides. Conclusões: O gargarejo apresentou-se adequado para uso, tendo em vista os parâmetros microbiológicos, físico-químicos, fitoquímicos apresentados, bem como a comprovação da eficácia antimicrobiana adequada ao uso terapêutico proposto. SUMMARY Aim: Considering the importance of natural products of traditional use, the work proposed the evaluation of quality parameters and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the gargle produced at the Popular Education Center (Cenep), Nova Palmeira (PB), and used for the treatment of oropharynx and tonsil disorders. Methodology: Three gargle samples were analyzed, in order to evaluate the microbiological aspect, the count of viable microorganisms was performed, by pour plate method. Materials and methods: The evaluation of antimicrobial activity in vitro against S. pyogenes was performed using the agar diffusion method and the physicochemical parameters determined were pH, dry residue, density, as well as phytochemical characterization. Results: They had microbial counts within the limits established by the pharmacopoeia. The antimicrobial activity against S. pyogenes had inhibition halos ranging from 10.5 to 18.6 mm for diluted and pure samples, respectively. The physical-chemical parameters showed pH 4.39 ± 0.16; the dry residue of 14.43 ± 1.00; and the density of 1.013 ± 0.010. The phytochemical profile was characterized by the presence of tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Conclusion: Thus, the gargle was suitable for use, considering the microbiological, physical-chemical, phytochemical parameters presented, as well as the proof of antimicrobial efficacy suitable for the proposed therapeutic use. RESUMEN Objetivo: Considerando la importancia de los productos naturales de uso tradicional, el trabajo propuso la evaluación de los parámetros de calidad y la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de la gárgaras producidas en el Centro de Educación Popular (Cenep), Nova Palmeira (PB), y utilizadas para el tratamiento de los trastornos de la orofaringe y las amígdalas. Metodología: Se analizaron tres muestras de gárgaras para evaluar el aspecto microbiológico, se realizó el recuento de microorganismos viables, sembrando en profundidad. Materiales y métodos: La evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro contra S. pyogenes se hizo mediante el método de difusión en agar y los parámetros fisicoquímicos determinados fueron pH, residuo seco, densidad, así como caracterización fitoquímica. Resultados: Hubo recuentos microbianos dentro de los límites establecidos por la Farmacopea. La actividad antimicrobiana contra S. pyogenes tenía halos de inhibición que oscilaban entre 10,5 y 18,6 mm para muestras diluidas y puras, respectivamente. Los parámetros físico-químicos mostraron un pH que oscila entre 4,39 ± 0,16; el residuo seco del 14,43 ± 1,00; y la densidad de 1,013 ± 0,010. El perfil fitoquímico se caracterizó por la presencia de taninos, alcaloides y flavonoides. Conclusión: Por lo tanto, la gárgara demostró ser adecuada para su uso, considerando los parámetros microbiológicos, fisicoquímicos, fitoquímicos presentados, así como la prueba de la eficacia antimicrobiana adecuada para el uso terapéutico propuesto.

Airborne bioaerosols and particulate matter (PM) have been associated with asthma occurrence. Due to the adverse indoor environment and the absence of any baseline data for asthmatic patients of Pakistan, this study was aimed to establish a correlation between microflora and PM of residential microenvironments of asthmatic patients. This pilot study was conducted in different residential settings of asthmatic patients registered in the Jinnah hospital, Lahore. The characterization of PM (PM01, PM2.5, PM10) and bioaerosols were carried out in the houses of fifty patients that were categorized into four groups; A-large (418.06 m2 ), B-medium (211 m2 ), C-medium (104 m2 ), and D-small (62.71 m2 ) houses. The PM concentrations were monitored; using the DustTrack8533 aerosol monitor and the bioaerosols were characterized up to the Genus; using the culture-based method and biochemical testing. The bioaerosols were sampled; using the expose plate method and were analyzed using morphological features and biochemical tests. Eleven types of fungi and seven bacterial types were found in the air samples. The tendency of asthma occurrence is linked with higher Alternaria spp and Aspergillus spp. The mean indoor readings of PM01, PM2.5, PM10 were highest in D-category (331.75, 342.5, and 502.33 respectively). Moreover, the highest bacterial 9618 CFU/m3 ) and fungal levels (3092 CFU/m3 ) were also seen in D-category. According to two-way ANOVA, bacterial concentration was significantly different among the four groups while fungi concentration was non-significant (p

