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1. Electrical stimulation: a potential alternative to positively impact cerebral health?

Author: Maël Descollonges, Rémi Chaney, Philippe Garnier, Anne Prigent-Tessier, Julien V. Brugniaux, and Gaëlle Deley
Subjects: neuromuscular electrical stimulation, functional electrical stimulation, cerebral blood flow, neuronal activity, cognition, neuroplasticity, Physiology, QP1-981
Abstract: An increasing body of evidence confirms the effectiveness of physical exercise (PE) in promoting brain health by preventing age-related cognitive decline and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. The benefits of PE are attributed to neuroplasticity processes which have been reported to enhance cerebral health. However, moderate to high-intensity PE is necessary to induce these responses and these intensities cannot always be achieved especially by people with physical limitations. As a countermeasure, electrical stimulation (ES) offers several benefits, particularly for improving physical functions, for various neurological diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of key mechanisms that could contribute to the enhancement in brain health in response to ES-induced exercise, including increases in cerebral blood flow, neuronal activity, and humoral pathways. This narrative review also focuses on the effects of ES protocols, applied to both humans and animals, on cognition. Despite a certain paucity of research when compared to the more classical aerobic exercise, it seems that ES could be of interest for improving cerebral health, particularly in people who have difficulty engaging in voluntary exercise.
Published: 2024
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2. Early Movement Restriction Affects FNDC5/Irisin and BDNF Levels in Rat Muscle and Brain

Author: Orlane Dupuis, Julien Girardie, Mélanie Van Gaever, Philippe Garnier, Jacques-Olivier Coq, Marie-Hélène Canu, and Erwan Dupont
Subjects: muscle–brain dialogue, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, myokines, development, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Interaction with the environment appears necessary for the maturation of sensorimotor and cognitive functions in early life. In rats, a model of sensorimotor restriction (SMR) from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P28 has shown that low and atypical sensorimotor activities induced the perturbation of motor behavior due to muscle weakness and the functional disorganization of the primary somatosensory and motor cortices. In the present study, our objective was to understand how SMR affects the muscle–brain dialogue. We focused on irisin, a myokine secreted by skeletal muscles in response to exercise. FNDC5/irisin expression was determined in hindlimb muscles and brain structures by Western blotting, and irisin expression in blood and cerebrospinal fluid was determined using an ELISA assay at P8, P15, P21 and P28. Since irisin is known to regulate its expression, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels were also measured in the same brain structures. We demonstrated that SMR increases FNDC5/irisin levels specifically in the soleus muscle (from P21) and also affects this protein expression in several brain structures (as early as P15). The BDNF level was increased in the hippocampus at P8. To conclude, SMR affects FNDC5/irisin levels in a postural muscle and in several brain regions and has limited effects on BDNF expression in the brain.
Published: 2024
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3. Molecular mechanisms underlying physical exercise-induced brain BDNF overproduction

Author: Marina Cefis, Remi Chaney, Julien Wirtz, Alexandre Méloux, Aurore Quirié, Clémence Leger, Anne Prigent-Tessier, and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: physical exercise, BDNF, exerkine, cognition, muscle, neuronal activity, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Accumulating evidence supports that physical exercise (EX) is the most effective non-pharmacological strategy to improve brain health. EX prevents cognitive decline associated with age and decreases the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. These positive effects of EX can be attributed to an increase in neurogenesis and neuroplastic processes, leading to learning and memory improvement. At the molecular level, there is a solid consensus to involve the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as the crucial molecule for positive EX effects on the brain. However, even though EX incontestably leads to beneficial processes through BDNF expression, cellular sources and molecular mechanisms underlying EX-induced cerebral BDNF overproduction are still being elucidated. In this context, the present review offers a summary of the different molecular mechanisms involved in brain’s response to EX, with a specific focus on BDNF. It aims to provide a cohesive overview of the three main mechanisms leading to EX-induced brain BDNF production: the neuronal-dependent overexpression, the elevation of cerebral blood flow (hemodynamic hypothesis), and the exerkine signaling emanating from peripheral tissues (humoral response). By shedding light on these intricate pathways, this review seeks to contribute to the ongoing elucidation of the relationship between EX and cerebral BDNF expression, offering valuable insights into the potential therapeutic implications for brain health enhancement.
Published: 2023
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4. Cerebral Benefits Induced by Electrical Muscle Stimulation: Evidence from a Human and Rat Study

Author: Rémi Chaney, Clémence Leger, Julien Wirtz, Estelle Fontanier, Alexandre Méloux, Aurore Quirié, Alain Martin, Anne Prigent-Tessier, and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: electrical muscle stimulation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, lactate, FNDC5/Irisin, muscle-brain crosstalk, cognition, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Physical exercise (EX) is well established for its positive impact on brain health. However, conventional EX may not be feasible for certain individuals. In this regard, this study explores electromyostimulation (EMS) as a potential alternative for enhancing cognitive function. Conducted on both human participants and rats, the study involved two sessions of EMS applied to the quadriceps with a duration of 30 min at one-week intervals. The human subjects experienced assessments of cognition and mood, while the rats underwent histological and biochemical analyses on the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and quadriceps. Our findings indicated that EMS enhanced executive functions and reduced anxiety in humans. In parallel, our results from the animal studies revealed an elevation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), specifically in the hippocampus. Intriguingly, this increase was not associated with heightened neuronal activity or cerebral hemodynamics; instead, our data point towards a humoral interaction from muscle to brain. While no evidence of increased muscle and circulating BDNF or FNDC5/irisin pathways could be found, our data highlight lactate as a bridging signaling molecule of the muscle–brain crosstalk following EMS. In conclusion, our results suggest that EMS could be an effective alternative to conventional EX for enhancing both brain health and cognitive function.
Published: 2024
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5. Effects of the 2007 Martian Global Dust Storm on Boundary Positions in the Induced Magnetosphere

Author: Catherine E. Regan, Andrew J. Coates, Mark Lester, Anne Wellbrock, Geraint H. Jones, Beatriz Sánchez-Cano, Philippe Garnier, Richard P. Haythornthwaite, Dikshita Meggi, Rudy A. Frahm, and Mats Holmström
Subjects: Mars, Planetary magnetospheres, Planetary science, Planetary ionospheres, Surface processes, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract: Mars's magnetosphere is a sensitive system, varying due to external and internal factors, such as solar wind conditions and crustal magnetic fields. A signature of this influence can be seen in the position of two boundaries; the bow shock and the induced magnetospheric boundary (IMB). The bow shock moves closer to Mars during times of high solar activity, and both the bow shock and IMB bulge away from Mars over crustal magnetic fields in the southern hemisphere. This study investigates whether large-scale atmospheric events at Mars have any signature in these two magnetic boundaries, by investigating the 2007 storm. The 2007 global storm lasted for several months and increased atmospheric temperatures and densities of both water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to an increase in atmospheric escape. Using Mars Express, we identified boundary locations before, during, and after the event, and compared these to modeled boundary locations and areographical locations on Mars. We find that, while it is unclear whether the bow shock position is impacted by the storm, the IMB location does change significantly, despite the orbital bias introduced by Mars Express. The terminator distance for the IMB peaks at longitudes 0°–40° and 310°–360°, leaving a depression around 180° longitude, where the boundary usually extends to higher altitudes due to the crustal magnetic fields. We suggest this may be due to the confinement of ionospheric plasma over crustal fields preventing mixing with the dust, creating a dip in ionospheric pressure here.
Published: 2024
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6. Impact of Exercise Intensity on Cerebral BDNF Levels: Role of FNDC5/Irisin

Author: Clémence Leger, Aurore Quirié, Alexandre Méloux, Estelle Fontanier, Rémi Chaney, Christelle Basset, Stéphanie Lemaire, Philippe Garnier, and Anne Prigent-Tessier
Subjects: FNDC5, irisin, BDNF, physical exercise intensity, muscle fibers, hippocampus, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: The positive effects of physical exercise (EX) are well known to be mediated by cerebral BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a neurotrophin involved in learning and memory, the expression of which could be induced by circulating irisin, a peptide derived from Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) produced by skeletal muscle contraction. While the influence of EX modalities on cerebral BDNF expression was characterized, their effect on muscle FNDC5/Irisin expression and circulating irisin levels remains to be explored. The present study involved Wistar rats divided into four experimental groups: sedentary (SED), low- (40% of maximal aerobic speed, MAS), intermediate- (50% of MAS) and high- (70% of MAS) intensities of treadmill EX (30 min/day, 7 days). Soleus (SOL) versus gastrocnemius (GAS) FNDC5 and hippocampal BDNF expressions were evaluated by Western blotting. Additionally, muscular FNDC5/Irisin localization and serum/hippocampal irisin levels were studied by immunofluorescence and ELISA, respectively. Our findings revealed that (1) serum irisin and hippocampal BDNF levels vary with EX intensity, showing a threshold intensity at 50% of MAS; (2) hippocampal BDNF levels positively correlate with serum irisin but not with hippocampal FNDC5/Irisin; and (3) GAS, in response to EX intensity, overexpresses FNDC5/Irisin in type II muscle fibers. Altogether, peripheral FNDC5/Irisin levels likely explain EX-dependent hippocampal BDNF expression.
Published: 2024
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7. Space plasma physics science opportunities for the lunar orbital platform - Gateway

Author: Iannis Dandouras, Matt G. G. T. Taylor, Johan De Keyser, Yoshifumi Futaana, Ruth A. Bamford, Graziella Branduardi-Raymont, Jean-Yves Chaufray, Dragos Constantinescu, Elisabetta De Angelis, Pierre Devoto, Jonathan Eastwood, Marius Echim, Philippe Garnier, Benjamin Grison, David Hercik, Helmut Lammer, André Laurens, François Leblanc, Anna Milillo, Rumi Nakamura, Lubomír Přech, Elias Roussos, Štěpán Štverák, Julien Forest, Arnaud Trouche, Sébastien L. G. Hess, Jean-Charles Mateo-Vélez, James Carpenter, and Josef Winter
Subjects: Moon, deep space, space plasmas, heliophysics, space weather, gateway, Astronomy, QB1-991, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract: The Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway (LOP - Gateway, or simply Gateway) is a crewed platform that will be assembled and operated in the vicinity of the Moon by NASA and international partner organizations, including ESA, starting from the mid-2020s. It will offer new opportunities for fundamental and applied scientific research. The Moon is a unique location to study the deep space plasma environment. Moreover, the lunar surface and the surface-bounded exosphere are interacting with this environment, constituting a complex multi-scale interacting system. This paper examines the opportunities provided by externally mounted payloads on the Gateway in the field of space plasma physics, heliophysics and space weather, and also examines the impact of the space environment on an inhabited platform in the vicinity of the Moon. It then presents the conceptual design of a model payload, required to perform these space plasma measurements and observations. It results that the Gateway is very well-suited for space plasma physics research. It allows a series of scientific objectives with a multi-disciplinary dimension to be addressed.
Published: 2023
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8. Endothelial cells are an important source of BDNF in rat skeletal muscle

Author: Marina Cefis, Remi Chaney, Aurore Quirié, Clélia Santini, Christine Marie, Philippe Garnier, and Anne Prigent-Tessier
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is present in skeletal muscle, controlling muscular metabolism, strength and regeneration processes. However, there is no consensus on BDNF cellular source. Furthermore, while endothelial tissue expresses BDNF in large amount, whether endothelial cells inside muscle expressed BDNF has never been explored. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of BDNF localization in rat skeletal muscle. Cellular localization of BDNF and activated Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors was studied by immunohistochemical analysis on soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GAS). BDNF and activated TrkB levels were also measured in muscle homogenates using Western blot analysis and/or Elisa tests. The results revealed BDNF immunostaining in all cell types examined with a prominent staining in endothelial cells and a stronger staining in type II than type I muscular fibers. Endothelial cells but not other cells displayed easily detectable activated TrkB receptor expression. Levels of BDNF and activated TrkB receptors were higher in SOL than GAS. In conclusion, endothelial cells are an important and still unexplored source of BDNF present in skeletal muscle. Endothelial BDNF expression likely explains why oxidative muscle exhibits higher BDNF levels than glycolytic muscle despite higher the BDNF expression by type II fibers.
Published: 2022
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9. Region-Dependent Increase of Cerebral Blood Flow During Electrically Induced Contraction of the Hindlimbs in Rats

