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3. Peritoneal mesothelioma in a woman who has survived for seven years: a case report

Author

Pourgholami Mohammad H, Akhter Javed, Pillai Krishna, and Morris David L

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Introduction Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare cancer with poor patient survival. Female gender has been identified as a positive prognostic factor. Recently, it has been suggested that the expression of estrogen receptor β in malignant mesothelioma leads to tumor suppression and a better prognosis. Case presentation We report the case of a 48-year-old Caucasian woman who is alive and disease-free seven years after the initial diagnosis and treatment of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Conclusion This patient's long survival may be attributable to a combination of factors, including minimal disease, complete cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus the estrogen receptor β positivity of the tumor.

Published
2011
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11. Evaluation of a Volume-Averaged Species Transport Model with Micro–Macro Coupling for Breakthrough Curve Prediction.

Author

Mobadersani, Parham, Bharat, Naine Tarun, and Pillai, Krishna M.

Subjects
UNIT cell, ZERO-valent iron, WATER filtration, ARSENIC in water, FERRIC oxide
Abstract

In porous water filters, the transport and entrapment of contaminants can be modeled as a classic mass transport problem, which employs the conventional convection–dispersion equation to predict the transport of species existing in trace amounts. Using the volume-averaging method (VAM), the upscaling has revealed two possible macroscopic equations for predicting contaminant concentrations in the filters. The first equation is the classical convection–dispersion equation, which incorporates a total dispersion tensor. The second equation involves an additional transport coefficient, identified as the adsorption-induced vector. In this study, the aforementioned equations were solved in 1D for column tests using 3D unit cells. The simulated breakthrough curves (BTCs), using the proposed micro–macro-coupling-based VAM model, are compared with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) results based on BCC-type unit cells arranged one-after-another in a daisy chain manner, as well as with three previously reported experimental works, in which the functionalized zeolite and zero-valent iron fillings were used as an adsorbent to remove phosphorous and arsenic from water, respectively. The disagreement of VAM BTC predictions with DNS and experimental results reveals the need for an alternative closure formulation in VAM. Detailed investigations reveal time constraint violations in all the three cases, suggesting this as the main cause of VAM's failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Impact of Nebulized BromAc ® on Mucus Plug Clearance in a Mechanically Ventilated Ex Vivo Ovine Lung Model of Obstructive Respiratory Conditions.

Author

Valle, Nicole, Eapen, Mathew Suji, Pillai, Krishna, Morris, Richard, Akhter, Javed, Mekkawy, Ahmed H., Morris, David L., and Valle, Sarah J.

Subjects
CHRONIC obstructive pulmonary disease, AIRWAY resistance (Respiration), ARTIFICIAL respiration, BROMELIN, CYSTIC fibrosis, LUNGS
Abstract

Mucus plugging of the respiratory tract occurs in airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. It can cause blockage of the airways, leading to breathlessness and lung failure. Here, we used a ventilatory setup to demonstrate the effect of BromAc® in dissolving mucus plugs in a novel ex vivo ovine obstructive lung model. Mucus simulant was filled into the trachea of freshly slaughtered ovine lungs and ventilated via an endotracheal tube (ETT) using Continuous Mandatory Ventilation. Predetermined single or repeated doses of Bromelain, Acetylcysteine (Ac), BromAc®, and saline control were administered via an Aerogen® vibrating nebulizer and ventilated for 30 or 60 min. Ventilatory recording of resistance, compliance, and tidal volume was conducted, and rheology pre- and post-treatment were measured. A significant decline in airway resistance (p < 0.0001) compared to the saline control was observed when treated with Bromelain, Ac, and BromAc®, with the latter showing a stronger mucolytic effect than single agents. The decline in resistance was also effective in shorter time points (p < 0.05) at lower doses of the drugs. Changes in compliance, peak pressure, and tidal volume were not observed after administration of the drugs. Rheology measurements revealed that BromAc®TM significantly reduced the viscosity of the mucin at the end of 30 min and 60 min time points (p < 0.001) compared to the saline control. BromAc® showed complete dissolution of the respiratory mucus simulant and improved ventilatory airflow parameters in the ex vivo ovine model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. Enhancement of treatment efficacy of hepatic tumours using Trans-arterial-chemoembolization