Khotimah S, Suharjono, Ardyati T, Nuraini Y. 2021. The potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in Teluk Bakung Peat Area, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1981-1990. Fungi play important roles in degrading cellulose in the maturation process of peat. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in the forest. Peat soil samples were collected from Teluk Bakung Village, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan using a random sampling method. Peat soil samples were obtained at six sampling sites in forests and palm oil plantations. The fungi were cultured by the pour plate method on 1% CMC media. The cellulose-degrading fungi were determined based on a clear zone formation around the colony in CMC agar media. The cellulolytic fungal population in the fibric, hemic, and sapric peats of the secondary forest were 3.2 × 103, 4.6 × 103, and 5.6 × 103 CFU/g, respectively, whereas at fibric, hemic, and sapric of the shrubs were 5.6 x 104, 3.9 × 105 and 4.7 × 104 CFU/g, respectively. Among the 25 cellulolytic fungal isolates, 5 isolates (HS1.5, HS3.4.1, HB2.2, SS2.4.1, and SB2.5.1) showed high average clear zone diameter (21-28 mm). The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolates had cellulase enzyme activity of 132.16 and 127.3 U/mL, respectively. These isolates can grow and degrade cellulose at 30°C to 35°C and pH of 2, 3, 4, and 5. The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolate were closely related to Penicillium citrinum based on the phylogenetic tree analysis.

3D cell culture is a process used to grow cells in vitro to mimic an in vivo environment. 3D cell models are very useful for understanding disease mechanisms and exploring drug therapeutics. 3D cultures can be grown from cells taken from cancer organoids in patients. Once grown, they can be used to screen for small molecule drugs or they can be genetically modified in order to analyse disease pathways or predict the toxicity or efficacy of a drug treatment. These cultures decrease the need to use animals in research and provides more reliable results as it uses human physiology. This protocol describes the in vitro generation of spheroids using the low attachment plate method. This method uses low-adhesion plates that are coated with hydrophilic polymer to allow cells to cluster together, forming their own extracellular matrix, rather than sticking to the plate surface. The scaffold-free 3D cell culture models produced can more accurately reflect an in vivo microenvironment making them useful in the study of oncology, hepatotoxicity, neurology, nephrology and stem cell biology. A B We used low attachment plates for tumorsphere construction and plates from Thermo Fisher Scientific and adapted protocols published by: 1. Perkinelmer.com. 2021. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 February 2021]. 2. Thermofisher.com. 2021. HepG2 Cell Line Spheroid Generation and Characterization for HT Assays | Thermo Fisher Scientific - UK. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 February 2021].

Herbal medicine prepare various part of plant are used like flower, leaves, seeds, root etc. Instead off an herbal drug is design as the alternative formulation for the external use in the form of ointment. For the medicinal use the herbal ointment apply externally on human body. The main aims of this research are preparation of herbal ointment from theEmblica officinalisplants the antibacterial activity. Under this research work, it is design as herbal ointment with the help of methanolic extract ofEmblica officinalisand determines the anti-bacterial capacity on it. In vitro study the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extracts of dried leaves ofEmblica officinalisare determine by using the Agar cup plate method versus different bacteria such asStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli andPseudomonas aeruginosaetc. By blending the methanolic extract ofEmblica officinalis(10 % w/w) into aqueous cream we formulated herbal ointment. The emulsifying agent and simple ointment bases are added in above herbal ointment for increase the antibacterial effectiveness duringin vitroevaluation. The herbal ointment is also better in comparison to a commercial brand of Gentamicin ointment.Emblica officinalis(Family Euphorbiaceae) are broadly used in traditional system of medicine throughout different part of India. It is used in the treatment of cold, anemia, dysentery, fever, gravel, sores. It is very important to standardize the plant part pharmacognostically for its utilization in different formulation. The current study deals with the determination of formulation and evaluation of herbal ointment usingEmblica officinalisextract.

Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella spp., is a widely reported foodborne zoonosis frequently associated with ingestion of poultry products. Salmonella vaccination of chickens can be used to reduce bacterial shedding and risk of human infection. To determine Salmonella burden in chicken farms, culture methods of environmental samples that require a turn-around time of 5–7 days are usually used. Rapid screening using molecular assays such as PCR of pre-enriched broth has been reported for Salmonella spp. detection in feed, floor dust, and drag swabs within 2–3 days. Here we report an adaptation of the method for detection of Salmonella in poultry dust samples collected using a settle plate method under experimental conditions. Key features: • Passive dust sample collection using dry settle plates without media suspended from dropper lines of drinkers. • Small amount of sample required for the pre-enrichment process. • Quantification of Salmonella DNA with high sensitivity using an inexpensive extraction protocol.

Here we report the improved Cyclo olefin polymer (COP) microfluidic chip and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification system for point-of-care testing (POCT) in rapid detection of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). The PCR solution and thermal cycling is controlled by the relative gravitational acceleration (7G) only and is expected to pose minimal problem in operation by non-expert users. Detection is based on identifying the presence of carbapenemase encoding gene through the corresponding fluorescence signal after amplification. For preliminary tests, the device has been demonstrated to detect blaIMP-6 from patients stool samples. From the prepared samples, 96.4 fg/µL was detected with good certainty within 15 min (~106 thermocycles,) which is significantly faster than the conventional culture plate method. Moreover, the device is expected to detect other target genes in parallel as determination of the presence of blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-23 from control samples has also been demonstrated. With the rising threat of drug-resistant bacteria in global healthcare, this technology can greatly aid the health sector by enabling the appropriate use of antibiotics, accelerating the treatment of carriers, and suppressing the spread.

Fibers and textiles that exhibit antibacterial properties are of great importance for health, sanitation, and consumer demands. Bamboo, which can be a source of fiber, has innate antibacterial properties. However, production of bamboo fibers with natural antibacterial property has not been achieved at an industrial level. The current antibacterial test methods for textiles rely on a zone of inhibition, which is less precise as it is hard to measure irregular inhibition zones, and cell recovery assessment after cell suspension with the specimen. This study focuses on modifying suitable antibacterial test methods to provide more quantitative results. The modified methods were applied to specimens from four bamboo species, extracted natural bamboo fibers from the four species, commercial bamboo viscose, and three other conventional fibers. The modified variable plate method was able to a detect clear distinction in antibacterial activity of different samples quantitatively for K. pneumoniae and S. aureus bacteria.

The most probable number (MPN) method is a culture-based method commonly used in the field of environmental microbiology to examine microbial populations in liquid substrates. The MPN tests require a wide range of special laboratory equipment, a lot of laboratory space, and skilled staff, which together limit their applicability. This paper presents a modified MPN method, which reduces the experimental requirements by applying tissue plate as a carrier. The modified MPN method introduces a fast-filled tissue plate with 5 × 5 squares as agar carrier, instead of the commonly used set of glass tubes. Further, self-refilling automatic syringe Socorex® was implemented to apply samples to the plate. The response of the modified MPN method was tested on eight selected bacterial strains as well as on soil and water samples. Simultaneously, all the strains and samples were tested by standard spread plate method. High linear correlation between the two methods was found, which makes a new modified MPN method a useful alternative within the field of environmental microbiology.

