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In 2019, heterosexual sex accounted for 23% of new HIV diagnoses in the United States and six dependent areas (1). Although preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can safely reduce the risk for HIV infection among heterosexual persons, this group is underrepresented in PrEP research (2). CDC analyzed National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) data to describe PrEP awareness among heterosexually active adults in cities with high HIV prevalence. Overall, although 32.3% of heterosexually active adults who were eligible were aware of PrEP

We conducted a population-based study of biologic, clinical, and sociodemographic factors associated with receipt of multi-agent systemic therapy (MAST) by people living with HIV (PLWH) who were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Building on recent registry-based analyses, we linked records from the Georgia Cancer Registry, Georgia HIV/AIDS Surveillance Registry, and the Georgia Hospital Discharge Database to identify 328 PLWH adults (age≥18) diagnosed with NHL within 2004–2012. Through logistic regression modeling, we examined factors associated with patients receiving MAST for NHL. Robust predictors included CD4 count ≥200 cells/mm(3) around the time of cancer diagnosis, an advanced stage (III or IV) diagnosis of NHL, MSM HIV transmission, and having private health insurance. The strongest single predictor of MAST was CD4 count. Because there is now guideline-integrated evidence that PLWH receiving standard-of-care cancer therapy can achieve substantially improved outcomes, it is vital they have access to regimens routinely provided to HIV-negative cancer patients.

BACKGROUND The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) provides persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with services not covered by other healthcare payer types. Limited data exist to inform policy decisions about the most appropriate role for RWHAP under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). METHODS We assessed associations between RWHAP assistance and antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription and viral suppression. We used data from the Medical Monitoring Project, a surveillance system assessing characteristics of HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the United States. Interview and medical record data were collected in 2009-2013 from 18 095 patients. RESULTS Nearly 41% of patients had RWHAP assistance; 15% relied solely on RWHAP assistance for HIV care. Overall, 91% were prescribed ART, and 75% were virally suppressed. Uninsured patients receiving RWHAP assistance were significantly more likely to be prescribed ART (52% vs 94%; P < .01) and virally suppressed (39% vs 77%; P < .01) than uninsured patients without RWHAP assistance. Patients with private insurance and Medicaid were 6% and 7% less likely, respectively, to be prescribed ART than those with RWHAP only (P < .01). Those with private insurance and Medicaid were 5% and 12% less likely, respectively, to be virally suppressed (P ≤ .02) than those with RWHAP only. Patients whose private or Medicaid coverage was supplemented by RWHAP were more likely to be prescribed ART and virally suppressed than those without RWHAP supplementation (P ≤ .01). CONCLUSIONS Uninsured and underinsured HIV-infected persons receiving RWHAP assistance were more likely to be prescribed ART and virally suppressed than those with other types of healthcare coverage.

Objective To examine preventive care visit patterns among commercially insured adolescents during 2003-2010. In 2005-2007, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended 3 vaccines targeted at adolescents. We also investigate the relationship between preventive care visits and immunization. Study design Data were drawn from the MarketScan database. Adolescents aged 11-21 continuously enrolled in the same insurance plan during the calendar year were included. We calculated the annual proportion of adolescents with at least 1 preventive and 1 vaccination-related visit. Longitudinal analyses were conducted by following the 1992 birth cohort for 8 consecutive years. Results The proportion of adolescents making at least 1 preventive visit increased from 24.6%-41.1% during 2003-2010. The rate of vaccination-related visits increased from 12.9%-26.3%. The magnitude of the increase in preventive and vaccination-related visits was greater during the years in which ACIP issued recommendations. The rates of preventive and vaccination-related visits were considerably higher among female and early adolescents and adolescents in managed care plans. Longitudinal analyses indicated that only 2.4% of adolescents had an annual preventive visit during the 8 years. Conclusions Yearly improvements in preventive care visits by adolescents were substantial. ACIP recommendations may be associated with this improvement. However, ongoing efforts are needed to improve the use and delivery of preventive care services.