Author: Remi Chaney, Philippe Garnier, Aurore Quirié, Alain Martin, Anne Prigent-Tessier, and Christine Marie
Subjects: cerebral blood flow (CBF), heart rate (HR), exercise pressor reflex, rat—brain, electrically-induced muscle contraction, Physiology, QP1-981
Abstract: Elevation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) may contribute to the cerebral benefits of the regular practice of physical exercise. Surprisingly, while electrically induced contraction of a large muscular mass is a potential substitute for physical exercise to improve cognition, its effect on CBF remains to be investigated. Therefore, the present study investigated CBF in the cortical area representing the hindlimb, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex in the same anesthetized rats subjected to either acute (30 min) or chronic (30 min for 7 days) electrically induced bilateral hindlimb contraction. While CBF in the cortical area representing the hindlimb was assessed from both laser doppler flowmetry (LDFCBF) and changes in p-eNOSSer1177 levels (p-eNOSCBF), CBF was evaluated only from changes in p-eNOSSer1177 levels in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. The contribution of increased cardiac output and increased neuronal activity to CBF changes were examined. Stimulation was associated with tachycardia and no change in arterial blood pressure. It increased LDFCBF with a time- and intensity-dependent manner as well as p-eNOSCBF in the area representing the hindlimb. By contrast, p-eNOSCBF was unchanged in the two other regions. The augmentation of LDFCBF was partially reduced by atenolol (a ß1 receptor antagonist) and not reproduced by the administration of dobutamine (a ß1 receptor agonist). Levels of c-fos as a marker of neuronal activation selectively increased in the area representing the hindlimb. In conclusion, electrically induced bilateral hindlimb contraction selectively increased CBF in the cortical area representing the stimulated muscles as a result of neuronal hyperactivity and increased cardiac output. The absence of CBF changes in cognition-related brain regions does not support flow-dependent neuroplasticity in the pro-cognitive effect of electrically induced contraction of a large muscular mass.
Published: 2022
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10. Effects of horizontal seismic band on seismic response in masonry structure: Application of DIC technique

Author: Santosh Yadav, Hala Damerji, Reinold Keco, Yannick Sieffert, Eugénie Crété, Florent Vieux-Champagne, Philippe Garnier, and Yann Malecot
Subjects: Adobe masonry, Traditional vernacular structures, Seismic band, DIC application, Shear test, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract: Masonry construction is one of the oldest building systems and practiced since the early stage of human civilization. Even though industrialized nations developed new building practices using steel and concrete materials, most developing countries still use unreinforced masonry buildings. Evidence from past events shows that masonry structures sometimes performed well and survived several earthquake events, particularly in the area where earthquake events struck regularly and enough to show how structures behave. However, an alteration from the traditional cultural building practice is seen due to the lack of proper scientific knowledge about such local construction cultures. Amongst traditional construction technics, one captured authorities' and scientists' attention as showing excellent properties: seismic bands that can be found in many parts of Nepal. After the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, reconstruction works started adopting the guidelines developed by DUDBC and National Building code that suggest using such seismic bands. The evidence of using such band dates to 2500 BCE, and qualitative studies of those applications have proven to enhance the performance in the masonry structure. However, the experiment's quantitative parameters using various materials are needed to carry out the parametrical analysis to optimize seismic band's use. To provide quantitative results, we have started with two specimens, one without a band and one with a timber seismic band, and incorporate the digital image correlation (DIC) technique to obtain the localized information. The quasi-static cyclic test is carried out for our specimens to compare the behavior concerning the energy dissipation, and the surface area of the crack formed during the loading cyclic. This work clearly shows the seismic band's advantage in limiting the crack propagation and improving masonry structure integrity.
Published: 2021
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11. Optimization of the Use Time of a Shake Table with Specimen Preparation outside the Table Surface

Author: Santosh Yadav, Yannick Sieffert, Florent Vieux-Champagne, Laurent Debove, Damien Decret, Yann Malecot, and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: dynamic test, experimental setup, shake table, building test, masonry structure, specimen displacement, Building construction, TH1-9745
Abstract: The shake table test is one of the preferred techniques used to understand the dynamic response of a structure. However, due to the limited number of facilities available to perform such tests and their expensiveness, researchers often must rely on numerical models validated with the results of the static tests only. Moreover, most research papers concerning shake table tests lack details on how the tests were planned and executed. This paper explains the steps used for the preparation and execution of shake table tests on three reduced-scale buildings. These buildings were constructed outside the shake table surface, on a metallic base frame, and later moved to the shake table used for the tests in order to optimize the time of the experimental campaign. This approach enabled us to complete the tests in only 6 days. The approach presented in this paper may be helpful to researchers who want to increase the effectiveness of the available shake table facility and overcome the limitations of time and budget. Moreover, the solution presented in this article helps in the displacement of specimens without the use of a crane or other sophisticated hydraulic machinery. Thus, it could also be useful for testing specimens that have been aged and that are sensitive to displacements.
Published: 2022
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12. Cleaning surfaces from nanoparticles with polymer film: impact of the polymer stripping

Author: Adeline Lallart, Philippe Garnier, Elise Lorenceau, Alain Cartellier, and Elisabeth Charlaix
Subjects: Electronics, TK7800-8360, Technology (General), T1-995
Abstract: The removal of nanometric particles constitutes one of the main challenges for the Integrated Circuits manufacturing. A solution based on the polymer coating and removal without substrate consumption is described and its performances are evaluated. In our experiments, 60 nm SiO2 particles and 40–200 nm Si3N4 particles are used to contaminate Si wafers. Two polymer removal methods are compared, one is purely based on a chemical action while in the other one a chemical and a physical actions are coupled. We demonstrate that a physical action is required to remove particles. The process shows high Particle Removal Efficiency (PRE) up to 87% independently of the particle size and nature. The PRE stays at a constant value, around 85%, for 3 decades of aging time, but the particle removal is not uniform on all the wafer. Keywords: Polymer, Particle removal efficiency, Contamination, Particle size, Aging
Published: 2018
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13. The Cerebral Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Pathway, Either Neuronal or Endothelial, Is Impaired in Rats with Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis. Connection with Endothelial Dysfunction

Author: Martin Pedard, Aurore Quirié, Philippe Garnier, Anne Tessier, Céline Demougeot, and Christine Marie
Subjects: BDNF, cognition, endothelium, NO, TrkB, Physiology, QP1-981
Abstract: Cognitive abilities are largely dependent on activation of cerebral tropomyosin-related kinase B receptors (TrkB) by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that is secreted under a bioactive form by both neurons and endothelial cells. In addition, there is mounting evidence for a link between endothelial function and cognition even though the underlying mechanisms are not well known. Therefore, we investigated the cerebral BDNF pathway, either neuronal or endothelial, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that combines both endothelial dysfunction (ED) and impaired cognition. Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats was used as a model of RA. Clinical inflammatory symptoms were evaluated from an arthritis score and brains were collected at day 31 ± 2 post-immunization. Neuronal expression of BDNF and TrkB phosphorylated at tyrosine 816 (p-TrkB) was examined in brain slices. Endothelial BDNF and p-TrkB expression was examined on both brain slices (hippocampal arterioles) and isolated cerebral microvessels-enriched fractions (vessels downstream to arterioles). The connection between endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and BDNF production was explored on the cerebrovascular fractions using endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) levels as a marker of NO production, Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) as a NOS inhibitor and glyceryl-trinitrate as a slow releasing NO donor. Brain slices displayed lower BDNF and p-TrkB staining in both neurons and arteriolar endothelial cells in AIA than in control rats. For endothelial cells but not neurons, a strong correlation was observed between BDNF and p-TrkB staining. Of note, a strong correlation was also observed between neuronal p-TrkB and endothelial BDNF staining. In cerebral microvessels-enriched fractions, AIA led to decreased BDNF and eNOS levels with a positive association between the 2 parameters. These effects coincided with decreased BDNF and p-TrkB staining in endothelial cells. The exposure of AIA cerebrovascular fractions to GTN increased BDNF levels while the exposure of control fractions to L-NAME decreased BDNF levels. Changes in the cerebral BDNF pathway were not associated with arthritis score. The present study reveals that AIA impairs the endothelial and neuronal BDNF/TrkB pathway, irrespective of the severity of inflammatory symptoms but dependent on endothelial NO production. These results open new perspectives for the understanding of the link between ED and impaired cognition.
Published: 2018
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14. Le défi des outils numériques dans la scolarisation des élèves avec autisme : entre les besoins cognitifs des élèves et les approches pédagogiques des enseignants

Author: Camelia-Mihaela Dascalu and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: handicap and learning disabilities, ICT and digital, Education
Abstract: The learning difficulties facing students with autism not only require an adaptation of the learning environment, (strategies and tools) but also require a personalized adaptation taking into account the specific skills and needs of students with autism. This personalized adaptation will be inserted into the collective learning of the class. If many studies have shown the interest of using information and communication technologies (ICT) in education for students with autism, these refer to making digital tools compatible with the teacher’s adapted pedagogical approach, in order for them to be fully employed into school practice. As a matter of fact, far from being a homogenous category, students with autism each have their own particularities, hence the need for information technology tools that are adapted to each pupil’s profile, whilst being in tune with the teacher’s pedagogical style. This article presents a collaborative research between a special teacher and a few researchers, concerning the introduction of a very personalized information technology tool. The grounded theory approach makes the process of inserting the information technology tools into a special teaching for students with autism, more intelligible.
Published: 2015
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15. Relevance of Post-Stroke Circulating BDNF Levels as a Prognostic Biomarker of Stroke Outcome. Impact of rt-PA Treatment.

Author: Marion Rodier, Aurore Quirié, Anne Prigent-Tessier, Yannick Béjot, Agnès Jacquin, Claude Mossiat, Christine Marie, and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The recombinant form of tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only curative treatment for ischemic stroke. Recently, t-PA has been linked to the metabolism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a major neurotrophin involved in post-stroke neuroplasticity. Thus, the objective of our study was to investigate the impact of rt-PA treatment on post-stroke circulating BDNF levels in humans and in animals. Serum BDNF levels and t-PA/plasmin activity were measured at hospital admission and at up to 90 days in stroke patients receiving (n = 24) or not (n = 14) rt-PA perfusion. We investigated the relationships between serum BDNF with concurrent t-PA/plasmin activity, neurological outcomes and cardiovascular scores at admission. In parallel, serum BDNF levels and t-PA/plasmin activity were assessed before and after (1, 4 and 24h) the induction of ischemic stroke in rats. Our study revealed higher serum BDNF levels and better neurological outcome in rt-PA-treated than non-treated patients. However, serum BDNF levels did not predict stroke outcome when the whole cohort of stroke patients was analyzed. By contrast, serum BDNF levels when measured at admission and at day 90 correlated with cardiovascular scores, and those at day 1 correlated with serum t-PA/plasmin activity in the whole cohort of patients whereas no association could be found in the rt-PA-treated group. In rats devoid of cardiovascular risk, no difference in post-stroke serum BDNF levels was detected between rt-PA- and vehicle-treated animals and no correlation was found between serum BDNF levels and t-PA/plasmin activity. Overall, the data suggest that serum BDNF levels may not be useful as a prognostic biomarker of stroke outcome and that endothelial dysfunction could be a confounding factor when serum BDNF levels after stroke are used to reflect of brain BDNF levels.
Published: 2015
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16. Zinc release contributes to hypoglycemia-induced neuronal death

Author: Sang Won Suh, Philippe Garnier, Koji Aoyama, Yongmei Chen, and Raymond A Swanson
Subjects: Zinc, N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-para-toluenesulfonamide, TSQ, Hypoglycemia, Glucose, Hippocampus, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Neurons exposed to zinc exhibit activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), an enzyme that normally participates in DNA repair but promotes cell death when extensively activated. Endogenous, vesicular zinc in brain is released to the extracellular space under conditions causing neuronal depolarization. Here, we used a rat model of insulin-induced hypoglycemia to assess the role of zinc release in PARP-1 activation and neuronal death after severe hypoglycemia. Zinc staining with N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-para-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ) showed depletion of presynaptic vesicular zinc from hippocampal mossy fiber terminals and accumulation of weakly bound zinc in hippocampal CA1 cell bodies after severe hypoglycemia. Intracerebroventricular injection of the zinc chelator calcium ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid (CaEDTA) blocked the zinc accumulation and significantly reduced hypoglycemia-induced neuronal death. CaEDTA also attenuated the accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose), the enzymatic product of PARP-1, in hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that zinc translocation is an intermediary step linking hypoglycemia to PARP-1 activation and neuronal death.
Published: 2004
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17. Exogenous t-PA administration increases hippocampal mature BDNF levels. plasmin- or NMDA-dependent mechanism?