Author

Pillai, Krishna, Ke, Kevin, Mekkawy, Ahmed, Akhter, Javed, and Morris, David L

Subjects
Review Article
Abstract

This review article examines the basic principle underlying trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) used for treating unrespectable liver cancer with discussion on the barriers that are present for efficient drug delivery with suggestions on methods that may be used to overcome these barriers and hence enhance the efficacy of the technique. Current drugs used with TACE along with inhibitors of neovascularisation are briefly discussed. It also compares the conventional method of chemoembolization with TACE and rationalizes why there is not much of a difference between the two methods on treatment efficacy. Further it also suggests alternative methods of drug delivery that may be used instead of TACE. Additionally, it discusses the disadvantages on using non degradable microspheres with recommendations for degradable microspheres within 24 hours to overcome rebound neovascularisation owing to hypoxia. Finally, the review examines some of the biomarkers that are used to assess treatment efficacy with indication that non-invasive and sensitive biomarkers should be identified for routine screening and early detection. The review concludes that, if the current barriers present in TACE can be overcome along with the use of degradable microspheres and efficient biomarkers for monitoring efficacy, then a more robust treatment would emerge that may even serve as a cure.

Published
2023

23. Intraperitoneal BromAc ® Does Not Interfere with the Healing of Colon Anastomosis.

Author

Mekkawy, Ahmed H., Breakeit, Mohammad, Pillai, Krishna, Badar, Samina, Akhter, Javed, Valle, Sarah J., and Morris, David L.

Subjects
COLON surgery, ACETYLCYSTEINE, WOUND healing, COLLAGEN, BIOLOGICAL models, SURGICAL anastomosis, BODY weight, ANIMAL experimentation, INTRAPERITONEAL injections, PROTEOLYTIC enzymes, PERITONEUM tumors, WEIGHT loss, MICE
Abstract

Simple Summary: The drug BromAc® has been used in the treatment of pseudomyxoma peritonei, a rare peritoneal cancer. Often, patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei require colon resection with reconnection. Hence, we investigated whether BromAc® affects the healing of bowel wounds using a rat model. After colon-resection surgery, BromAc® was administered to a group of rats. Another group (control) of rats received saline. The colons were then left to heal for different time intervals. Next, the colons were assessed for healing using the burst-pressure test, whilst the effect of the BromAc® on the internal organs was investigated with histology. The results showed no significant differences in the healing of the colon wounds between the BromAc®-treated and the control rats. In addition, there was no difference in internal organ histology between the BromAc®-treated rats and the controls. Hence, the administration of intraperitoneal BromAc® is safe for the healing of colon resection. A combination of bromelain and acetylcysteine, BromAc®, is an efficient intraperitoneal mucolytic for thick mucus secreted in pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). Patients with PMP quite often undergo colon anastomosis. Hence, we investigated the effect of the intraperitoneal delivery of BromAc® on colon-anastomosis healing in a rat model. Sixteen Wistar rats were divided into two groups (N = 8). The controls received intraperitoneal saline after anastomosis, whilst the other group received BromAc®. They were monitored for body-weight and general health parameters. Half the rats in each group (N = 4) were culled at 4 or 13 days post-surgery for assessment. The healing process of the tissues was assessed by burst pressure and collagen density with histology to assess the integrity of the internal organs. The results indicated that there was a similar pattern of weight fluctuation during the experiment, although the rats treated with the BromAc® showed slightly greater weight loss during the first 4 days. Although the burst pressure was similar in both groups, the BromAc® group at day 13 showed a slightly higher burst pressure, which was complemented by a higher collagen density (albeit not statistically significant). The histology of the internal organs was comparable to those of the controls. This study indicates that the intraperitoneal delivery of BromAc® in a rat model does not interfere with the healing process of colonic anastomosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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29. Integrating Machine Learning and Computational Physics to Assess Crack Pattern Similarity in Masonry Buildings

Author

Ajithkumar Pillai, Krishna (author) and Ajithkumar Pillai, Krishna (author)

Abstract

Cracks in masonry structures are a cause for concern as they signal a potential lack of functionality and/or aesthetics. It thus becomes important to identify the cause of damage in order to mitigate it and to prevent its occurrence in the future. Similarities in crack patterns may correlate to similarities in the damage cause. Currently, the assessment of similarities in crack patterns and their corresponding damage causes is done by masonry experts and structural engineers. This process is often expensive and subjective. The use of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) may offer an alternate robust and dependable means to automate the assessment of masonry crack patterns by processing their images. The main research goal of this MSc thesis is to answer how accurately can the CNN -- fitted to data generated from finite element models -- estimate masonry crack pattern similarities. To develop a neural network that can perform such an automated assessment of masonry crack patterns with a high degree of accuracy, a large number of crack patterns with similarity ratings given by human experts are required. This data is collected in increasing complexity, first from a statistics-based approach by generating synthetic crack patterns from Markov walks. This is followed by a computational physics-based approach, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM), that generates crack patterns on 2D masonry façades subjected to differential settlements and out-of-plane loads. Finally, real-world data is also collected. This data is used to fit and test a convolutional neural network developed by Kleijn (Kleijn, 2022). Continuing along the previous line of research done at TNO (where 12 crack patterns were chosen and developed using the statistics-based approach), this thesis focuses on developing parametric finite element models of 8 out of these 12 Pattern IDs. Additionally, real-world images are also collected from Gouda in The Netherlands. This data is then used to form cr, Civil Engineering | Structural Engineering | Structural Mechanics