Introduction During the 2009–2010 H1N1 pandemic, children and high-risk adults had priority for vaccination. Vaccine in short supply was allocated to states pro-rata by population, but vaccination rates as of January 2010 varied among states from 21.3% to 84.7% for children and 10.4% to 47.2% for high-risk adults. States had different campaign processes and decisions. Objective To determine program and system factors associated with higher state pandemic vaccination coverage for children and high-risk adults during an emergency response with short supply of vaccine. Methods Regression analysis of factors predicting state-specific H1N1 vaccination coverage in children and high-risk adults, including state campaign information, demographics, preventive or health-seeking behavior, preparedness funding, providers, state characteristics, and surveillance data. Results Our modeling explained variation in state-specific vaccination coverage with an adjusted R-squared of 0.82 for children and 0.78 for high-risk adults. We found that coverage of children was positively associated with programs focusing on school clinics and with a larger proportion of doses administered in public sites; negatively with the proportion of children in the population, and the proportion not visiting a doctor because of cost. The coverage for high-risk adults was positively associated with shipments of vaccine to “general access” locations, including pharmacy and retail, with the percentage of women with a Pap smear within the past 3 years and with past seasonal influenza vaccination. It was negatively associated with the expansion of vaccination to the general public by December 4, 2009. For children and high-risk adults, coverage was positively associated with the maximum number of ship-to-sites and negatively associated with the proportion of medically underserved population. Conclusion Findings suggest that distribution and system decisions such as vaccination venues and providers targeted can positively impact vaccination rates for children and high-risk adults. Additionally, existing health infrastructure, health-seeking behaviors, and access affected coverage.

Nationwide among nursing home residents, receipt of the influenza vaccine is 8 to 9 percentage points lower among blacks than among whites. The objective of this study was to determine if the national inequity in vaccination is because of the characteristics of facilities and/or residents.Cross-sectional study with multilevel modeling.States in which 1% or more of nursing home residents were black and the difference in influenza vaccination coverage between white and black nursing home residents was 1 percentage point or higher (n = 39 states and the District of Columbia). Data on residents (n = 2,359,321) were obtained from the Centers for MedicareMedicaid Service's Minimum Data Set for October 1, 2008, through March 31, 2009.Residents' influenza vaccination status (vaccinated, refused vaccine, or not offered vaccination).States with higher overall influenza vaccination coverage among nursing home residents had smaller racial inequities. In nursing homes with higher proportions of black residents, vaccination coverage was lower for both blacks and whites. The most dramatic inequities existed between whites in nursing homes with 0% blacks (L1) and blacks in nursing homes with 50% or more blacks (L5) in states with overall racial inequities of 10 percentage points or more. In these states, more black nursing home residents lived in nursing homes with 50% or more blacks (L5); in general, the same homes with low overall coverage.Inequities in influenza vaccination coverage among nursing home residents are largely because of low vaccination coverage in nursing homes with a high proportion of black residents. Findings indicate that implementation of culturally appropriate interventions to increase vaccination in facilities with larger proportions of black residents may reduce the racial gap in influenza vaccination as well as increase overall state-level vaccination.

Background In April 2009, a novel influenza A virus emerged in the United States. By the end of July, influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent (2009 H1N1) vaccine had been developed, licensed, and recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Initial target groups for vaccination were identified and the first vaccine was publicly available in early October 2009. Objective This study examines socio-demographic differences in opinions about 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) and seasonal influenza disease and vaccines and the association with receipt of influenza vaccinations during the 2009–2010 influenza season. Changes in opinions over the course of the pH1N1 pandemic were also examined. Methods Data from the 2009 National H1N1 Flu Survey (NHFS) were analyzed. The NHFS was a CDC-sponsored telephone survey initiated in response to the 2009 pH1N1 pandemic to obtain weekly within-season estimates of vaccination coverage, opinions, and other information. Results Opinions about influenza vaccine and disease varied significantly by race/ethnicity, income, and education level. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted 2009 H1N1 vaccination coverage was most strongly associated with opinions about the effectiveness of the vaccine and personal risk of disease, varying from 7 to 11% among adults who believed the vaccine to have low effectiveness and themselves at low risk of influenza, to 50–53% among those who thought vaccine effectiveness to be high and themselves at high risk of influenza. Conclusion Improving communication about personal risk and the effectiveness of influenza vaccines may improve vaccination coverage. The findings of difference in opinions could be used to target communication.

In 2011, institutional requirements for pertussis vaccination of healthcare personnel were reported by nearly one-third of surveyed US hospitals. Requirements often applied to personnel with certain clinical responsibilities, such as those caring for infants. Healthcare personnel who were not on an institution's payroll were rarely subject to pertussis vaccination requirements.

US health professional schools with student immunity requirements for recommended vaccines frequently accept evidence of immunity other than vaccination but vary widely on the types of evidence that are accepted. Exemptions for nonmedical reasons and, to a lesser extent, medical reasons are often obtainable by a student-written document.