Author: Marion Rodier, Anne Prigent-Tessier, Yannick Béjot, Agnès Jacquin, Claude Mossiat, Christine Marie, and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through TrkB activation is central for brain functioning. Since the demonstration that plasmin is able to process pro-BDNF to mature BDNF and that these two forms have opposite effects on neuronal survival and plasticity, a particular attention has been paid to the link between tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin system and BDNF metabolism. However, t-PA via its action on different N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits is also considered as a neuromodulator of glutamatergic transmission. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of recombinant (r)t-PA administration on brain BDNF metabolism in rats. In the hippocampus, we found that rt-PA (10 mg/kg) administration induced a progressive increase in mature BDNF levels associated with TrkB activation. In order to delineate the mechanistic involved, plasmin activity was assessed and its inhibition was attempted using tranexamic acid (30 or 300 mg/kg, i.v.) while NMDA receptors were antagonized with MK801 (0.3 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) in combination with rt-PA treatment. Our results showed that despite a rise in rt-PA activity, rt-PA administration failed to increase hippocampal plasmin activity suggesting that the plasminogen/plasmin system is not involved whereas MK801 abrogated the augmentation in mature BDNF levels observed after rt-PA administration. All together, our results show that rt-PA administration induces increase in hippocampal mature BDNF expression and suggests that rt-PA contributes to the control of brain BDNF synthesis through a plasmin-independent potentiation of NMDA receptors signaling.
Published: 2014
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18. Savoirs traditionnels et connaissances scientifiques pour une réduction de la vulnérabilité de l’habitat rural face aux aléas naturels en Haïti

Author: Annalisa Caimi, Florent Vieux-Champagne, Philippe Garnier, Hubert Guillaud, Olivier Moles, Laurent Daudeville, Yannick Sieffert, and Stéphane Grange
Subjects: Construction cultures, Haiti, Natural hazards, Reconstruction, Rural, Vernacular architecture, Social Sciences
Abstract: Following the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010, observations have demonstrated the relevance of certain traditional building techniques that succeeded in limiting the occupants’ exposure to the risk of severe injury. Identifying and understanding the specificities of existing building structures and know-how provides a starting-point for improving building methods and reinforcing skills in order to reduce the long-term vulnerability of local communities. This paper presents two research works that address, from complementary angles, the issues of building in a risk-prone environment. The first, from the field of architecture, outlines a participatory methodology for analyzing local building practices with a view to developing them and making technical improvements. The second, from an engineering perspective, focuses on an experimental computer-aided scientific study of a building system used for post-earthquake reconstruction.
Published: 2013

19. Comparative effect of treadmill exercise on mature BDNF production in control versus stroke rats.

Author: Aurore Quirié, Marie Hervieu, Philippe Garnier, Céline Demougeot, Claude Mossiat, Nathalie Bertrand, Alain Martin, Christine Marie, and Anne Prigent-Tessier
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Physical exercise constitutes an innovative strategy to treat deficits associated with stroke through the promotion of BDNF-dependent neuroplasticity. However, there is no consensus on the optimal intensity/duration of exercise. In addition, whether previous stroke changes the effect of exercise on the brain is not known. Therefore, the present study compared the effects of a clinically-relevant form of exercise on cerebral BDNF levels and localization in control versus stroke rats. For this purpose, treadmill exercise (0.3 m/s, 30 min/day, for 7 consecutive days) was started in rats with a cortical ischemic stroke after complete maturation of the lesion or in control rats. Sedentary rats were run in parallel. Mature and proBDNF levels were measured on the day following the last boot of exercise using Western blotting analysis. Total BDNF levels were simultaneously measured using ELISA tests. As compared to the striatum and the hippocampus, the cortex was the most responsive region to exercise. In this region, exercise resulted in a comparable increase in the production of mature BDNF in intact and stroke rats but increased proBDNF levels only in intact rats. Importantly, levels of mature BDNF and synaptophysin were strongly correlated. These changes in BDNF metabolism coincided with the appearance of intense BDNF labeling in the endothelium of cortical vessels. Notably, ELISA tests failed to detect changes in BDNF forms. Our results suggest that control beings can be used to find conditions of exercise that will result in increased mBDNF levels in stroke beings. They also suggest cerebral endothelium as a potential source of BDNF after exercise and highlight the importance to specifically measure the mature form of BDNF to assess BDNF-dependent plasticity in relation with exercise.
Published: 2012
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20. Efficacy of Diosmectite (Smecta)® in the Treatment of Acute Watery Diarrhoea in Adults: A Multicentre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Study

Author: Faouzi Khediri, Abdennebi Ilhem Mrad, Moussadek Azzouz, Hedi Doughi, Taoufik Najjar, Hélène Mathiex-Fortunet, Philippe Garnier, and Antoine Cortot
Subjects: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract: Background. Although diosmectite has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of acute watery diarrhoea in children, its efficacy in adults still needs to be assessed. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the efficacy of diosmectite on the time to recovery in adults with acute diarrhoea. Methods. A total of 346 adults with at least three watery stools per day over a period of less than 48 hours were prospectively randomized to diosmectite (6 g tid) or placebo during four days. The primary endpoint was time to diarrhoea recovery. Results. In the intention-to-treat population, median time to recovery was 53.8 hours (range [3.7–167.3]) with diosmectite (n=166) versus 69.0 hours [2.2–165.2] with placebo, (n=163; P=.029), which corresponds to a difference of 15.2 hours. Diosmectite was well tolerated. Conclusion. Diosmectite at 6 g tid was well tolerated and reduced the time to recovery of acute watery diarrhoea episode in a clinically relevant manner.
Published: 2011
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21. Microglial involvement in neuroplastic changes following focal brain ischemia in rats.

Author: Alexandre Madinier, Nathalie Bertrand, Claude Mossiat, Anne Prigent-Tessier, Alain Beley, Christine Marie, and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is a complex sequence of events including inflammatory reaction, for which the microglia appears to be a major cellular contributor. However, whether post-ischemic activation of microglial cells has beneficial or detrimental effects remains to be elucidated, in particular on long term brain plasticity events. The objective of our study was to determine, through modulation of post-stroke inflammatory response, to what extent microglial cells are involved in some specific events of neuronal plasticity, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Since microglia is a source of neurotrophic factors, the identification of the brain-derived neurophic factor (BDNF) as possible molecular actor involved in these events was also attempted. As a means of down-regulating the microglial response induced by ischemia, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB, 90 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to inhibit the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Indeed, PARP-1 contributes to the activation of the transcription factor NF-kB, which is essential to the upregulation of proinflammatory genes, in particular responsible for microglial activation/proliferation. Experiments were conducted in rats subjected to photothrombotic ischemia which leads to a strong and early microglial cells activation/proliferation followed by an infiltration of macrophages within the cortical lesion, events evaluated at serial time points up to 1 month post-ictus by immunostaining for OX-42 and ED-1. Our most striking finding was that the decrease in acute microglial activation induced by 3-AB was associated with a long term down-regulation of two neuronal plasticity proteins expression, synaptophysin (marker of synaptogenesis) and GAP-43 (marker of neuritogenesis) as well as to a significant decrease in tissue BDNF production. Thus, our data argue in favour of a supportive role for microglia in brain neuroplasticity stimulation possibly through BDNF production, suggesting that a targeted protection of microglial cells could represent an innovative approach to potentiate post-stroke neuroregeneration.
Published: 2009
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22. La multiplication des catastrophes en Haïti peut-elle déboucher sur la diffusion de modèles d’habitats plus adaptés et ainsi renforcer la résilience ?

Author: Thierry Joffroy, Christian Belinga Nko’o, and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: resilience, natural hazards, habitat, disasters, local building cultures, Latin America. Spanish America, F1201-3799, Social Sciences
Abstract: Since 2010, Haiti has been subject to many hazards. Earthquakes and cyclones have all caused significant damage to the building. However, in 2010, the observation of the impact of the earthquake had made it possible to make a clear distinction between the construction typologies. Not all had killed, not all had been completely destroyed, and some, although rather modest in appearance, had behaved well despite the intensity of the shock. Research carried out on these housing typologies, based on the use of timber-frame construction systems and “fillings” with locally available materials, led to original reconstruction proposals, promoting these ancient local practices. Those, met with reluctance in the Haitian development community, considered backward-looking. However, as soon as the first prototype was built, the potential advantages of the approach were understood. In addition, structural calculations later on followed by laboratory and shaking-table tests allowed recognition and certification by the MTPTC. The model could be disseminated with various variants, in particular by the NGO platform PADED. During the passage of hurricanes Irma and Matthew, these newly built habitats behaved rather well. Thus, other integrated organisations started participating in the dissemination of the concept of TCLA (Improved Local Construction Techniques). Most of the achievements having been made in the West and South of the country, many of them suffered the earthquake of August 14, 2021. This was a real-life test whose results appeared rather eloquent. As a result, at the end of August 2021, the Shelter Working Group produced an orientation document which mentioned the interest of the TCLA approach, because beyond the para-disaster performance it allows self-help and self-recovery at the local level, and on the long term. Does all this means that, like has already been observed in other regions of the world, the recent repetition of disasters will lead to a radical change in the culture of risk in Haiti? Could this new situation ultimately lead to better adaptation of housing solutions to the capacities and means of the Haitian populations, and better consideration of natural hazards with, ultimately, more resilience?
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23. Estimate of the carbon footprint of astronomical research infrastructures

Author: Jürgen Knödlseder, Sylvie Brau-Nogué, Mickael Coriat, Philippe Garnier, Annie Hughes, Pierrick Martin, Luigi Tibaldo, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract: The carbon footprint of astronomical research is an increasingly topical issue with first estimates of research institute and national community footprints having recently been published. As these assessments have typically excluded the contribution of astronomical research infrastructures, we complement these studies by providing an estimate of the contribution of astronomical space missions and ground-based observatories using greenhouse gas emission factors that relates cost and payload mass to carbon footprint. We find that worldwide active astronomical research infrastructures currently have a carbon footprint of 20.3$\pm$3.3 MtCO$_2$ equivalent (CO$_2$e) and an annual emission of 1,169$\pm$249 ktCO$_2$e yr$^{-1}$ corresponding to a footprint of 36.6$\pm$14.0 tCO$_2$e per year per astronomer. Compared with contributions from other aspects of astronomy research activity, our results suggest that research infrastructures make the single largest contribution to the carbon footprint of an astronomer. We discuss the limitations and uncertainties of our method and explore measures that can bring greenhouse gas emissions from astronomical research infrastructures towards a sustainable level., Comment: 48 pages, 6 tables, 2 figures
Published: 2022