Background Prevalence of malnutrition in hospitals has been reported around 20% and increases during hospitalization. The “Rate‐a‐Plate” method has been developed to monitor dietary intake and identify patients whose nutrition status deteriorates during hospitalization, but has not yet been validated. The objective was to study the validity and reliability of the method (phase 1) and redesign and revalidate a revised version (phase 2). Methods Detailed food records provided a reference method. A priori difference of >20% in energy or protein between the reference and the “Rate‐a‐Plate” method was determined as clinically relevant. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to determine the reliability. Results In phase 1, 24 patients were included with a total 67 test days. In phase 2, 14 patients were included, 28 test days. In phase 1, the “Rate‐a‐Plate” method underestimated intake by 422 kcal (29%, ICC 0.349, 95% CI 304–541) and 5.7 g protein (10%, ICC 0.511, 95% CI 0.0–11.5). Underestimation was found in 65% and 23% for energy and protein intake, respectively. Underestimation was higher when patients had higher intake. In phase 2, underestimation was 109 kcal (7%, ICC 0.788, 95% CI −273 to 56) and 3.7 g protein (6%, ICC 0.905, 95% CI −8.4 to 1.0). In 32% and 21% of the cases, energy and protein intake were underestimated. Conclusion The revised version of the “Rate‐a‐Plate” method is a valid method to monitor energy and protein intake of hospitalized patients and can be filled out by nutrition assistants. A larger validation study is required.

The consumption of dairy products and the dairy industry are one of the main global agri-food sectors for its size, economic importance, and level of technology. Microbiological quality of pasteurized milk or other milk products is dependent on microbiological quality of raw milk. A variety of microbiological count methods is available for monitoring the hygienic quality of raw milk. Among them, the pour plate method is the official essay for counting the number of colony-forming units in milk samples according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) No. 4833-1:2013. The aim of the present study is the validation of the Micro Biological Survey (MBS) method, against the reference plate-count method, for the assessment of the microbiological quality of raw milk. This comparative study, performed in collaboration with the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri (IZSLT), demonstrates the accuracy of this alternative method for the determination of total viable bacterial count in cow’s raw milk. The results obtained with the MBS method highlight its potential as a valid tool for reliable microbiological analysis in dairy industries.

Hospitals tend to have high density of occupancy. Poor indoor environmental quality in hospital buildings can exacerbate the health problems of patients and also harm visitors and staff. This study investigated the environmental characteristics and ventilation affecting the concentration of microorganisms in multiple-bed hospital wards. The measurements were accomplished by using a biosampler and an open plate method at four wards, different positions of electric fans, and different times. Data were analyzed by t-test and MANOVA. The results revealed that the concentrations of airborne bacteria were higher than the concentrations of fungi. There were significant differences in the concentrations of bacteria and fungi between sampling times and between hospital wards (p<0.05), while no difference was observed by positions of electric fans. Correlations between the concentrations and other environmental parameters indicate that temperature, number of occupants, and humidity were physical factors associated with the concentrations of microorganisms. In addition, mostly, Gram-positive bacteria were observed. This indicates the conditions in buildings in the tropical climate, and regular housekeeping of all room areas is needed to prevent the growth of airborne contaminants and the related risks to patients, visitors, and staff.

Parasitoids are important natural enemies of house flies and other muscoid flies. The two most commonly used methods for collecting fly parasitoids from the field have distinct advantages and disadvantages. Collections of wild puparia depend on the ability to find puparia in sufficient numbers and are prone to localized distortions in relative species abundance because of the overrepresentation of samples from hot spots of fly larval activity. Placement and retrieval of sentinel puparia is convenient and allows consistent sampling over time but is strongly biased in favor of Muscidifurax spp. over Spalangia spp. An improved sentinel method is described that combines some of the advantages of these two methods. Fly medium containing larvae is placed in containers, topped with a screen mesh bag of puparia, and placed in vertebrate-proof wire cages. Cages are placed at sites of actual or potential fly breeding and retrieved 3–7 d later. The modified method collected species profiles that more closely resembled those of collections of wild puparia than those from sentinel pupal bags. A method is also described for isolating puparia individually in 96-well tissue culture plates for parasitoid emergence. Use of the plate method provided a substantial saving of time and labor over the use of individual gelatin capsules for pupal isolation. Puparia from the collections that were housed individually in the wells of tissue culture plates had a higher proportion of emerged Spalangia species than puparia that were held in groups.