Although influenza vaccination is recommended for all nursing home residents and is covered by Medicare, racial inequities remain.To determine the extent of racial difference in influenza vaccination among nursing home residents within and between nursing facilities by facility resident racial composition in a state with a large White-Black difference in vaccination.Data from the Centers for MedicaidMedicare Services' (CMS) Minimum Data Set (MDS) for assessments from October 1, 2005 through March 31, 2006. Facility-level data for nonhospital-administered CMS-certified nursing facilities in Michigan were merged with MDS.All nursing home residents (n=90,120).Receipt, refusal, or unvaccinated due to contraindication or not being offered the influenza vaccine.The unadjusted influenza vaccination coverage of residents was 60.6%, 63.5% for whites, and 43.0% for blacks, a difference of 20.5 percentage points. The adjusted median range of inequity (white-black) within homes stratified by proportion blacks in the facility (eg, 0%, 1% to 4.9%, 5% to 19.9%, 20% to 49.9%, and ≥50%) was 5.0% to 5.6% points. White residents refused the vaccine less than black residents in all groups of homes by proportion blacks in the home, ranging from 7.6% [corrected] in the all white homes to 14.3% [corrected] among blacks in homes with50% black residents. The adjusted median black deficit in not being offered the vaccine between nursing homes was large (up to 26.0% [corrected] points between all white homes and homes with50% blacks).Michigan statewide vaccination inequity among nursing home residents results from blacks disproportionately living in nursing homes where vaccination coverage is lowest. The inequity between facilities can be attributed to facility-level difference in offering.

To increase the rate of influenza vaccination among healthcare personnel, national recommendations call for worksites to adopt a multi-pronged strategy to encourage vaccination. The objective of this study was to explore existing worksite influenza vaccination policies and attitudes toward the use of declination forms based on a cross-sectional mail survey of 2,000 registered nurses in four US states. The majority (59%) of respondents reported receiving influenza vaccine during the 2005-06 influenza season. Just over half (55%) of respondents reported that their worksite strongly recommended influenza vaccination for employees. Most worksites made vaccine available to employees via one or more venues (95%) and used one or more strategies to inform employees about influenza vaccination (91%). Worksite policies supportive of HCP influenza vaccination were reported more frequently by vaccinated nurses and those in hospital-based settings. The majority of respondents supported the use of declination forms for influenza vaccination. Although many healthcare worksites have policies in place to support influenza vaccination among their employees, continued efforts to expand worksite policies and practices are important for increasing vaccination rates and may need to be targeted differently for hospital- and non-hospital-based settings.

Despite long-standing recommendations for non-elderly adults with certain chronic pulmonary, cardiovascular and metabolic conditions to receive influenza vaccine, vaccination rates remain low. Visits to subspecialists represent an important vaccination opportunity, but little is known regarding subspecialists' perceptions related to influenza vaccination. In February 2003, we conducted a cross-sectional mail survey of a random sample (N = 2,007) of board-certified cardiologists, endocrinologists and pulmonologists from the entire United States who provided outpatient care to adults aged 18-64 years, to assess their patterns of and attitudes toward administering influenza vaccine to high-risk, non-elderly patients. The overall response rate was 33%. Among 621 eligible respondents, 483 stocked influenza vaccine in their practice (Stockers) and 138 did not stock the vaccine (Non-Stockers). Pulmonologists were most likely to stock vaccine and strongly recommend vaccination; cardiologists were least likely. Among Stockers, barriers to vaccination varied by subspecialty. Among Non-Stockers, the most common factor in the decision to not stock vaccine was the perception that patients will receive the vaccine elsewhere. Most subspecialists who provide care to a large proportion of high-risk, non-elderly persons recommend influenza vaccination to some degree, particularly pulmonologists. To reduce missed opportunities overall, subspecialists should be encouraged to vaccinate patients who say that they plan to get the vaccine elsewhere. For cardiologists in particular, barriers to stocking influenza vaccine and recommending vaccination more strongly must be addressed.

To describe state-level actions and policies during the 2004–2005 influenza vaccine shortage and determine whether these or other factors were related to vaccination coverage, we surveyed all state health departments (including the District of Columbia). We included 2004–2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to examine whether state-level actions, policies, or other factors like vaccine supply were related to changes in vaccination coverage in adults aged ≥65 years from the previous non-shortage year. We found that 96% ( n=49) of states reported adopting or recommending adherence to the initial national interim influenza vaccination recommendations. Of these, at some point during the season, 22% ( n=11) reported local public health agencies issued prioritization recommendations that differed from the state health department's guidance. Eighty percent ( n=41) initiated at least one emergency response activity and 43% ( n=22) referred to or implemented components of their pandemic influenza plans. In 35% ( n=18), emergency or executive orders were issued or legislative action occurred. In a multivariable linear regression model, the availability and use of practitioner contact lists and having a relatively high vaccine supply in early October 2004 were associated with smaller decreases in coverage for adults aged ≥65 years from the previous non-shortage season ( p=0.003, r2=0.26). States overwhelmingly followed national vaccination prioritization guidelines and used a range of activities to manage the 2004–2005 vaccine shortage. The availability and use of practitioner contact lists and having a relatively high vaccine supply early in the season were associated with smaller decreases in coverage from the previous non-shortage season.