24. Transforming to Teach in an Inclusive Paradigm

Author: Philippe Garnier
Subjects: Education
Abstract: Since the Declaration of Salamanca and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, we have moved to an inclusive paradigm with regard to school. Mainstream schooling has become the rule. Thus, teachers in regular classes must work with all students, including those with special educational needs. It is not easy; many teachers face dilemmas in accommodating all types of students in the same classroom. This conceptual paper proposes a framework based on Mezirow’s transformative learning for understanding the transformations in teacher pedagogy needed to work in an inclusive school. It can be used as a basis for developing training mechanisms to support teachers in their transformation to work in an inclusive school.
Published: 2022

25. Shake table tests on 1:2 reduced scale masonry house with the application of horizontal seismic bands

Author: Santosh Yadav, Yannick Sieffert, Florent Vieux-Champagne, Yann Malecot, Majid Hajmirbaba, Luis Arléo, Eugénie Crété, and Philippe Garnier
Subjects: Civil and Structural Engineering
Published: 2023

26. A reconciling hypothesis centred on brain-derived neurotrophic factor to explain neuropsychiatric manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis

Author: Martin Pedard, Aurore Quirié, Christine Marie, Philippe Garnier, Perle Totoson, Céline Demougeot, and Anne Tessier
Subjects: Arthritis, Rheumatoid, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Rheumatology, Neurotrophic factors, Synovitis, medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Endothelial dysfunction, Depression (differential diagnoses), Neuroinflammation, Inflammation, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, business.industry, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Brain, Cognition, medicine.disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Cytokines, Endothelium, Vascular, Sedentary Behavior, business, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease characterized by synovitis leading to joint destruction, pain and disability. Despite efficient antirheumatic drugs, neuropsychiatric troubles including depression and cognitive dysfunction are common in RA but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. However, converging evidence strongly suggests that deficit in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling contributes to impaired cognition and depression. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge on BDNF in RA, proposes possible mechanisms linking RA and brain BDNF deficiency including neuroinflammation, cerebral endothelial dysfunction and sedentary behaviour, and discusses neuromuscular electrical stimulation as an attractive therapeutic option.
Published: 2021

27. Endothelial cells are an important source of BDNF in rat skeletal muscle

Author: Marina Cefis, Remi Chaney, Aurore Quirié, Clélia Santini, Christine Marie, Philippe Garnier, and Anne Prigent-Tessier
Subjects: Cell biology, Science, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Endothelial Cells, Article, Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch, nervous system, Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch, Medicine, Animals, Receptor, trkB, Rats, Wistar, Muscle, Skeletal, Glycolysis, Oxidation-Reduction, Neuroscience
Abstract: BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) is present in skeletal muscle, controlling muscular metabolism, strength and regeneration processes. However, there is no consensus on BDNF cellular source. Furthermore, while endothelial tissue expresses BDNF in large amount, whether endothelial cells inside muscle expressed BDNF has never been explored. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of BDNF localization in rat skeletal muscle. Cellular localization of BDNF and activated Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors was studied by immunohistochemical analysis on soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius (GAS). BDNF and activated TrkB levels were also measured in muscle homogenates using Western blot analysis and/or Elisa tests. The results revealed BDNF immunostaining in all cell types examined with a prominent staining in endothelial cells and a stronger staining in type II than type I muscular fibers. Endothelial cells but not other cells displayed easily detectable activated TrkB receptor expression. Levels of BDNF and activated TrkB receptors were higher in SOL than GAS. In conclusion, endothelial cells are an important and still unexplored source of BDNF present in skeletal muscle. Endothelial BDNF expression likely explains why oxidative muscle exhibits higher BDNF levels than glycolytic muscle despite higher the BDNF expression by type II fibers.
Published: 2021

28. Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Pathway after Downhill and Uphill Training in Rats

Author: Marina Cefis, Nicolas Pernet, Christine Marie, Gaël Ennequin, Aurore Quirié, Anne Prigent-Tessier, Philippe Garnier, Martin Pedard, Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice [Dijon - U1093] (CAPS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de Neurologie générale, vasculaire et dégénérative (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Pathologies et épithéliums : prévention, innovation, traitements, évaluation (EA 4267) (PEPITE), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III, Synaptophysin, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurotrophic factors, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Receptor, trkB, Premovement neuronal activity, Aerobic exercise, Eccentric, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Phosphorylation, Rats, Wistar, Treadmill, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Chemistry, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Brain, 030229 sport sciences, Endocrinology, nervous system, Exercise intensity, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Muscle Contraction
Abstract: Introduction The elevation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brain and the subsequent phosphorylation of its cognate tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors at tyrosine 816 (pTrkB) are largely involved in the positive effect of aerobic exercise on brain functioning. Although BDNF levels were reported to increase in proportion with exercise intensity, the effect of the type of contraction is unknown. Therefore, the cerebral BDNF/TrkB pathway was investigated after uphill and downhill treadmill activities at equivalent intensity to preferentially induce eccentric and concentric contractions, respectively. Methods A treadmill activity (30 min·d for seven consecutive days) either in a horizontal position at two different speeds to modulate intensity (experiment 1) or at three different inclinations (null, -10%, and +5%) but at equivalent intensity to modulate the type of contraction (experiment 2) was induced in rats. Both experiments included sedentary rats. Levels of BDNF, pTrkB, synaptophysin (marker of synaptogenesis), endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylated at serine 1177 (peNOS), and c-fos levels (indicators of elevation in blood flow in the cerebrovasculature and neuronal activity, respectively) were measured in motor- and cognition-related brain regions using Western blotting analysis. Results Experiment 1 indicated that treadmill activity induces an intensity-dependent increase in peNOS, c-fos, and BDNF levels. Experiment 2 showed that intensity of exercise as well as activation of the cerebral BDNF pathway, and synaptogenesis did not differ among horizontal, uphill, and downhill treadmill activities. Conclusion The cerebral response of the BDNF pathway to a treadmill activity is dependent on exercise intensity, but not on the type of contraction (eccentric vs concentric).
Published: 2019

29. Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis (AMDA): An on-line database and analysis tool for heliospheric and planetary plasma data

Author: D. Heulet, B. Renard, Ronan Modolo, Benjamin Grison, A. Jeandet, D. Boucon, C. Jacquey, H. Si Hadj Mohand, Frederic Pitout, Philippe Garnier, N. Bourrel, M. Ganfloff, Baptiste Cecconi, Benoit Lavraud, I. Plotnikov, Vincent Génot, N. Jourdane, F. Cabrolie, N. Aunai, Chihiro Tao, E. Budnik, Joelle Durand, B. Besson, N. André, N. Dufourg, N. Lormant, R. Hitier, M. Bouchemit, Q. Brzustowski, Andrei Fedorov, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), NOVELTIS [Sté], AKKA Technologies, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology [Tokyo, Japan] (NICT), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Prague] (IAP), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GFI Informatique, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: User Friendly, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Computer science, Interoperability, Astronomy and Astrophysics, interoperability, 01 natural sciences, Data science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph], Variety (cybernetics), Database, Task (computing), Heliophysics, analysis tool, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, space plasmas, Key (cryptography), Use case, Line (text file), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Accessing, visualizing and analyzing heterogeneous plasma datasets has always been a tedious task that hindered students and senior researchers as well. Offering user friendly and versatile tools to perform basic research tasks is therefore pivotal for data centres including the Centre de Données de la Physique des Plasmas (CDPP http://www.cdpp.eu/) which holds a large variety of plasma data from various Earth, planetary and heliophysics missions and observatories in plasma physics. This clearly helps gaining increased attention, relevant feedback, and enhanced science return on data. These are the key ideas that crystallized at CDPP more than 15 years ago and resulted in the lay-out of the concepts, and then development, of AMDA, the Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis software (http://amda.cdpp.eu/). This paper gives a description of the architecture of AMDA, describes its functionalities, presents some use cases taken from the literature or fruitful collaborations and shows how it offers unique capabilities for educational purposes.
Published: 2021

30. Correction to: SERENA: Particle Instrument Suite for Determining the Sun-Mercury Interaction from BepiColombo

Author: Raffaella Noschese, A. Loose, S. Barabash, A. Varsani, Markus Fränz, Diana Gamborino, Sándor Szalai, François Leblanc, Roberto Leoni, John Hayes, Stefano Livi, J. A. Scheer, A. Olivieri, F. Tominetti, Jim M. Raines, C. Kürbisch, Peter Wurz, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, Mats Holmström, Chuanfei Dong, Klaus Torkar, D. Toublanc, M. Ferris, G. Cremonese, Robert E. Johnson, Norbert Krupp, Menelaos Sarantos, M. D. Bush, Istvan Dr Horvath, George C. Ho, Magda Delva, G. Fremuth, A. M. Di Lellis, Raymond Goldstein, A. Aronica, Rosanna Rispoli, M. I. Desai, N. Vertolli, Stavro Ivanovski, Philippe Garnier, G. Laky, K. C. Hsieh, Nikolaos Paschalidis, L. Cremonesi, D. Brienza, Dominique Delcourt, B. Trantham, Kanako Seki, Ioannis A. Daglis, Iannis Dandouras, Harald Krüger, M. Leichtfried, Alessandro Gaggero, Karoly Szego, P. Wahlstroem, Frederic Allegrini, M. Cantatore, F. Giner, H. Jeszenszky, Manuel Grande, Wolfgang Baumjohann, F. Leblanc, Fabrizio Nuccilli, R. Wallner, A. D. Jacques, D. Maschietti, M. Wieser, Stefano Massetti, Walter Schmidt, Esa Kallio, Karoly Kecskemety, Dennis Haggerty, S. Zampieri, Anna Milillo, Greg Miller, S. Shuvalov, Helmut Lammer, H. Fischer, Francesco Lazzarotto, M. Oja, A. Shestakov, C. P. Escoubet, Shahab Fatemi, Roberto Sordini, J. Ryno, O. L. Vaisberg, V. Grishin, V. Mangano, Fabio Camozzi, L. Colasanti, W. C. Gibson, Adrian Kazakov, Alessandro Mura, D. Moissenko, Stefano Selci, Rosemary M. Killen, Kerrington D. Smith, Howard Smith, L. Szalai, Francesco Mattioli, Johan Svensson, S. M. P. McKenna-Lawlor, Hans Nilsson, R. S. Gurnee, C. Nunez, Mark Phillips, E. De Angelis, M. Famá, S. Persyn, P. Wilson, Daniele Piazza, Marco D'Alessandro, Alfredo Morbidini, U. Bührke, C. Urdiales, Herbert Lichtenegger, Christina Plainaki, J. Balaz, James A. Slavin, Sara Cibella, Stefano Orsini, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Suite, chemistry.chemical_element, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mercury (element), Astrobiology, Planetary science, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, Particle, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