Published
2022

30. Siamese Convolutional Neural Networks to Quantify Crack Pattern Similarity in Masonry Facades

Author

Rozsas, Arpad (author), Slobbe, Arthur (author), Huizinga, Wyke (author), Kruithof, Maarten (author), Ajithkumar Pillai, Krishna (author), Kleijn, Kelvin (author), Giardina, Giorgia (author), Rozsas, Arpad (author), Slobbe, Arthur (author), Huizinga, Wyke (author), Kruithof, Maarten (author), Ajithkumar Pillai, Krishna (author), Kleijn, Kelvin (author), and Giardina, Giorgia (author)

Abstract

This paper proposes an automated approach to predict crack pattern similarities that correlate well with assessment by structural engineers. We use Siamese convolutional neural networks (SCNN) that take two crack pattern images as inputs and output scalar similarity measures. We focus on 2D masonry facades with and without openings. The image pairs are generated using a statistics-based approach and labelled by 28 structural engineering experts. When the data is randomly split into fit and test data, the SCNNs can achieve good performance on the test data ((Formula presented.)). When the SCNNs are tested on ”unseen” archetypes, their test (Formula presented.) values are on average 1% lower than the case where all archetypes are ”seen” during the training. These very good results indicate that SCNNs can generalise to unseen cases without compromising their performance. Although the analyses are restricted to the considered synthetic images, the results are promising and the approach is general., Geo-engineering

Published
2022
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37. Joji: A Play of Authoritarian Parenting

Author

Gowda, Mahesh R, primary, Srinivasa, Preeti, additional, Gupta, Sashi B, additional, Jacob, Niva, additional, Muthyalappa, Chandrashekar, additional, Nambiar, Santhosh Madhukar, additional, and Pillai, Suganya Ponnaiah Pillai Krishna, additional

Published
2021
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42. Enhancing the potency of chemotherapeutic agents by combination with bromelain and N-acetylcysteine - an in vitro study with pancreatic and hepatic cancer cells

Author

Pillai, Krishna, Mekkawy, Ahmed H, Akhter, Javed, Badar, Samina, Dong, Lillian, Liu, Andrew Ilin, and Morris, David Lawson

Subjects
Original Article
Abstract

Current systemic dosages of chemotherapeutic drugs such as gemcitabine, 5-FU, cisplatin, doxorubicin are administered every 7 days over 4 cycles due to systemic toxicity. An increase in potency of the drugs will result in dosage reduction with more frequent administration and efficacy increase. Hence, we investigated how the drugs potency can be increased by combining with bromelain and N-acetylcysteine. Tumour cells (5,000/well) were seeded into a 96 well plate and treated 24 hrs later with either single agents or in combinations at various concentrations. Cell survival was assessed by the sulforhodamine B assay after 72 hours of exposure. LD 50 was determined for each treatment and the Combination Index (CI) was assessed to determine synergy using Tallarida’s method. CI indicated that synergy was dependent on the concentration of the agents used and was cell line specific. For bromelain and N-acetylcysteine, certain ratio of the two agents gave very good synergy that was prevalent in almost all cell lines. Gemcitabine and 5-FU and doxorubicin reacted favourably with most concentrations of bromelain and NAC investigated. Cisplatin and oxaliplatin were not very compatible with NAC. A value of CI

Published
2020

43. Comparison of proteolytic, cytotoxic and anticoagulant properties of chromatographically fractionated bromelain to un-fractionated bromelain.

Author

Badar, Samina, Azarkan, Mohamed, Mekkawy, Ahmed A.H., Akhter, Javed, Pillai, Krishna, El Mahyaoui, Rachida, Ke, Kevin, Cavanaugh, Lauren, Morris, David D.L., Badar, Samina, Azarkan, Mohamed, Mekkawy, Ahmed A.H., Akhter, Javed, Pillai, Krishna, El Mahyaoui, Rachida, Ke, Kevin, Cavanaugh, Lauren, and Morris, David D.L.