Background: Viral suppression (VS) improves quality of life and longevity for people living with HIV (PLWH) and reduces viral transmission, but is achieved by only a minority of PLWH in Georgia. Methods: By use of the Georgia HIV/AIDS surveillance database, the HIV Care Continuum was stratified by age. Results: Retention in care and VS generally increased with increasing age, with the exception of adolescents (aged 13-18 years), who had the highest retention and VS. Differences by sex, race and transmission category persisted across age groups. Among persons retained in care, the proportion achieving VS also generally increased with age. Linkage to care within 3 months of HIV diagnosis was lower among young adults (aged 19-24 years) (54%); young Black, non-Hispanic (NH) males (49%); and young Black NH men who have sex with men (MSM) (49%) as compared to those among adolescents (66%, 58%, and 57%). Conclusions: Retention in care and VS decreases with the transition from adolescence to young adulthood, possibly reflecting loss of support systems and competing priorities. At the other end of the age spectrum, health care and social support systems will be confronted with increasing numbers of older PLWH in Georgia. Challenges in HIV treatment and prevention include (a) the need for integrated medical care for aging PLWH with co-morbid conditions, and (b) the changing social environment of young PLWH.

Background: Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the mid-nineties, deaths among persons living with HIV (PLWH) have declined nationally. Now a controllable condition, HIV has become a chronic disease, highlighting the importance of tobacco cessation in lowering morbidity and premature mortality. Current smoking is approximately twice as high among PLWH compared with the general population. PLWH who smoke experience higher rates of cardiovascular disease, AIDS-defining illnesses, and cancer than PLWH who do not smoke. Loss of life-years associated with smoking among PLWH is greater than life-years lost from HIV. Methods: Data on current smoking, derived from the 2009-12 Georgia Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) were analyzed. Smoking rates were calculated by demographic characteristics, and results were compared to those from the 2011 Georgia Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a population-based telephone survey. Results: The prevalence of current smoking among PLWH was 36.1%, compared with 21.2% among the general population in Georgia. Smoking prevalence for PLWH generally varied by demographic characteristics according to the same pattern as for the general population, but prevalence was consistently higher among PLWH. Conclusions: The prevalence of current smoking among PLWH in Georgia is high. Clinical and public health interventions must address smoking cessation as part of HIV care to prevent disease, improve quality of life, and reduce mortality. HIV infected smokers have more barriers to quitting (alcohol, depression, drug dependence, and inaccurate risk perception) and a lower quit rate than non-HIV-infected smokers. Efficacy studies of behavioral and pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation specific to PLWH are needed.

We surveyed program coordinators at 106 hospitals and health departments that participated in the National Smallpox Vaccination Program to ascertain how program-level factors affected the rate of smallpox vaccine uptake by staff. In a fully adjusted multivariate model, health departments achieved significantly higher vaccination rates than did hospitals, as did facilities that invited fewer employees to be vaccinated.

Despite known benefits of influenza vaccination and coverage by Medicare Part B, elderly minority patients are less likely to receive influenza vaccination than whites.To test whether a nonphysician-initiated standardized offer of influenza vaccination to all elderly primary care patients would result in similar proportions of African-American and white patients accepting vaccine.In 7 metropolitan Detroit primary care practices during the 2003 influenza vaccination season, medical assistants assessed influenza immunization status of all patients 65 years and older and collected limited demographic data. Eligible patients were offered vaccination.Proportion of patients accepting influenza vaccination by race and predictors of vaccine acceptance.Four hundred and fifty-four eligible patients with complete racial information were enrolled: 40% African American, 52% white, 8% other race/ethnicity. Similar proportions of African Americans and whites had already received the 2003 vaccine (11.6% and 11.0%, respectively) or stated vaccination as the reason for visit (23.8% and 30.5%, respectively). Among the remainder, there also were similar proportions who accepted vaccination: 68.9% white and 62.1% African-American patients. History of previous vaccination was the only statistically significant predictor of vaccine acceptance (odds ratio [OR] 8.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.17, 17.91, P.001). After adjusting for history of previous vaccination, age, gender, and education, the odds of vaccine acceptance were no different for whites and African Americans (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.63, 2.29, P=.57).Vaccination acceptance differed little between African-American and white elderly patients. Using nonphysician personnel to identify and offer influenza vaccine to eligible patients is easily accomplished in primary care offices and has the potential to eliminate racial disparities in influenza vaccination.