31. SERENA: Particle Instrument Suite for Determining the Sun-Mercury Interaction from BepiColombo

Author: Hans Nilsson, R. S. Gurnee, Wolfgang Baumjohann, Howard Smith, Menelaos Sarantos, Mark Phillips, Iannis Dandouras, S. Shuvalov, V. Grishin, D. Moissenko, Stavro Ivanovski, Johan Svensson, John Hayes, Markus Fränz, Stefano Orsini, Francesco Lazzarotto, S. Persyn, Stefano Selci, Rosemary M. Killen, S. M. P. McKenna-Lawlor, V. Mangano, Diana Gamborino, Sándor Szalai, B. Trantham, P. Wilson, M. Oja, M. Cantatore, François Leblanc, Peter Wurz, H. Jeszenszky, Dominique Delcourt, Chuanfei Dong, Helmut Lammer, A. Shestakov, A. Aronica, A. Loose, S. Barabash, H. Fischer, E. De Angelis, M. Famá, M. Wieser, C. Nunez, Harald Krüger, Kerrington D. Smith, George C. Ho, G. Laky, L. Cremonesi, Mats Holmström, Manuel Grande, C. Kürbisch, Raffaella Noschese, D. Toublanc, Fabio Camozzi, C. P. Escoubet, L. Szalai, Francesco Mattioli, P. Wahlstroem, D. Maschietti, James A. Slavin, N. Vertolli, L. Colasanti, Frederic Allegrini, F. Giner, Jean-Jacques Berthelier, W. C. Gibson, Roberto Leoni, Dennis Haggerty, Stefano Massetti, Fabrizio Nuccilli, R. Wallner, S. Zampieri, Anna Milillo, Magda Delva, G. Fremuth, A. M. Di Lellis, Raymond Goldstein, Sara Cibella, Esa Kallio, Greg Miller, Walter Schmidt, Alessandro Gaggero, J. A. Scheer, M. I. Desai, Philippe Garnier, U. Bührke, Shahab Fatemi, Karoly Kecskemety, D. Brienza, Marco D'Alessandro, Adrian Kazakov, M. Leichtfried, Karoly Szego, Stefano Livi, A. Olivieri, F. Tominetti, A. D. Jacques, Alfredo Morbidini, Istvan Dr Horvath, Nikolaos Paschalidis, Daniele Piazza, Ioannis A. Daglis, Alessandro Mura, C. Urdiales, Herbert Lichtenegger, Christina Plainaki, Jim M. Raines, J. Balaz, Rosanna Rispoli, K. C. Hsieh, Kanako Seki, F. Leblanc, Roberto Sordini, J. Ryno, O. L. Vaisberg, A. Varsani, M. D. Bush, Klaus Torkar, M. Ferris, G. Cremonese, Robert E. Johnson, Norbert Krupp, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering (CLaSP), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Italian Space Agency, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Physics Institute [Bern], University of Bern, HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering [Espoo], School of Electrical Engineering [Aalto Univ], Aalto University-Aalto University, Space Technology Ireland Limited, Wigner Research Centre for Physics [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Department of Physics [Athens], National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton University, Research and Scientific Support Department, ESTEC (RSSD), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)-Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste (OAT), Institut für Weltraumforschung = Space Research institute [Graz] (IWF), Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], CNR Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica [ARGENTINA] (CNEA), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institute of Mathematical and Physical Sciences [Aberystwyth], University of Wales, University of Arizona, Department of Materials Science and Engineering [Charlottesville] (MS), University of Virginia, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [Tokyo], Graduate School of Science [Tokyo], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo)-The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), EISCAT Scientific Association [Sweden], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA)-European Space Agency (ESA), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Institut für Weltraumforschung [Graz] (IWF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Universität Bern [Bern], University of Virginia [Charlottesville], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), National Institute for Astrophysics, Southwest Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Uppsala University, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, UMR7095, IRAP, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Space Technology Ireland, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, United States Department of Energy, European Space Research and Technology Centre, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, AMDL Srl, University of Colorado Boulder, Slovak Academy of Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Université d'Orléans, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Aberystwyth University, Université Paris-Saclay, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Tofwerk AG, The University of Tokyo, EISCAT Headquarters, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, Astrobiology, law.invention, Particle instrumentation, Mercury’s environment, Orbiter, Interplanetary dust cloud, law, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, BepiColombo space mission, Neutral particle, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Spacecraft, business.industry, 520 Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, Mercury (element), Solar wind, Planetary science, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, Environmental science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business
Abstract: The ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission to Mercury will provide simultaneous measurements from two spacecraft, offering an unprecedented opportunity to investigate magnetospheric and exospheric particle dynamics at Mercury as well as their interactions with solar wind, solar radiation, and interplanetary dust. The particle instrument suite SERENA (Search for Exospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances) is flying in space on-board the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and is the only instrument for ion and neutral particle detection aboard the MPO. It comprises four independent sensors: ELENA for neutral particle flow detection, Strofio for neutral gas detection, PICAM for planetary ions observations, and MIPA, mostly for solar wind ion measurements. SERENA is managed by a System Control Unit located inside the ELENA box. In the present paper the scientific goals of this suite are described, and then the four units are detailed, as well as their major features and calibration results. Finally, the SERENA operational activities are shown during the orbital path around Mercury, with also some reference to the activities planned during the long cruise phase.
Published: 2021

32. Joint Europa Mission (JEM) a multi-scale study of Europa to characterize its habitability and search for extant life

Author: David Gaudin, Federico Tosi, David Mimoun, Luisa Lara, Joachim Saur, Ralph D. Lorenz, Krishan K. Khurana, Veerle Sterken, Hauke Hussmann, Norbert Krupp, Sascha Kempf, William Desprats, Philippe Garnier, Ralf Srama, Geoffrey Colins, Jérémie Lasue, Jan-Erik Wahlund, Aljona Blöcker, Katrin Stephan, Antonio Genova, Marcello Coradini, Dominique Fontaine, Andrea Longobardo, Luciano Iess, Peter Wurz, Jean-Pierre Lebreton, Dominic Dirkx, Frances Westall, Steve Vance, Michel Blanc, Leonid I. Gurvits, Cyril Cavel, Adam Masters, Gaël Choblet, Roland Wagner, Adrian Jäggi, Károly Szegő, O. Prieto-Ballesteros, Zita Martins, Jean-Charles Marty, Victor Parro, Pascal Regnier, Edward C. Sittler, Tilman Spohn, Renaud Broquet, Javier Gómez-Elvira, Georges Balmino, François Leblanc, Nicolas André, Martin Volwerk, Paul Hartogh, Philippe Martins, Adriaan Schutte, Geraint H. Jones, John F. Cooper, Ernesto Palumba, Tim Van Hoolst, Emma J. Bunce, Valery Lainey, The Royal Society, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Tosi, F. [0000-0003-4002-2434], Prieto Ballesteros, O. [0000-0002-2278-1210], Longobardo, A. [0000-0002-1797-2741], Van Hoolst, T. [0000-0002-9820-8584], Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Astronomical Institute [Bern], University of Bern, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE ERIC), Technische Universiteit Delft (TU Delft), CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics [Los Angeles] (IGPP), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Airbus Defence and Space, Airbus Group, University of Leicester, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wheaton College [Norton], Cyprus Space Exploration Organisation (CSEO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Télécom ParisTech, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Imperial College London, Universität zu Köln, Square Kilometre Array Organisation (SKA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Wigner Research Centre for Physics [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Airbus Defence and Space [Les Mureaux], ASTRIUM, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), Cardon, Catherine, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Outer planets exploration, Habitability, HUYGENS PROBE, Europa mission, Mission, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Astrobiology, law.invention, Extant taxon, SULFURIC-ACID, law, Galileo (satellite navigation), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Europa Orbiter, INSTRUMENT, SECONDARY, PLUME, HYDRATED SALT MINERALS, Physical Sciences, symbols, Europa, Jupiter system, SURFACE, Astronomy & Astrophysics, [SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], symbols.namesake, Orbiter, Search for life, 0103 physical sciences, Ocean moon, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astrophysique, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, Galilean Satellites, Scale (chemistry), Astronomy and Astrophysics, ATMOSPHERE, EVOLUTION, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, Joint (building), habitability, jupiter system, ocean moon, outer planets exploration, search for life, SATELLITES
Abstract: Full list of authors: Blanc, Michel; Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga; André, Nicolas; Gomez-Elvira, Javier; Jones, Geraint; Sterken, Veerle; Desprats, William; Gurvits, Leonid I.; Khurana, Krishan; Balmino, Georges; Blöcker, Aljona; Broquet, Renaud; Bunce, Emma; Cavel, Cyril; Choblet, Gaël; Colins, Geoffrey; Coradini, Marcello; Cooper, John; Dirkx, Dominic; Fontaine, Dominique; Garnier, Philippe; Gaudin, David; Hartogh, Paul; Hussmann, Hauke; Genova, Antonio; Iess, Luciano; Jäggi, Adrian; Kempf, Sascha; Krupp, Norbert; Lara, Luisa; Lasue, Jérémie; Lainey, Valéry; Leblanc, François; Lebreton, Jean-Pierre; Longobardo, Andrea; Lorenz, Ralph; Martins, Philippe; Martins, Zita; Marty, Jean-Charles; Masters, Adam; Mimoun, David; Palumba, Ernesto; Parro, Victor; Regnier, Pascal; Saur, Joachim; Schutte, Adriaan; Sittler, Edward C.; Spohn, Tilman; Srama, Ralf; Stephan, Katrin; Szegő, Károly; Tosi, Federico; Vance, Steve; Wagner, Roland; Van Hoolst, Tim; Volwerk, Martin; Wahlund, Jan-Erik; Westall, Frances; Wurz, Peter, Europa is the closest and probably the most promising target to search for extant life in the Solar System, based on complementary evidence that it may fulfil the key criteria for habitability: the Galileo discovery of a sub-surface ocean; the many indications that the ice shell is active and may be partly permeable to transfer of chemical species, biomolecules and elementary forms of life; the identification of candidate thermal and chemical energy sources necessary to drive a metabolic activity near the ocean floor. In this article we are proposing that ESA collaborates with NASA to design and fly jointly an ambitious and exciting planetary mission, which we call the Joint Europa Mission (JEM), to reach two objectives: perform a full characterization of Europa's habitability with the capabilities of a Europa orbiter, and search for bio-signatures in the environment of Europa (surface, subsurface and exosphere) by the combination of an orbiter and a lander. JEM can build on the advanced understanding of this system which the missions preceding JEM will provide: Juno, JUICE and Europa Clipper, and on the Europa lander concept currently designed by NASA (Maize, report to OPAG, 2019). We propose the following overarching goals for our Joint Europa Mission (JEM): Understand Europa as a complex system responding to Jupiter system forcing, characterize the habitability of its potential biosphere, and search for life at its surface and in its sub-surface and exosphere. We address these goals by a combination of five Priority Scientific Objectives, each with focused measurement objectives providing detailed constraints on the science payloads and on the platforms used by the mission. The JEM observation strategy will combine three types of scientific measurement sequences: measurements on a high-latitude, low-altitude Europan orbit; in-situ measurements to be performed at the surface, using a soft lander; and measurements during the final descent to Europa's surface. The implementation of these three observation sequences will rest on the combination of two science platforms: a soft lander to perform all scientific measurements at the surface and sub-surface at a selected landing site, and an orbiter to perform the orbital survey and descent sequences. We describe a science payload for the lander and orbiter that will meet our science objectives. We propose an innovative distribution of roles for NASA and ESA; while NASA would provide an SLS launcher, the lander stack and most of the mission operations, ESA would provide the carrier-orbiter-relay platform and a stand-alone astrobiology module for the characterization of life at Europa's surface: the Astrobiology Wet Laboratory (AWL). Following this approach, JEM will be a major exciting joint venture to the outer Solar System of NASA and ESA, working together toward one of the most exciting scientific endeavours of the 21st century: to search for life beyond our own planet. © 2020, The authors received support from the sponsors of their home institutions during the development of their projects, particularly at the two institutes leading this effort: at IRAP, Toulouse, MB and NA acknowledge the support of CNRS, University Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier and CNES. At CAB, Madrid, OPB and JGE acknowledge the support of INTA and Spanish MINECO project ESP2014-55811-C2-1-P and ESP2017-89053-C2-1-P and the AEI project MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia "Maria de Maeztu". We would also like to extend special thanks to the PASO of CNES for its precious assistance and expertise in the design of the mission scenario.
Published: 2020

