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İş yaşam dengesinin sağlanmasında esnek çalışma ilişkileri, büyük öneme sahiptir. Kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesi, esnek çalışma biçimlerinden biridir. Ebeveynlerin çalışma hayatı içerisinde kalırken aynı zamanda çocuklarının bakım ve yetiştirilmesine daha fazla zaman ayırmaları için hem uluslararası alanda hem de hukukumuzda birçok koruyucu düzenlemeye yer verilmiştir. Bunlardan birisi de ebeveynlerin tam süreli iş sözleşmelerini kısmi süreli iş sözleşmesine dönüştürmeleridir. Çocukların bakımı ve yetiştirilmesine yönelik uygun çalışma koşullarının sağlanması yönündeki uluslararası düzenlemeler, ebeveynlerin kısmi süreli çalışmaya geçiş hakkının tanınmasının dayanağı olarak gösterilebilir. Ebeveynlerin çocuklarına daha fazla zaman ayırması, çocuğun fiziksel, zihinsel ve ruhsal gelişimine de katkı sağlayacaktır. Çocuklarına daha fazla zaman ayırmak, onların büyümelerine tanıklık etmek için ebeveynlerin kısmi süreli çalışmaya geçiş hakları bulunmaktadır. Ebeveynlerin kısmi süreli çalışmaya geçme hakkını kullanmak istemesi durumunda işverenin bu talebi değerlendirirken yöentim hakkının olup olmadığı önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İşin niteliğinin kısmi süreli çalışmaya uygun olup olmadığı bu belirlemede önemli bir ölçüttür.

This publication is devoted to covering the following issues, namely: what are the inherent features of an employment relationship; what should be understood as self-defense in an employment relationship with an employer; how does the current labor legislation of Ukraine interpret the concept of "reinstatement" and how is an employee reinstated in the presence (absence) o f a court decision. Attention is focused on the fact that in the absence of a clear understanding of what constitutes "labor relations", "self-defense" and "reinstatement" in the current labor legislation of Ukraine, one should be guided by the recommendations of the International Labor Organization and domestic labor scholars, as well as by court practice in resolving labor dispu tes. This leads to the following conclusions: 1) labor relations are the relations between an employee and an employer regarding the performance of certain work for remuneration in accordance with the specialty, qualification or position on the basis of working conditions determined by the employer, provided for by labor legislation, employment contract, collective agreement; 2) self-defense in labor relations is considered to be the refusal of an employee to perform his or her labor duties in order to restore the violated labor right; 3) the right to self-defense is exercised by an employee independently, independently of other employees, and consists of independent active actions to protect their labor rights, life and health without or together with an appeal to the bodies for consideration of individual labor disputes (Commission on Labor Disputes, court) or to the bodies for supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation; 4) reinstatement in the previous job takes place not from the date of the court decision on reinstatement, but from the date of dismissal of the employee, which is declared invalid in accordance with this decision (if the employer reinstates the employee in the previous position without a court decision, the reinstatement also takes place from the date of dismissal); 5) the execution of the court decision is deemed to be completed from the moment the employee is actually allowed to perform his/her previous duties on the basis of the relevant act of the body that made the illegal decision to dismiss the employee; 6) if the reinstated employee is already working in another institution at the time of reinstatement, he/she must terminate the employment contract or enter into a part-time employment contract (unless prohibited by law) with another institution, since the main place of work for him/her is the place of work where the employee was reinstated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Gender & Women's Studies (KTC) / Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Gender & Women's Studies (KTC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous research has linked working for pay while attending university with negative academic and health outcomes; yet, working students are often resilient when experiencing such adverse circumstances. This makes it crucial to explore potential psychological mechanisms that transform adverse experiences into sources of motivation and persistence for working students. We explore one mechanism—social identification—and its different foci—identifying as a student, employee, working student, or a student of one's discipline of study—as potential predictors of important academic (academic self-efficacy, approaches to learning, and academic achievement) and social (status in society) outcomes in three cross-sectional studies. In Study 1, part-time working hours (but not identification processes) were associated with academic self-efficacy. In Study 2, discipline identification and part-time working hours were associated with using deep approaches to learning. In Study 3, student identification was associated with increased status in society. Overall, discipline identification may be solely linked to academic outcomes, but student identification should be explored further as a potential enhancer of social and graduate outcomes. We discuss additional mechanisms that can help to transform working students' experiences through their social identities and suggest boundary conditions that can affect the link between these identities and important outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study conducted in Singapore on mothers who are chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and their knowledge and attitudes towards antiviral therapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV. The study found that many of the mothers lacked sufficient knowledge about HBV transmission and the role of antivirals in reducing MTCT. The study also identified factors such as nationality, housing type, and education level that were associated with a lack of knowledge and refusal to take antivirals. The findings suggest a need for targeted education campaigns to address the knowledge gap and increase acceptance of antiviral therapy among high-risk mothers. Additionally, the study found that cost may be a barrier to accessing antiviral treatment, and the researchers suggest that policymakers should consider providing financial subsidies to improve uptake. The study also highlights the importance of improved educational programs to inform women of childbearing age about the benefits of antiviral therapy and the importance of HBV vaccination and immunoglobulin for newborns, particularly targeting vulnerable individuals with lower education and socioeconomic status. [Extracted from the article]