During the 2004-2005 influenza season, the supply of vaccine to the United States was significantly reduced. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices issued interim recommendations for prioritizing vaccination. Given trends in racial/ethnic disparities in vaccination for influenza, the authors assessed the impact of the shortage on those historically less likely to be vaccinated. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, they considered vaccination coverage among those non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics who had priority for being vaccinated during the 2004-2005 influenza season. The vaccine shortage had a significant negative effect on coverage among adults aged 65 years or older across the three racial/ethnic groups. Yet, the magnitude of the disparities in coverage did not change significantly from previous seasons. This finding may imply similar patterns of vaccine-seeking behavior during shortage and nonshortage years. No racial/ethnic differences were seen among adults aged 18-64 years, which likely reflects the higher percentage of health-care workers in this age group. Yearly monitoring of influenza vaccine coverage is important to assess the long-term impact of shortages on overall coverage and gaps in coverage between racial/ethnic groups.

Objectives: We determined proportions of high-risk persons tested for HIV, the reasons for testing and not testing, and attitudes and perceptions regarding HIV testing, information that is critical for planning prevention programs. Methods: Cross-sectional interview study of persons at high risk for HIV infection (men who have sex with men [MSM]; injection drug users [IDUs]; and heterosexual persons recruited from gay bars, street outreach, and sexually transmitted disease clinics) among six states participating in the HIV Testing Survey (HITS) in 1995 to 1996 (HITS-I) and 1998 to 1999 (HITS-II). Results: Overall testing rates were lower in the HITS-I (1226/1599 [77%]) than in the HITS-II (1375/1711 [80%]) (p = .01). Persons

The emergence of a new infectious disease, AIDS, in the early 1980s resulted in the development of a national AIDS surveillance system. AIDS surveillance data provided an understanding of transmission risks and characterized communities affected by the epidemic. Later, these data provided the basis for allocating resources for prevention and treatment programs. New treatments have dramatically improved survival. Resulting declines in AIDS incidence and deaths offer hope that HIV disease can be successfully managed. However, to prevent and control HIV/AIDS in the coming decades, the public health community must address new challenges. These include the defining of the role of treatment in reducing infectiousness; the potential for an epidemic of treatment-resistant HIV; side effects of treatment; complacency that leads to relapses to high-risk behaviors; and inadequate surveillance and research capacity at state and local levels to guide the development of health interventions. Meeting these challenges will require reinvesting in the public health capacity of state and local health departments, restructuring HIV/AIDS surveillance programs to collect the data needed to guide the response to the epidemic, and providing timely answers to emerging epidemiologic questions.

We used data from a national serosurvey to describe national and regional trends in the prevalence of HIV among women giving birth in the United States from 1989 through 1994, and to estimate the number of women between 15 and 44 years old with HIV infection who had not yet developed opportunistic infections defining AIDS. We compared these estimates with AIDS prevalence and mortality estimates from the national AIDS case surveillance system. HIV seroprevalence among childbearing women remained stable nationwide from 1989 through 1994, ranging from 1.5 to 1.7/1000 women. In the Northeast, seroprevalence declined significantly after 1989. Seroprevalence increased significantly in the South through 1991 and then stabilized, although seroprevalence among black women continued to increase through 1994 in some southern states. Although AIDS prevalence and mortality increased nationwide each year from 1989 through 1994, the number of women infected with HIV who had not yet developed AIDS changed little and was approximately 86,000 in 1994. Our data suggest that new HIV infections among women of reproductive age are occurring at a rate that offsets losses from this population due to aging, disease progression, and death.

To the Editors: The integrated HIV care provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is to be commended, but to compare the proportion of people living with HIV who are in care at the VA and virally suppressed (77%) with the national HIV care continuum, viral suppression (VS) measurement (46%) is inappropriate.1 The denominator used in the national care continuum includes not only those currently in care but also persons previously and never in care.2 Bachus et al1 use a denominator of “all HIV-infected patients in VA care in 2013… defined as having at least 1 outpatient visit in the year.” Thus, a more appropriate comparison with national data would be the proportion of VS among persons engaged in care in 2013. Using the data provided in Figure 1, VS among those engaged in care is 84% (16,641/19,732) for the VA population and 76% (361,764/478,433) for the national population. This measure still reflects the excellent care people living with HIV receive through the VA, with a more appropriate comparison to the national data.