33. On the Ubiquity of Magnetic Reconnection Inside Flux Transfer Event‐Like Structures at the Earth's Magnetopause

Author: Michael O. Chandler, Elena Grigorenko, S. M. Petrinec, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Charlie J. Farrugia, Victoria N. Coffey, W. R. Paterson, C. Schiff, John C. Dorelli, Thomas E. Moore, Marit Øieroset, S. Fadanelli, K. J. Trattner, Sergio Toledo-Redondo, Jonathan Eastwood, S. A. Fuselier, T. D. Phan, C. J. Pollock, J. A. Sauvaud, Benoit Lavraud, Yoshitaka Saito, Q. Lenouvel, C. Jacquey, Philippe Garnier, James L. Burch, D. J. Gershman, R. Kieokaew, N. Fargette, D. L. A. Avanov, S. E. Smith, Vincent Génot, Emmanuel Penou, Barbara L. Giles, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Centre de physique moléculaire optique et hertzienne (CPMOH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, Space Science Division [San Antonio], Southwest Research Institute [San Antonio] (SwRI), Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (ATC), Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), NASA Headquarters, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)-University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Génot, Vincent
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Magnetic reconnection, Geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Magnetopause, Flux transfer event, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Earth (classical element), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Flux transfer events (FTEs) are transient phenomena frequently observed at the Earth's magnetopause. Their usual interpretation is a flux rope moving away from the reconnection region. However, the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission revealed that magnetic reconnection sometimes occurs inside these structures, questioning their flux rope configuration. Here we investigate 229 FTE‐type structures and find reconnection signatures inside 19% of them. We analyze their large‐scale magnetic topology using electron heat flux and find that it is significantly different across the FTE reconnecting current sheets, demonstrating that they are constituted of two magnetically disconnected structures. We also find that the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) associated with reconnecting FTEs presents a strong By component. We discuss several formation mechanisms to explain these observations. In particular, the maximum magnetic shear model predicts that for large IMF By, two spatially distinct X lines coexist at the magnetopause. They can generate separate magnetic flux tubes that may become interlaced.
Published: 2020

34. Investigating the Rosetta/RTOF observations of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko using a comet nucleus model: influence of dust mantle and trapped CO

Author: Martin Rubin, M. Hoang, Jérémie Lasue, Matthias Läuter, Maria Teresa Capria, Philippe Garnier, Henri Rème, Kathrin Altwegg, Tobias Kramer, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Bern [Bern]
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Ion, law.invention, Orbiter, law, Comet nucleus, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Spectrometer, 520 Astronomy, comets: general, comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, planets and satellites: interiors, Outgassing, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Amorphous ice, Sublimation (phase transition), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Context.Cometary outgassing is induced by the sublimation of ices and the ejection of dust originating from the nucleus. Therefore measuring the composition and dynamics of the cometary gas provides information concerning the interior composition of the body. Nevertheless, the bulk composition differs from the coma composition, and numerical models are required to simulate the main physical processes induced by the illumination of the icy body.Aims.The objectives of this study are to bring new constraints on the interior composition of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) by comparing the results of a thermophysical model applied to the nucleus of 67P and the coma measurements made by the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight (RTOF) mass spectrometer. This last is one of the three instruments of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA), used during the Rosetta mission.Methods.Using a thermophysical model of the comet nucleus, we studied the evolution of the stratigraphy (position of the sublimation and crystallisation fronts), the temperature of the surface and subsurface, and the dynamics and spatial distribution of the volatiles (H2O, CO2and CO). We compared them with the in situ measurements from ROSINA/RTOF and an inverse coma model.Results.We observed the evolution of the surface and near surface temperature, and the deepening of sublimation fronts. The thickness of the dust layer covering the surface strongly influences the H2O outgassing but not the more volatiles species. The CO outgassing is highly sensitive to the initial CO/H2O ratio, as well as to the presence of trapped CO in the amorphous ice.Conclusions.The study of the influence of the initial parameters on the computed volatile fluxes and the comparison with ROSINA/RTOF measurements provide a range of values for an initial dust mantle thickness and a range of values for the volatile ratio. These imply the presence of trapped CO. Nevertheless, further studies are required to reproduce the strong change of behaviour observed in RTOF measurements between September 2014 and February 2015.
Published: 2020

35. Cleaning surfaces from nanoparticles with polymer film: impact of the polymer stripping

Author: Elisabeth Charlaix, Elise Lorenceau, Alain H. Cartellier, Adeline Lallart, Philippe Garnier, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Lorenceau, Elise, Cartellier, Alain, and STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], Materials science, [SPI.NANO] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, lcsh:TK7800-8360, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, Integrated circuit, Substrate (electronics), 01 natural sciences, Stripping (fiber), law.invention, law, lcsh:Technology (General), 0103 physical sciences, Wafer, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, lcsh:Electronics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-FLU-DYN] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Fluid Dynamics [physics.flu-dyn], Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM] Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft], Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Chemical engineering, 13. Climate action, lcsh:T1-995, Particle, Particle size, 0210 nano-technology, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Soft Condensed Matter [cond-mat.soft]
Abstract: The removal of nanometric particles constitutes one of the main challenges for the Integrated Circuits manufacturing. A solution based on the polymer coating and removal without substrate consumption is described and its performances are evaluated. In our experiments, 60 nm SiO2 particles and 40–200 nm Si3N4 particles are used to contaminate Si wafers. Two polymer removal methods are compared, one is purely based on a chemical action while in the other one a chemical and a physical actions are coupled. We demonstrate that a physical action is required to remove particles. The process shows high Particle Removal Efficiency (PRE) up to 87% independently of the particle size and nature. The PRE stays at a constant value, around 85%, for 3 decades of aging time, but the particle removal is not uniform on all the wafer. Keywords: Polymer, Particle removal efficiency, Contamination, Particle size, Aging
Published: 2018

36. Evidence for Neutrals-Foreshock Electrons Impact at Mars

Author: Bruce M. Jakosky, Jasper Halekas, Karim Meziane, Christian Mazelle, David L. Mitchell, Jared Espley, A. M. Hamza, Philippe Garnier, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, electron impact ionization, Mars Exploration Program, Electron, 01 natural sciences, hydrogen exosphere, electron flux ratios are consistent with the electron-neutral hydrogen impact cross sections, Important role in the production of pickup ions in Mars distant exosphere, foreshock electrons flux decline with the distance from the shock of Mars, Foreshock, Martian foreshock, Nuclear physics, Geophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Electron ionization, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Backstreaming electrons emanating from the bow shock of Mars reported from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN/Solar Wind Electron Analyzer observations show a flux fall off with the distance from the shock. This feature is not observed at the terrestrial foreshock. The flux decay is observed only for electron energy E ≥ 29 eV. A reported recent study indicates that Mars foreshock electrons are produced at the shock in a mirror reflection of a portion of the solar wind electrons. In this context, and given that the electrons are sufficiently energetic to not be affected by the interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations, the observed flux decrease appears problematic. We investigate the possibility that the flux fall off with distance results from the impact of backstreaming electrons with Mars exospheric neutral hydrogen. We demonstrate that the flux fall off is consistent with the electron-atomic hydrogen impact cross section for a large range of energy. A better agreement is obtained for energy where the impact cross section is the highest. One important consequence is that foreshock electrons can play an important role in the production of pickup ions at Mars far exosphere.
Published: 2018

37. MAVEN and MEX multi‐instrument study of the dayside of the Martian induced magnetospheric structure revealed by pressure analyses

Author: Morgane Steckiewicz, David L. Mitchell, Nicolas André, Jasper Halekas, Mika K. G. Holmberg, Laila Andersson, Ronan Modolo, Philippe Garnier, S. Barabash, Vincent Génot, Christian Mazelle, Andrei Fedorov, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Iowa City], University of Iowa [Iowa City], Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: Martian, Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Magnetosphere, Atmosphere of Mars, Mars Exploration Program, Geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Solar wind, Magnetosheath, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, Magnetic pressure, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Ionosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; A combination of statistical studies and 18 case studies have been used to investigate the structure of the induced Martian magnetosphere. The different plasma and magnetic pressure forces on the dayside of the induced magnetosphere of Mars have been studied using 3.5 years of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) and Mars Express (MEX) observations. We present estimates of typical values for the dominant pressure terms, i.e., the thermal pressures of the ionosphere and the magnetosheath, the magnetic pressure of the magnetic pile‐up region, and the solar wind dynamic pressure. For 18 typical orbits the altitudes and relative distances of the pressure balance boundaries, the photoelectron boundary (PEB), the ion composition boundary (ICB), and the induced magnetosphere boundary (IMB) are estimated. The Magnetic Pile‐up Boundary (MPB) is discussed but not further studied since earlier characterisations of the MPB do not agree with our results.This study focuses on the transition region between the ionosphere and the magnetosheath on the dayside of Mars. We show that earlier definitions of the PEB, ICB, and IMB do not characterise the transition region well, mainly because each boundary is based on measurements from only one or two instruments. In order to characterise the transition region correctly changes in magnetic field strength and fluctuations, dominant ion species, electron and ion densities and energy distributions, need to be considered. This article confirms a complex interaction between Mars and the solar wind and can explain why previous studies have had difficulties to describe the force balance.
Published: 2019

38. Dawn/dusk asymmetry of the Martian UltraViolet terminator observed through suprathermal electron depletions

Author: David L. Mitchell, Philippe Garnier, Dominique Toublanc, François Leblanc, Robert Lillis, Christian Mazelle, Morgane Steckiewicz, Laila Andersson, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Martian, Physics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Perihelion and aphelion, Terminator (solar), Solar zenith angle, Astronomy, Atmosphere of Mars, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Local time, Ionosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Suprathermal electron depletions are structures of the nightside ionosphere of Mars resulting from an equilibrium between electron loss and creation processes. Photoionization of oxygen and carbon dioxide by UV and EUV photons is the main ionization process of the Martian atmosphere. The observation of suprathermal electron depletions is strongly unexpected in the portion of the Martian environment where photoionization can occur. This region is delimited by the UltraViolet (UV) terminator, behind which no UV ionizing photons are detected.In this study suprathermal electron depletions are used to determine the position of the UV terminator thanks to MAVEN observations. The MAVEN spacecraft is now in its fourth year of data recording and has already covered more than one Martian year, a large range of latitude, local time and solar zenith angle in the nightside down to 110 km altitude. This coverage enables us to determine the approximate position of the UV terminator over one Martian year. We then investigate the variation of its position on the dawn and dusk sides and depending on seasons. Our results are compared with models of the Martian atmosphere and in‐situ data of the atmospheric composition which all highlight an asymmetry between the dusk and the dawn sides at equinox. However, models show an inversion in the position of the dusk and the dawn UV terminator at perihelion and aphelion, which cannot yet be confirmed or disproved by the data.
Published: 2019

39. Two years with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: H2O, CO2, and CO as seen by the ROSINA/RTOF instrument of Rosetta