Abstract

Bromelain consisting of a number of proteolytic enzymes possess anticancer and thrombotic properties. Hence, four chromatically separated fractions were examined for their proteolytic, anticancer and antithrombotic activity. Bromelain fractions were separated using ion-exchange column chromatography. Proteolytic properties were assessed using standard azocasein assay. Anticancer properties were first assessed using four different cell lines PANC-1, HEP 2B, HEP 3G and OVCAR-3 on cells grown in 96 well plates. Subsequently, fraction 2 and fraction 3 combined with gemcitabine were tested in ASPC-1 cells. Then cytotoxicity of fraction 3 was compared to bromelain in combination with doxorubicin and N-acetylcysteine on HEP G2 and HEP 3B cells. Finally, the anticoagulation effect of fraction 3 or bromelain combined with N-acetylcysteine was evaluated using human blood. Fraction 3 showed the highest proteolytic activity (5% greater than standard bromelain) whilst others were less active. Cytotoxicity as assessed by IC50 indicated fraction 3 to be the most potent whilst the others did not follow their proteolytic potency order. OVCAR-3 was the most sensitive amongst the cell lines. Fraction 3 showed higher potency in combination with gemcitabine in ASPC-1 cells compared to fraction 2. Similarly, fraction 3 in combination with doxorubicin showed higher toxicity when compared to bromelain. Fraction 3 or bromelain only showed thrombolytic activity in combination with N-acetylcysteine. Fraction 3 may be developed for clinical use since it showed better cytotoxicity compared to bromelain., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2021

48. Some studies relating to the design of shallow, fluidized bed boilers

Author

Pillai, Krishna K.

Subjects
660.2842, Mechanical Engineering
Abstract

The concept of shallow fluidized bed boilers is defined and a preliminary working design for a gas-fired package boiler has been produced. Those areas of the design requiring further study have been specified. Experimental investigations concerning these areas have been carried out. A two-dimensional, conducting paper analog has been developed for the specific purpose of evaluating sheet fins. The analog has been generalised and is presented as a simple means of simulating the general, two-dimensional Helmholtz equation. By recording the transient response of spherical, calorimetric probes when plunged into heated air-fluidized beds, heat transfer coefficients have been measured at bed temperatures up to 1 100°C. A correlation fitting all the data to within ±10% has been obtained. A model of heat transfer to surfaces immersed in high temperature beds has been proposed. The model solutions are, however, only in qualitative agreement with the experimental data. A simple experimental investigation has revealed that the effective, radial, thermal conductivities of shallow fluidized beds are an order of magnitude lower than the axial conductivities. These must, consequently, be taken into account when considering heat transfer to surfaces immersed within fluidized beds. Preliminary work on pre-mixed gas combustion and some further qualitative experiments have been used as the basis for discussing the feasibility of combusting heavy fuel oils within shallow beds. The use of binary beds, within which the fuel could be both gasified and subsequently burnt, is proposed. Finally, the consequences of the experimental studies on the initial design are considered, and suggestions for further work are made.

Published
1975
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49. Studies in the 'Vakyapadiya'

Author

Pillai, Krishna Raghavan

Subjects
491
Abstract

Bhartrhari's Vakyapadiya is a major work in Sanskrit Linguistics and its study is a long-felt need. In the thesis, some of the leading doctrines discussed in Cantos I and II of the work are discussed, and an attempt made to correlate them to some Modern doctrines. The four chapters of the Thesis are arranged such as to give a picture of the system of the philosophy of the Sanskrit grammarians. Chapter I discusses the doctrine of S'abda Brahman, the Supreme Word-principle from which the Universe of things and names is evolved. The Vedas, the Brahmanas and the Upanisads contain references to Vak as a creative principle functioning in association with Prajapati. The doctrine of S'abda Brahman developed in later times by grammarians like Shartrhari can be traced back to these texts. In Chapter II Bhartrhari conception of Speech as a human activity is discussed. Every speech-unit, such as the sentence, the word or the letter has two elements (1) the phonetic pattern (dhvani) and (2) the permanent speech-principle (sphota) which conveys the meaning of the unit. It is a primary Speech-sound (prakrtadhvani) which reveals the sphota and the utterance itself shows the speaker's personal variations of sounds (vaikrtadhvani). In Chapter III the sentence is discussed as an integral unit on the speech-level and as divisible on the level of interpretation. The controversies on the topic of the integral nature of the sentence on the Speech-level and the relation between the sentence and the word are discussed. Chapter IV discusses the word and the problems about it, such as the nature of word-meaning, the change in meaning, classification of meaning as primary, secondary and incidental and proper names. A translation of Cantos I and II of the Vakyapadiya is also included in the Thesis.

Published
1951
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