Our objective was to describe the experiences of obstetricians during the 2009–2010 H1N1 vaccination campaign in order to identify possible improvements for future pandemic situations. We conducted a cross-sectional mail survey of a national random sample of 4,000 obstetricians, fielded in Summer 2010. Survey items included availability, recommendation, and patient acceptance of H1N1 vaccine; prioritization of H1N1 vaccine when supply was limited; problems with H1N1 vaccination; and likelihood of providing vaccine during a future influenza pandemic. Response rate was 66 %. Obstetricians strongly recommended H1N1 vaccine during the second (85 %) and third (86 %) trimesters, and less often during the first trimester (71 %) or the immediate postpartum period (76 %); patient preferences followed a similar pattern. H1N1 vaccine was typically available in outpatient obstetrics clinics (80 %). Overall vaccine supply was a major problem for 30 % of obstetricians, but few rated lack of thimerosal-free vaccine as a major problem (12 %). Over half of obstetricians had no major problems with the H1N1 vaccine campaign. Based on this experience, 74 % would be “very likely” and 12 % “likely” to provide vaccine in the event of a future influenza pandemic. Most obstetricians strongly recommended H1N1 vaccine, had few logistical problems beyond limited vaccine supply, and are willing to vaccinate in a future pandemic. Addressing concerns about first-trimester vaccination, developing guidance for prioritization of vaccine in the event of severe supply constraints, and continued facilitation of the logistical aspects of vaccination should be emphasized in future influenza pandemics.

Background Many health professional organizations now endorse influenza vaccination as a condition of employment in healthcare settings. Our objective was to describe institutional requirements for influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) among US hospitals during the 2010-2011 influenza season. Methods A survey was mailed in 2011 to a nationally representative sample of 998 acute care hospitals. An institutional requirement was defined as "a policy that requires HCP to receive or decline influenza vaccination, with or without consequences for vaccine refusal." A weighted analysis included univariate analyses and logistic regression. Results Of responding hospitals (n = 808; 81.0%), 440 (55.6%) reported institutional requirements for influenza vaccination. Although employees were uniformly subject to requirements, nonemployees often were not. The proportion of requirements with consequences for vaccine refusal was 44.4% (n = 194); where consequences were imposed, nonmedical exemptions were often granted (69.3%). Wearing a mask was the most common consequence (74.2% of 194 requirements); by contrast, 29 hospitals (14.4%) terminated unvaccinated HCP. After adjustment for demographic factors, the following characteristics remained significantly associated with requirements: location in a state requiring HCP to receive or decline influenza vaccine, caring for inpatients that are potentially vulnerable to influenza, use of ≥9 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-recommended, evidence-based influenza vaccination campaign strategies, and for-profit ownership. Conclusions Influenza vaccination requirements were prevalent among hospitals of varying size and location. However, few policies were as stringent or as comprehensive as those endorsed by health professional organizations. Because influenza vaccination requirements are a viable alternative for hospitals unable to achieve high coverage through voluntary policies, there is still substantial room for improvement.

This report updates the 2009 recommendations by CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine for the prevention and control of influenza (CDC. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 2009;58[No. RR-8] and CDC. Use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine---recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP], 2009. MMWR 2009;58:[No. RR-10]). The 2010 influenza recommendations include new and updated information. Highlights of the 2010 recommendations include 1) a recommendation that annual vaccination be administered to all persons agedor=6 months for the 2010-11 influenza season; 2) a recommendation that children aged 6 months--8 years whose vaccination status is unknown or who have never received seasonal influenza vaccine before (or who received seasonal vaccine for the first time in 2009-10 but received only 1 dose in their first year of vaccination) as well as children who did not receive at least 1 dose of an influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine regardless of previous influenza vaccine history should receive 2 doses of a 2010-11 seasonal influenza vaccine (minimum interval: 4 weeks) during the 2010--11 season; 3) a recommendation that vaccines containing the 2010-11 trivalent vaccine virus strains A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like (the same strain as was used for 2009 H1N1 monovalent vaccines), A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like antigens be used; 4) information about Fluzone High-Dose, a newly approved vaccine for persons agedor=65 years; and 5) information about other standard-dose newly approved influenza vaccines and previously approved vaccines with expanded age indications. Vaccination efforts should begin as soon as the 2010-11 seasonal influenza vaccine is available and continue through the influenza season. These recommendations also include a summary of safety data for U.S.-licensed influenza vaccines. These recommendations and other information are available at CDC's influenza website (http://www.cdc.gov/flu); any updates or supplements that might be required during the 2010-11 influenza season also will be available at this website. Recommendations for influenza diagnosis and antiviral use will be published before the start of the 2010-11 influenza season. Vaccination and health-care providers should be alert to announcements of recommendation updates and should check the CDC influenza website periodically for additional information.