Author: Thierry Sémon, Annette Jäckel, Peter Wurz, Philippe Garnier, Kathrin Altwegg, Ulrich Mall, Jérémie Lasue, Henri Rème, H. Gourlaouen, Ursina Calmonte, A. Korth, J. H. Waite, Martin Rubin, M. Hoang, Léna Le Roy, Arnaud Beth, B. Fiethe, Sébastien Gasc, André Galli, Chia-Yu Tzou, Hans Balsiger, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, planets and satellites: atmospheres, Spectrometer, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], comets: general, Comet, Northern Hemisphere, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Atmospheric sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, Outgassing, Orbiter, comets: individual: 67/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Space and Planetary Science, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Southern Hemisphere
Abstract: Context. The ESA Rosetta mission investigated the environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) from August 2014 to September 2016. One of the experiments on board the spacecraft, the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) included a COmet Pressure Sensor (COPS) and two mass spectrometers to analyze the composition of neutrals and ions, the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer (RTOF), and the Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer (DFMS). Aims. RTOF species detections cover the whole mission. This allows us to study the seasonal evolution of the main volatiles (H2O, CO2, and CO) and their spatial distributions. Methods. We studied the RTOF dataset during the two-year long comet escort phase focusing on the study of H2O, CO2, and CO. We also present the detection by RTOF of O2, the fourth main volatile recorded in the coma of 67P. This work includes the calibration of spectra and the analysis of the signature of the four volatiles. We present the analysis of the dynamics of the main volatiles and visualize the distribution by projecting our results onto the surface of the nucleus. The temporal and spatial heterogeneities of H2O, CO2, and CO are studied over the two years of mission, but the O2 is only studied over a two-month period. Results. The global outgassing evolution follows the expected asymmetry with respect to perihelion. The CO/CO2 ratio is not constant through the mission, even though both species appear to originate from the same regions of the nucleus. The outgassing of CO2 and CO was more pronounced in the southern than in the northern hemisphere, except for the time from August to October 2014. We provide a new and independent estimate of the relative abundance of O2. Conclusions. We show evidence of a change in molecular ratios throughout the mission. We observe a clear north-south dichotomy in the coma composition, suggesting a composition dichotomy between the outgassing layers of the two hemispheres. Our work indicates that CO2 and CO are located on the surface of the southern hemisphere as a result of the strong erosion during the previous perihelion. We also report a cyclic occurrence of CO and CO2 detections in the northern hemisphere. We discuss two scenarios: devolatilization of transported wet dust grains from south to north, and different stratigraphy for the upper layers of the cometary nucleus between the two hemispheres.
Published: 2019

40. Promoting Vernacular Architecture, A Basis for Building Back Safer? A Case Study from Nepal

Author: Santosh Yadav, Philippe Garnier, Majid Hajmirbaba, Miguel Ferreira Mendes, Olivier Moles, Eugénie Crété, Julien Hosta, Yannick Sieffert, Pawan Shrestha, CRAterre (CRAterre), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Architecture, Environnement & Cultures Constructives (AE&CC), Laboratoire sols, solides, structures - risques [Grenoble] (3SR ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Risques, Vulnérabilité des structures et comportement mécanique des matériaux (RV ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), ASF Nepal, CRETE, Eugénie, and Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)
Subjects: Architectural engineering, media_common.quotation_subject, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Vulnerability, 020101 civil engineering, 02 engineering and technology, [SPI.MAT] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, [SPI.MECA] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph], [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, 0201 civil engineering, Building Back Safer, seismic bands, Nepal, SAFER, 11. Sustainability, 021105 building & construction, Vernacular architecture, Implementation, media_common, [SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, Subsidy, [SPI.MECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph], vernacular architecture, aseismic design, Identification (information), Work (electrical), Business, Psychological resilience, [SHS.ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management
Abstract: International audience; Reconstruction projects must rely on local resources and capacities to effectively reduce inhabit-ants' vulnerability on the long run. Vernacular architecture often reveals disaster-resilient strategies that are affordable and accessible to most people. Documenting and validating these practices through scientific research help in promoting them at different institutional and political levels. The work presented in this paper is a first step on the identification of the main factors affecting the incorporation of new practices in local building cultures and on the understanding of the extent to which these practices actually improve inhabitants' resilience. It results from a comparative study of two reconstruction projects in Nepal on the one hand and on the other hand from the research conducted by 3SR on a technique that is being reincorporated into inhabit-ants' building cultures: the regular insertion of seismic bands. The experimental campaign included tests on seismic bands built with different materials and cyclically loaded to assess the energy dissipated by the different configurations. The strong connection between academic and operational settings allowed for a direct contribution to the activities carried out by local stakeholders. Yet, the main factor affecting the people's acceptance of Building Back Safer (BBS) messages was the official guidelines they had to comply with to get subsidies; but it often resulted in important safety issues as their unaffordability induced improper implementations. Working on social aspects and side by side with local authorities is thus essential to widely implement proper BBS messages.
Published: 2019

41. Effects of horizontal seismic band on seismic response in masonry structure: Application of DIC technique

Author: F. Vieux-Champagne, Hala Damerji, Yann Malecot, Eugénie Crété, Santosh Yadav, Philippe Garnier, Reinold Keco, and Yannick Sieffert
Subjects: H1-99, Structure (mathematical logic), Seismic band, Digital image correlation, Adobe masonry, business.industry, Geography, Planning and Development, Limiting, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Masonry, Environmental sciences, Social sciences (General), Building code, Shear test, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Forensic engineering, GE1-350, Unreinforced masonry building, Cyclic test, business, Traditional vernacular structures, Safety Research, Geology, DIC application
Abstract: Masonry construction is one of the oldest building systems and practiced since the early stage of human civilization. Even though industrialized nations developed new building practices using steel and concrete materials, most developing countries still use unreinforced masonry buildings. Evidence from past events shows that masonry structures sometimes performed well and survived several earthquake events, particularly in the area where earthquake events struck regularly and enough to show how structures behave. However, an alteration from the traditional cultural building practice is seen due to the lack of proper scientific knowledge about such local construction cultures. Amongst traditional construction technics, one captured authorities' and scientists' attention as showing excellent properties: seismic bands that can be found in many parts of Nepal. After the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, reconstruction works started adopting the guidelines developed by DUDBC and National Building code that suggest using such seismic bands. The evidence of using such band dates to 2500 BCE, and qualitative studies of those applications have proven to enhance the performance in the masonry structure. However, the experiment's quantitative parameters using various materials are needed to carry out the parametrical analysis to optimize seismic band's use. To provide quantitative results, we have started with two specimens, one without a band and one with a timber seismic band, and incorporate the digital image correlation (DIC) technique to obtain the localized information. The quasi-static cyclic test is carried out for our specimens to compare the behavior concerning the energy dissipation, and the surface area of the crack formed during the loading cyclic. This work clearly shows the seismic band's advantage in limiting the crack propagation and improving masonry structure integrity.
Published: 2021

42. Full-field measurement with a digital image correlation analysis of a shake table test on a timber-framed structure filled with stones and earth

Author: Stéphane Grange, Philippe Garnier, Yannick Sieffert, F. Vieux-Champagne, Laurent Daudeville, Jean-Charles Duccini, Laboratoire sols, solides, structures - risques [Grenoble] ( 3S-R ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), CRAterre ( CRAterre ), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble ( ENSAG ) -Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication ( MCC ), Mécanique des Matériaux et des Structures ( M2S ), Géomécanique, Matériaux et Structures ( GEOMAS ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Technologique Forêt Cellulose Bois-construction Ameublement ( FCBA ), Laboratoire Sols, Solides, Structures ( 3S ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ), Laboratoire sols, solides, structures - risques [Grenoble] (3SR ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Risques, Vulnérabilité des structures et comportement mécanique des matériaux (RV ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), CRAterre (CRAterre), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Architecture, Environnement & Cultures Constructives (AE&CC), Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG), and Institut Technologique Forêt Cellulose Bois-construction Ameublement (FCBA)
Subjects: 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Engineering, Digital image correlation, business.industry, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Full scale, [ SPI.GCIV.DV ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Dynamique, vibrations, 020101 civil engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Structural engineering, Displacement (vector), Bracing, [SPI.MECA.GEME]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanical engineering [physics.class-ph], 0201 civil engineering, Infill, Shear wall, Earthquake shaking table, [SPI.GCIV.DV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Dynamique, vibrations, [SPI.GCIV.STRUCT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Structures, [ SPI.GCIV.STRUCT ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Structures, Mortar, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: International audience; This paper aims at presenting a digital correlation technique to capture the full-field displacement thanks to a high-speed camera of a full scale structure tested on a shaking table. The challenges are both the measurements at a full scale to visualize damages versus the resolution of pictures and the dynamical loading that requires a large number of pictures. The final goal is a better understanding of the seismic behavior of timber-framed structures with infill to help at modeling such structures and predicting their seismic vulnerability. For this purpose, results of shake table tests carried out on a full-scale one-story timber-framed house filled with stones bonded by an earth based mortar are presented and discussed. DIC full-field measurements allow deriving displacements and accelerations on shear walls as well as lateral forces applied on them. The experimental results presented herein allow analyzing the influence of bracing and might be used to propose optimized aseismic constructions based on cheap technological solutions. These results demonstrate the seismic-resistant behavior of timber-framed structures with infill and constitute a key issue for the promotion of such constructions in developing countries.
Published: 2016

43. Enseigner avec une tablette numérique à des élèves présentant des TSA: Genèses instrumentales

Author: Philippe Garnier, Groupe de recherche sur le handicap, l’accessibilité, les pratiques éducatives et scolaires (EA 7287 Grhapes) (Grhapes), and Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés (INSHEA)
Subjects: enseignement spécialisé, [SHS.EDU]Humanities and Social Sciences/Education, genèse instrumentale, TSA, vocabulaire, tablettes numériques
Abstract: International audience; Cet article présente une recherche sur l’enseignement avec une application sur des tablettes numériques, pour des élèves avec un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA). Trois enseignantes spécialisées participent au projet en menant des séances d’apprentissage de vocabulaire à partir d’une base d’images et de mots/phrases. Ces enseignantes utilisent l’application sur la tablette numérique pour la moitié des séances, et pour l’autre moitié, des outils en carton créés spécialement pour l’étude, permettant de réaliser des exercices similaires à ceux de la tablette. Les enseignantes utilisent un journal de bord pour noter quotidiennement leurs choix pédagogiques ainsi que les éléments qui leur semblent essentiels concernant les activités des élèves. Pour comprendre l’appropriation de la tablette par les enseignantes, le cadre théorique de l’approche instrumentale de Pierre Rabardel est utilisé. A partir des journaux de bord et des transcriptions d’entretiens conduits par le chercheur, une analyse par théorisation ancrée est menée, visant à comprendre les genèses instrumentales qui s’opèrent entre les enseignantes et la tablette numérique munie de l’application. Ces genèses se scindent en deuxprocessus complémentaires : instrumentation et instrumentalisation, en suivant l’approche instrumentale citée plus haut.
Published: 2018

44. Routine surveillance endoscopy before and after sleeve gastrectomy?

Author: Radwan Kassir, Pierre-Philippe Garnier, Chloé Serayssol, Sarah Bekkar, Bénédicte Deparseval, Rani Kassir, and Olivier Favre
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Sleeve gastrectomy, medicine.medical_treatment, Bariatric Surgery, Disease, Gastroesophagal reflux, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Esophagus, Novo Barrett’s esophagus, Surveillance, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Stomach, General surgery, Reflux, Endoscopy, Oeso-gastroduodenal fibroscopy, digestive system diseases, Surveillance endoscopy, medicine.anatomical_structure, Editorial, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Premalignant lesion, business
Abstract: There is no consensus when it comes to the necessity of an oeso-gastroduodenal fibroscopy (OGDF) before and after bariatric surgery. Many reports expressed the preoccupations about a gastroesophagal reflux disease (an acute risk of Barrett's esophagus) and its consequences after a sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and the risk of leaving a premalignant lesion in an excluded stomach after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders recommends a surveillance endoscopy, routinely after a SG. After review of the literature, we set out the arguments in favor of performing a systematic preoperative and post-operative OGDF.
Published: 2018

45. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor secreted by the cerebral endothelium: A new actor of brain function?

