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2. Prolonged grief during and beyond the pandemic: factors associated with levels of grief in a four time-point longitudinal survey of people bereaved in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Harrop, Emily, primary, Medeiros Mirra, Renata, additional, Goss, Silvia, additional, Longo, Mirella, additional, Byrne, Anthony, additional, Farnell, Damian J. J., additional, Seddon, Kathy, additional, Penny, Alison, additional, Machin, Linda, additional, Sivell, Stephanie, additional, and Selman, Lucy E., additional

Published
2023
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4. New understanding of an old phenomenon: uncontrolled factors and misconceptions that cast a shadow over studies of the ‘male effect’ on reproduction in small ruminants

Author

JORRE, Trina Jorre De St, HAWKEN, Penny Alison Rhian, and MARTIN, Graeme Bruce

Subjects
Male effect,sheep,goat,behaviour,industry,pheromone, Veterinary, Veteriner Hekimlik
Abstract

In female sheep and goats, exposure to males can be used to induce ovulation and thus control and synchronise fertility. This 'male effect' offers simple, cost-effective, and hormone-free management of reproduction in flocks and herds but, despite decades of research, significant gaps in our knowledge impede commercial application. Many of these gaps can be traced back to misconceptions in the early documentation of the male effect, and others are the result of uncontrolled factors in experimental design. Consequently, it is often difficult to draw conclusions from past research, to further our understanding of the phenomenon, and to make recommendations for industry application. Here, we describe 2 aspects of the male stimulus used to elicit the male effect that are often uncontrolled - the novelty of the stimulus males and factors that contribute to variability in the potency of the male stimulus. We discuss the physiology that underpins novelty, including the individual specificity of the sociosexual signals emitted by the male, and the concomitant ability of females to distinguish among individual males and remember them. Importantly, an understanding of the issue of novelty can make it easier to use the male effect in commercial practice. We also discuss difficulties in interpretation caused by variation in endpoints of the male effect (from neuroendocrine reaction to birth). We conclude that more rigour is needed in the control and reporting of male novelty, in preexperimentation separation of the sexes, and in extrapolation from detection of early responses to the male stimulus to reproductive outcomes.

Published
2015

8. End of life and bereavement experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: interim results from a national survey of bereaved people

Author

Harrop, Emily, Selman, Lucy, Farnell, Damian, Byrne, Anthony, Nelson, Annmarie, Goss, Silvia, Sutton, Eileen, Seddon, Kathy, Machin, Linda, Penny, Alison, Roulston, Audrey, Carduff, Emma, Finucane, Anne, Smith, Kirsten V, Torrens Burton, Anna, Sivell, Stephanie, Mayland, Catriona, Wakefield, Donna, Johnston, Bridget, Longo, Mirella, Harrop, Emily, Selman, Lucy, Farnell, Damian, Byrne, Anthony, Nelson, Annmarie, Goss, Silvia, Sutton, Eileen, Seddon, Kathy, Machin, Linda, Penny, Alison, Roulston, Audrey, Carduff, Emma, Finucane, Anne, Smith, Kirsten V, Torrens Burton, Anna, Sivell, Stephanie, Mayland, Catriona, Wakefield, Donna, Johnston, Bridget, and Longo, Mirella

Abstract

Background COVID-19 represents a mass bereavement event, with 80,000+ excess UK deaths. The unprecedented clinical and social restrictions are potential risk factors for poor bereavement outcomes. This study investigates the bereavement experiences, support needs and support use of people bereaved during the pandemic.Methods Interim findings from the first round of a mixed methods longitudinal survey of people bereaved in the UK since 16March 2020. The survey was disseminated via media, social media, national associations and community/charitable organisations. Grief was assessed using the Adult Attitude to Grief Scale.Results 532 bereaved people participated (91% female). Place of death: hospital (55%), home (22%), care home (15%), hospice (5%); 46% of deaths were confirmed/suspected COVID-19. Experiences of end of life care varied: 23% were ‘never’ involved in decisions about their loved one’s care, 36% felt ‘not at all’ supported by healthcare professionals after the death, 51% were not provided with information about bereavement support. Respondents reported high levels of problems specific to the pandemic bereavement context (e.g. 56% unable to visit prior to death, 67% social isolation and loneliness). Over half of participants demonstrated ‘severe’ (28%) or ‘high’ (24%) levels of vulnerability in grief, and support needs were high/fairly high in six psycho-emotional domains (51% to 62%). COVID-19 deaths were associated with higher levels of bereavement problems (p<0.05), grief vulnerability (p<0.05) and support needs (P< 0.001) compared to other causes of death. 21% of those with ‘severe’ vulnerability were accessing individual counselling, compared with 23% overall. Barriers to accessing professional support included long waiting lists, lack of appropriate support, feeling uncomfortable asking for/not knowing how to access help. 41% reported difficulties getting support from family/friends.Conclusions People bereaved during the pandemic experience exceptiona

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