Objectives. We sought to estimate the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among older American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) adults nationally and the impact of sociodemographic factors, variations by geographic region, and access to services on vaccination coverage. Methods. We obtained our sample of 1981 AIAN and 179845 White respondents 65 years and older from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 2003 to 2005. Logistic regression provided predictive marginal vaccination coverage for each covariate and adjusted for demographic characteristics and access to care. Results. Unadjusted influenza coverage estimates were similar between AIAN and White respondents (68.1% vs 69.5%), but pneumococcal vaccination was lower among AIAN respondents (58.1% vs 67.2%; P Conclusions. Although there was no disparity in influenza coverage, pneumococcal coverage was lower among AIAN than among White respondents, probably because of sociodemographic risk factors. Regional variation indicates a need to monitor coverage and target interventions to reduce disparities within geographically and culturally diverse subpopulations of AIAN persons.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine from state and local health departments: ( 1) how they purchase, distribute, and fund influenza vaccine; ( 2) whether they experienced a shortage in 2003/04; ( 3) how the shortages were handled; and ( 4) how they prepared for distribution in 2004/05. Methods. A web-based survey was completed from June to August 2004 in eight Southeastern states. Results. Data were obtained from each state and 222 local health departments. Major differences between and within states were found with regard to purchasing, distributing, and funding influenza vaccine. Although the majority of health departments experienced periods of shortages in 2003/2004, surpluses of vaccine remained at the end of the season. There was little evidence of interaction between the public and private sectors to share vaccine resources in response to shortages. Tracking systems for redistribution of vaccine or follow-up were often not in place. Entering the 2004/05 season, 25% of states and 11% of counties were not developing any special procedures to deal with shortages beyond what was in place earlier. Conclusions. Better systems and funding are needed, especially for adult influenza vaccine delivery and for redistribution of influenza vaccine in response to shortages.

Influenza vaccination of elderly individuals (65 years or older) has been recommended in the United States since 1961, and consistent surveillance of vaccine use has been conducted since 1989. We examined national trends in influenza vaccination coverage in the United States from 1989 to 2002 among noninstitutionalized elderly individuals and identified factors associated with receipt of influenza vaccine.We analyzed data from the 1989-2002 National Health Interview Surveys, weighted to reflect the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population to determine self-reported levels of influenza vaccination. We conducted multivariable logistic regression modeling of 2002 data to identify factors independently associated with self-reported influenza vaccination.Among the elderly, influenza vaccination coverage increased from 30.5% in 1989 to 65.6% in 2002, with only a 2.4% increase from 1997 to 2002. In 2002, coverage remained lower for the non-Hispanic black (49.6%) and Hispanic (48.5%) populations compared with non-Hispanic whites (68.6%). Characteristics associated with a lower likelihood of influenza vaccination included fewer than 4 physician contacts in the past year and whether a person (1) was divorced or separated, (2) was non-Hispanic black or Hispanic, (3) had no regular physician, and (4) had less than a high school education. Individuals with chronic medical conditions and those 75 years or older were more likely to be vaccinated.By 1997, influenza vaccination coverage exceeded the Healthy People 2000 objective of 60% for the elderly overall, but even by 2002, this objective was still not achieved in the elderly black and Hispanic populations. Vaccination coverage seems to be leveling off, and innovative initiatives are needed to reach the Healthy People 2010 target of 90%, especially among racial and ethnic minorities.

Although an effective vaccine against hepatitis B has been licensed in the United States since 1981, and successful childhood vaccination programs have been implemented, hepatitis B virus transmission continues to occur among high-risk adults. In this study, we identified factors associated with receipt of one or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine among adults at high risk for hepatitis B infection.We analyzed data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey of selected adults ages 18-49 years who were at high risk for hepatitis B infection (n=1,036). Multivariable regression analysis was conducted to determine factors independently associated with vaccination.Although more than 80% (n=841) of high-risk adults reported previous visits to a clinician during the past year, only 30% (n=498) of men and 31% (n=538) of women reported having received a single dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Young age (18-29 years), never being married, past blood donation, and past human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing were independently associated with receiving vaccination for men. For women, young age (18-29 years) and previous vaccinations were significant factors associated with vaccination receipt. Additionally, having a primary care source (men) and seeing an obstetrician-gynecologist provider in the past year (women) were significantly associated with vaccination.Hepatitis B vaccination rates for high-risk adults are low, and missed opportunities are frequent. Additional strategies are needed to increase immunization rates of adults at high risk for hepatitis B.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of duration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on a woman's likelihood of giving birth. Using longitudinal data from the Maryland state Human Immunodeficiency Virus Information System and a retrospective cohort design, the authors compared 1,642 women with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to 8,443 uninfected women enrolled in the Medicaid program between 1985 and 1995. The decade before AIDS diagnosis was divided into four 2.5-year periods. Proximity to AIDS diagnosis served as a proxy for duration of infection. An extension of the Cox model was used to estimate the relative risk for giving birth, with adjustment for covariates and repeated outcomes. The average number of births per 100 person-years was 6.0 for HIV-infected women and 11.1 for uninfected women (adjusted relative risk = 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57, 0.68). Accounting for duration of infection, the adjusted relative risks for birth among HIV-infected women, as compared with uninfected women, were 0.85 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.03), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.86), 0.55 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.64), and 0.45 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.55) for successive 2.5-year periods before AIDS diagnosis. Demographic characteristics, contraception, abortion, fetal loss, or drug use could not fully explain the reductions. These results suggest that HIV-infected women experience a progressive reduction in births years before the onset of AIDS. This may compromise estimation of HIV prevalence and interpretation of time trends from serosurveillance of pregnant women.