Author: Christine Marie, Aurore Quirié, Philippe Garnier, Perle Totoson, Martin Pedard, Céline Demougeot, Anne Tessier, Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice [Dijon - U1093] (CAPS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de Neurologie générale, vasculaire et dégénérative (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Pathologies et épithéliums : prévention, innovation, traitements, évaluation (EA 4267) (PEPITE), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, signal-transduction, cognition, nitric-oxide synthase, Cerebral endothelium, Review Article, Nitric oxide, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, activity-dependent secretion, Neurotrophic factors, nitric oxide, Medicine, Animals, Humans, neural stem-cells, blood-brain, tropomyosin-related kinase B, Brain function, cognitive impairment, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Neurons, cerebral endothelium, business.industry, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Mental Disorders, Brain, Endothelial Cells, Neurodegenerative Diseases, [SDV.MHEP.EM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Endocrinology and metabolism, bdnf val66met polymorphism, 3. Good health, Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B, 030104 developmental biology, Neurology, chemistry, nervous system, rat astrocytes, plasminogen-activator, rheumatoid-arthritis, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Neurology (clinical), Endothelium, Vascular, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: International audience; Low cerebral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which plays a critical role in many brain functions, have been implicated in neurodegenerative, neurological and psychiatric diseases. Thus, increasing BDNF levels in the brain is considered an attractive possibility for the prevention/treatment of various brain diseases. To date, BDNF-based therapies have largely focused on neurons. However, given the cross-talk between endothelial cells and neurons and recent evidence that BDNF expressed by the cerebral endothelium largely accounts for BDNF levels present in the brain, it is likely that BDNF-based therapies would be most effective if they also targeted the cerebral endothelium. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge about the biology and actions of BDNF derived from endothelial cells of the cerebral microvasculature and we emphasize the remaining gaps and shortcomings.
Published: 2018

46. Timber seismic bands: correlating their characteristics with local seismic activities and understanding their effects under seismic loads

Author: Eugénie Crété, Santosh Yadav, Milo Hofmann, Vieux-Champagne, F., Yannick Sieffert, Olivier Moles, Philippe Garnier, Sieffert, Yannick, CRAterre (CRAterre ), Architecture, Environnement & Cultures Constructives (AE&CC), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Laboratoire sols, solides, structures - risques [Grenoble] (3SR ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Risques, Vulnérabilité des structures et comportement mécanique des matériaux (RV ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Chercheur indépendant, and Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)
Subjects: [SPI.GCIV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, [SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, Timber insertions, Energy dissipation, [SPI.GCIV] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS.ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, Masonry building, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Seismic shear band
Abstract: International audience; Masonry buildings are one of the most commonly found structures throughout the world. In seismic areas, people developed several techniques and practices to make them safer in case of earthquakes. One of the most widespread techniques, used for centuries in several countries of Asia, Middle East, Europe, Central and South America, is the insertion of horizontal timber seismic bands into the load-bearing masonry walls. This paper first describes the variation in the timber bands disposals and how it correlates with local seismic activities in different regions of the Alpine-Himalayan belt. This research is based on a literature review and on several on-site surveys. Then, an analysis resulting from post-earthquakes observations, some experiments and a literature review allows for a global understanding on how these timber bands may contribute to a good behaviour of masonry buildings during earthquakes: by tying the building together, by preventing the propagation of diagonal shear cracks on the in-plane walls and flexural cracks on the out-of-plane walls, by dissipating energy, etc. The third part of the paper deals with two experimental campaigns conducted to better understand the mechanical impact of the reinforcement. The first one is based on two adobe walls (with and without horizontal timber reinforcement) submitted to lateral quasi-static cyclic load. It allowed for the estimation of the lateral strength, the stiffness degradation and the dissipated energy of both reinforced and unre-inforced masonry walls and for the comparison of their failure modes. The second experimental campaign focuses on the energy dissipation that occurs at the interface between the seismic band and the masonry depending on the materials used and their disposals. To this purpose, seismic bands in concrete, timber and bamboos of different configurations are submitted to lateral quasi-static cyclic loads and the energy dissipation occurring is calculated.
Published: 2018

47. Mechanical behaviour of different type of shear band connections being used in reconstruction housing in Nepal

Author: Santosh Yadav, F. Vieux-Champagne, Yannick Sieffert, Eugénie Crété, Philippe Garnier, Laboratoire sols, solides, structures - risques [Grenoble] ( 3S-R ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), CRAterre ( CRAterre ), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble ( ENSAG ) -Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication ( MCC ), ANR IDEX UGA,CDP-RISK,Risk @ Univ. Grenoble Alpes ( 2018 ), Laboratoire sols, solides, structures - risques [Grenoble] (3SR ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Risques, Vulnérabilité des structures et comportement mécanique des matériaux (RV ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), CRAterre (CRAterre), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Architecture, Environnement & Cultures Constructives (AE&CC), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG), and ANR-15-IDEX-0002,UGA,IDEX UGA(2015)
Subjects: 0211 other engineering and technologies, 020101 civil engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Civil engineering, 0201 civil engineering, 11. Sustainability, 021105 building & construction, Earthquake resistant structures, General Materials Science, Shear band, [ SPI.GCIV.STRUCT ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Structures, Civil and Structural Engineering, business.industry, Seismic loading, Building and Construction, Masonry, Dissipation, Masonry building, Experimental research, Seismic load, Shear (geology), Sustainability, [SPI.GCIV.STRUCT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Structures, business, Local building cultures, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Masonry structures are common in most of the under developed and developing countries in South-East Asia and Nepal is one of those nations which suffered from tremendous loss during earthquake in 2015. These types of structures are strengthened using various traditional and modern techniques, but the sustainability of the approach is obtained when local building culture is taken into consideration. The use of shear bands in masonry structures has been implemented in different nations for several centuries. It is also recommended by Government of Nepal (GoN) through design catalogues for the reconstruction of earthquake resistant buildings. These techniques proved to enhance the seismic performance of the structure but the influence of using different materials and of their configuration in term of dissipation of energy are not quantified. This research work focuses on an experimental approach to determine the mechanical behaviour of different materials (concrete, timber, or bamboo) when used as shear bands. Significant differences were highlighted in the seismic performance behaviour and energy dissipation of shear bands according to the materials, the contact surface areas and the junctions between elements. These results are analyzed in light of the substantial differences in material and labour costs at local levels in each earthquake-affected district. This article covers the experimental research conducted on shear bands and its links with on-site reconstruction activities.
Published: 2018

48. Numerical analysis on seismic resistance of a two-story timber-framed structure with stone and earth infill

Author: Stéphane Grange, Laurent Daudeville, Philippe Garnier, E. Fritsch, H. Algusab, Yannick Sieffert, Laboratoire sols, solides, structures - risques [Grenoble] (3SR), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Risques, Vulnérabilité des structures et comportement mécanique des matériaux (RV), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Mécanique des Matériaux et des Structures (M2S), Sols - Matériaux - Structures, Intégrité et Durabilité (SMS-ID), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Architecture, Environnement & Cultures constructives (AE&CC), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), CRAterre (CRAterre), ANR-10-HAIT-0003,REparH(2010), ANR-15-IDEX-02,CYBER@ALPS,Grenoble Alpes Cybersecurity Institute(2017), Laboratoire sols, solides, structures - risques [Grenoble] (3SR ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Risques, Vulnérabilité des structures et comportement mécanique des matériaux (RV ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Architecture, Environnement & Cultures Constructives (AE&CC), and ANR-15-IDEX-0002,UGA,IDEX UGA(2015)
Subjects: Visual Arts and Performing Arts, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 020101 civil engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Conservation, seismic resistance, 0201 civil engineering, 021105 building & construction, Architecture, traditional house, Infill, Geotechnical engineering, Seismic resistance, hysteresis behavior, [SPI.GCIV.CD]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Construction durable, business.industry, Numerical analysis, multi-stories timber-framed, numercial analysis, Masonry, earth mortar, Haiti, [SPI.GCIV.DV]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Dynamique, vibrations, nonlinear elements, business, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Due to their seismic resistance, traditional timber-framed structures with masonry infill suffered little damage during recent earthquakes. Moreover, timber-framed structures can be built with reduced costs thanks to the use of locally available materials such as wood, stone, and earth. Based on an experimentally validated numerical simulation for a one-story house, the seismic resistance of a similar two-story house is investigated. A simplified Finite Element Model with linear and nonlinear truss elements is proposed to analyze the seismic resistance of a two-story building. Nonlinear hysteresis constitutive laws are defined only for two majorcomponents of the structure which are assumed to be representative of the global structure behavior: diagonal X-crosses (concentrating the interaction with the infill material) and steel strip connections. These kinds of structures have been overlooked due to a lack of knowledge of their potential behavior in seismic prone area and a lack of building codes and standards for their own design. To promote them, a failure criterion, that might easily be used in engineering studies, is required. This article proposes a simple criterion based on Eurocode 8 to quantify the seismic resistance of one- and two-story houses. The simulation shows that, even in case of high intensity ground motion, the two-story building should not be collapsed. This study may help at designing two-story timber-framed structures in seismic prone areas for (re)construction projects.
Published: 2018

49. Altitude dependence of nightside Martian suprathermal electron depletions as revealed by MAVEN observations

Author: L. Andersson, Morgane Steckiewicz, J. P. McFadden, Bruce M. Jakosky, Janet G. Luhmann, John E. P. Connerney, David L. Mitchell, Davin Larson, Christian Mazelle, Jasper Halekas, Arnaud Beth, Emmanuel Penou, D. Toublanc, Jean-André Sauvaud, Philippe Garnier, Robert Lillis, Jared Espley, and N. André
Subjects: Martian, Mars Exploration Program, Electron, Atmosphere of Mars, Astrophysics, Astrobiology, Ion, Geophysics, Altitude, Martian surface, MD Multidisciplinary, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Ionosphere, Geology
Abstract: The MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) spacecraft is providing new detailed observations of the Martian ionosphere thanks to its unique orbital coverage and instrument suite. During most periapsis passages on the nightside ionosphere suprathermal electron depletions were detected. A simple criterion was implemented to identify the 1742 depletions observed from 16 November 2014 to 28 February 2015. A statistical analysis reveals that the main ion and electron populations within the depletions are surprisingly constant in time and altitude. Absorption by CO2 is the main loss process for suprathermal electrons, and electrons that strongly peaked around 6 eV are resulting from this interaction. The observation of depletions appears however highly dependent on altitude. Depletions are mainly located above strong crustal magnetic sources above 170 km, whereas the depletions observed for the first time below 170 km are globally scattered onto the Martian surface with no particular dependence on crustal fields.
Published: 2015

50. (Re)building Haiti after the January 2010 earthquake : risk reduction, building cultures and local development

Author: Joffroy Thierry, Philippe Garnier, Alexandre Douline, Olivier Moles, CRAterre (CRAterre), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Architecture, Environnement & Cultures Constructives (AE&CC), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), misereor, ANR, Misereor, Croix rouge, SCCF, etc, ANR-10-HAIT-0003,REparH(2010), CRAterre (CRAterre ), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Grenoble (ENSAG)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Thierry Joffroy, Joffroy, Thierry, and SEISME HAITI : Pour une reconstruction durable - - REparH2010 - ANR-10-HAIT-0003 - HAITI 2010 - VALID
Subjects: [SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, [SHS.SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, retro-engineering, haiti, local building cultures, Habitat, construction paracyclonique, earthquake, Haïti, cyclones, cultures constructives locales, construction parasinistre, [SHS.ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, resilience, earthquakes
Abstract: This book presents a summary of the results of a work carried out by many Haitian and international organizations who have decided to gather their forces in order to better respond to the problems posed by the reconstruction of the habitat following the earthquake of January 2010 in Haiti. The approach that was proposed was the result of reflections conducted during a series of international meetings on the subject and that can be summarized by the valorization of local constructive cultures in order to provide a better response of the housing programs., Cet ouvrage présente une synthèse des résultats d’un travail mené par de nombreuses organisations haitiennes et internationales qui ont décidé de rassembler leurs forces en vue de répondre au mieux aux problèmes posés par la reconstruction de l’habitat suite au séisme de janvier 2010 en Haïti. L’approche qui y est proposée est issue de réflexions menées de concert lors de plusieurs rencontres internationales sur le sujet et que l’on peut résumer par la valorisation des cultures constructives locales afin d’apporter une meilleure réponse des programmes d’habitat.
Published: 2017

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