Introduction During the 2009–2010 H1N1 pandemic, vaccine in short supply was allocated to states pro rata by population, yet the vaccination rates of adults differed by state. States also differed in their campaign processes and decisions. Analyzing the campaign provides an opportunity to identify specific approaches that may result in higher vaccine uptake in a future event of this nature. Objective To determine supply chain and system factors associated with higher state H1N1 vaccination coverage for adults in a system where vaccine was in short supply. Methods Regression analysis of factors predicting state-specific H1N1 vaccination coverage in adults. Independent variables included state campaign information, demographics, preventive or health-seeking behavior, preparedness funding, providers, state characteristics, and H1N1-specific state data. Results The best model explained the variation in state-specific adult vaccination coverage with an adjusted R -squared of 0.76. We found that higher H1N1 coverage of adults is associated with program aspects including shorter lead-times (i.e., the number of days between when doses were allocated to a state and were shipped, including the time for states to order the doses) and less vaccine directed to specialist locations. Higher vaccination coverage is also positively associated with the maximum number of ship-to locations, past seasonal influenza vaccination coverage, the percentage of women with a Pap smear, the percentage of the population that is Hispanic, and negatively associated with a long duration of the epidemic peak. Conclusion Long lead-times may be a function of system structure or of efficiency and may suggest monitoring or redesign of distribution processes. Sending vaccine to sites with broad access could be useful when covering a general population. Existing infrastructure may be reflected in the maximum number of ship-to locations, so strengthening routine influenza vaccination programs may help during emergency vaccinations also. Future research could continue to inform program decisions.

Background National and state surveys show large disparities in pneumococcal vaccination status among Whites, Blacks and Latinos aged ≥ 65. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is any difference in the validity of self-report for pneumococcal vaccination by race/ethnicity that might contribute to the substantial disparities observed in population-level coverage estimates. Methods Self-reported vaccination status was compared with medical record documentation for samples of White, Black, and Latino members of a large health plan to examine whether differences in validity of self-report contribute to observed disparities. Results Sensitivity was significantly lower for Blacks (0.849, 95% CI 0.818–0.876) and Latinos (0.869, 95% CI 0.847–0.889) than for Whites (0.931 95% CI 0.918–0.942). Specificity was somewhat higher for Blacks than for Latinos and Whites, but the differences were not statistically significant. Coverage for Whites, Blacks and Latinos, respectively, was 84.3%, 73.5%, and 82.3% based on self-report, but 74.8%, 71.9%, and 84.2% based on medical records. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that differential self-report error, i.e., summative effect of over-reporting and under-reporting within a race-ethnic group, may contribute to the size and direction of race-ethnic disparities in pneumococcal vaccination observed in surveys.

Background In February 2005, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended the new meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) for routine use among 11- to 12-year-olds (at the preadolescent health-care visit), 14- to 15-year-olds (before high-school entry), and groups at increased risk. Vaccine distribution started in March; however, in July, the manufacturer reported inability to meet demand and widespread MCV4 shortages were reported. Our objectives were to determine early uptake patterns among target (11-12 and 14-15 year olds) and non-target (13- plus 16-year-olds) age groups. A post hoc analysis was conducted to compare seasonal uptake patterns of MCV4 with polysaccharide meningococcal (MPSV4) and tetanus diphtheria (Td) vaccines. Methods We analyzed data for adolescents 11-16 years from five managed care organizations participating in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). For MCV4, we estimated monthly and cumulative coverage during 2005 and calculated risk ratios. For MPSV4 and Td, we combined 2003 and 2004 data and compared their seasonal uptake patterns with MCV4. Results Coverage for MCV4 during 2005 among the 623,889 11-16 years olds was 10%. Coverage for 11-12 and 14-15 year olds was 12% and 11%, respectively, compared with 8% for 13- plus 16-year-olds (p < 0.001). Of the 64,272 MCV4 doses administered from March-December 2005, 73% were administered June-August. Fifty-nine percent of all MPSV4 doses and 38% of all Td doses were administered during June-August. Conclusion A surge in vaccine uptake between June and August was observed among adolescents for MCV4, MPSV4 and Td vaccines. The increase in summer-time vaccinations and vaccination of non-targeted adolescents coupled with supply limitations likely contributed to the reported shortages of MCV4 in 2005.