Background Active commuting (AC) to and from work is associated with numerous health benefits, through increased physical activity. This study examined whether occupation types and part-time work, by sex, were associated with AC in a population-based sample of Canadian workers. Data and methods Cross-sectional public use microdata files from the 2006 (n=363,048), 2011 (n=370,672), and 2016 (n=362,310) Census of Population were examined. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of cycling, walking, and using public transit, relative to using a private motorized vehicle, by occupation and sex. Time trends in mode share were also analyzed. Results In 2016, commuting by private motorized vehicle and cycling were more common among males, while public transit and walking were more common among females. Occupations in art, culture, recreation, and sport were associated with the greatest odds of cycling (odds ratio [OR]=3.02, 99% confidence interval [CI]: 2.65 to 3.39), while those in trades, transportation, natural resources, and manufacturing had the lowest odds of cycling (OR=0.47, 99% CI: 0.44 to 0.51) and walking (OR=0.36, 99% CI: 0.33 to 0.38). Since 2006, relative declines of 1% and 8% in the proportion of workers commuting by driving and walking, respectively, were observed (absolute change of -1% each). Relative increases of 14% and 12% were observed for cycling and public transit, respectively (absolute changes of less than 1% and 1.5%, respectively). Interpretation This study found that sex and occupation are important correlates of AC among Canadian workers. Further research aimed at understanding occupational barriers and facilitators may inform future AC interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working part-time while studying is common among Vietnamese university students, particularly English majors seeking both income and practical experience in a market with growing demand for proficient English speakers. This study examines how English majors apply their language skills in part-time jobs, focusing on the types of skills used, the frequency of their application, and the perceived benefits and challenges of using English in the workplace. Based on an online quantitative survey of 82 English majors at a university in Ho Chi Minh City, the findings reveal that the students utilized a wide range of English skills in their part-time jobs, varying usage by job context. The participants identified vital benefits, such as improved communication skills and enhanced employability, alongside challenges, including stress, competition, and navigating linguistic and cultural nuances. The study highlights the intricate relationship between academic training and real-world application, emphasizing the need for context-specific language education that bridges theoretical learning with workplace demands. It provides valuable insights into how part-time work can enhance students’ language proficiency and career readiness, offering a pathway to succeed in an increasingly globalized job market.

Background: The nursing shortage is driven, in part, by the critical shortage of nursing faculty. Consequently, qualified potential nursing students are being turned away from nursing schools each year. The preeminent issue influencing the United States nurse faculty workforce shortage is salary; financial compensation is higher in clinical and private-sector settings than educational settings. The purpose of this study is to describe current full-time nurse faculty salary, sources of income, and perceived need for more income, as well as the feasibility and acceptability of research focused on full-time nurse faculty salaries, so to guide future nursing faculty workforce research. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, full-time nursing faculty working in a Midwestern state in the United States completed a survey inclusive of fixed choice and free text response options focused on income (individual gross, faculty, and secondary), demographics, and feasibility/acceptability of the survey instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to describe salary, sources of income, and perceived need for additional income. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated by descriptive statistics examining three feasibility and acceptability questions, and by comparing demographic differences between participants who answered income questions compared to those who did not using t tests, x2 tests, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results: One hundred and eighty-three full-time nurse faculty completed the survey in six weeks, representing 27% of the full-time nurse faculty workforce in the state. Over half of participants, 57%, reported having another job(s) in addition to their full-time faculty position to support basic living expenses. Most respondents reported willingness to share financial/salary data and viewed the survey to be acceptable. Conclusions: Research focused on nursing faculty salaries was feasible and acceptable to those who chose to participate in the study. Perceived income needs may be an important factor driving career decisions for nursing faculty. Future research should focus on delineating how salary influences the decision to enter or stay in the nursing faculty workforce. Further, this study can inform policy recommendations on how to best measure and report nurse faculty salary and the gap between clinical salaries and faculty salaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Undergraduate nursing students often work part-time or even full-time while studying at university completing their bachelor's degrees. The aim of this study is to explain the meaning of the lived experiences of nursing students working as students in clinical field. Methods: A phenomenological study was conducted at the nursing and midwifery school of Tabriz, Iran. Purposefully, 20 baccalaureate nursing students with experience working as student worker nurses were recruited. The sample size was determined according to data saturation. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were held with the participants over 3 months (April 2020 to June 2020), and Van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to analyze the data. Results: Five main themes extracted from the data analysis, including "students' clinical competency", "nurse-student relationships", "shift work", "mislearning", and "chaotic wards". A further 12 sub-themes extracted under the five main themes. Conclusion: The work of nursing students in clinical environments as student worker nurses is a two-dimensional phenomenon with advantages and disadvantages. The benefits are improving the nursing students' clinical and communication skills, increasing their self-confidence, learning and practicing discipline and nursing responsibilities, and the disadvantages are facing reality shock stress, and mislearning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to identify the transformations that theological seminaries underwent in the Soviet era in their structural and functional organization. These changes are followed through the determination of the system of subordination of the seminary to the church and state authorities, consideration of the internal structure of the institution, and the outline of the functions of its governing bodies. The study is based on a comparison of the statutory documents of pre-revolutionary and Soviet times. Some institutional aspects are illustrated by the example of the Kyiv Theological Seminary, which functioned in 1947–1960. The study found that in their subordination to church authorities, seminaries in the USSR followed the model established in the Russian Empire. In their structure and functions of governing bodies and pedagogical personnel, they also reproduced pre-revolutionary models and were guided by well-tested mechanisms. Only those pre-revolutionary norms that were not consistent with the new reality underwent certain modifications. In particular, the positions of seminary confessor and honorary supervisor of the economic part were abolished, the ban on part-time work for seminary employees was lifted, and all teachers were allowed to participate in the Pedagogical Assembly. At the same time, an important factor in the functioning of seminaries in the Soviet era was the existence of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church and its local authorized representatives. Formally, church educational institutions were not subordinated to state bodies, since the Church was separated from the state, but in practice, the Soviet authorities exercised significant influence on the course of processes within the seminary and its communication with the outside world, using informal mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: China is the largest producer, consumer, and trader of grain. Changes in China's agricultural policies will affect global food trade and thus impact food security. In this paper, we use China's maize subsidy system reform (MSSR) as a quasi-natural experiment to investigate the impact of marketoriented reforms in price support policy on the productivity of grain. Methods: We use official Chinese government panel data on farm households and a PSM-DID model to overcome the endogeneity problem of policy change. Results and discussion: The empirical results show that MSSR can increase maize productivity. The MSSR is divided into two phases: eliminating the maize purchase price and implementing maize producer subsidies. The policy effect of eliminating the purchase price exceeds the implementation of producer subsidies. Further analysis reveals that for farmers with a larger scale of cultivation, higher level of specialization, and higher degree of part-time employment, the MSSR enhances their productivity more significantly. In the high quartile, the MSSR reduces farmers' productivity. In the low quartile, the MSSR raises farmers' productivity, suggesting that the MSSR reduces the productivity differences among farmers. The results of our study suggest that market-based reform of price subsidies is an effective institutional arrangement to mitigate resource mismatch and increase food productivity, and point to the need to continue to improve the MSSR, explore diversified maize producer subsidy policies, and take into account the impact of other subsidies on farmers' maize production behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recent studies reported how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the medical education community. However, little is known about the further influence of the pandemic over time and about the impact across the different medical disciplines. Objective Our objective was to investigate how residents working in different disciplines and on different tracks (full- vs part-time) perceived the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 and 2022 on their education. Methods The data were collected with a questionnaire (developed by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and the Swiss Institute for Medical Education) as part of the Swiss national annual survey on medical education. We assessed the influence of the pandemic on medical residents from different specialties in 2021 and 2022 with 3 items: global effect on education, available time for education, and effect on teaching. Results The questionnaire had a response rate of 70% (8496 of 12 137) in 2021 and 2022 (8823 of 12 604). In 2021, residents reported that the pandemic had a negative influence (3.5 of 5; P<.001; 95% CI 0.49, 0.53) and impaired their education. The negative influence declined (t=7.91; P<.001; 95% CI 0.07, 0.11) but remained noticeable in 2022 (3.4 of 5; P<.001; 95% CI 0.41, 0.44). This pattern of results was similar among the different medical specialties. In both years, residents working full-time reported a more severe influence of the pandemic than those working part-time (eg, in 2021 impaired education: 3.1 of 4 vs 2.9 of 4; P<.01; 95% CI -0.26, -0.14). Conclusions The negative influence of the pandemic declined across all medical disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) causes significant functional impairments that impact on all aspects of patients' daily lives, including their ability to work, work productivity, and social life. Purpose: To assess the real-world effectiveness of the multimodal antidepressant vortioxetine in working patients with MDD in China. Patients and methods: RELIEVE China was an observational, prospective cohort study. Patients (aged ≥ 18 years) with MDD initiating treatment with vortioxetine in routine clinical practice settings were followed for 24 weeks. In this subgroup analysis, functioning was assessed using the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) in patients in full- or part-time work or education at baseline who remained on treatment at all follow-up visits (n=424). Depressive, cognitive, and anxiety symptoms were also assessed. For all endpoints, mean change from baseline at weeks 8 and 24 was analyzed using mixed models for repeated measures. Results: Clinically relevant and sustained improvements in patient functioning and measures of work productivity were observed over the 24 weeks of vortioxetine treatment. The adjusted mean (standard error) reduction in SDS total score from baseline was 5.4 (0.3) points at week 8 and 8.7 (0.3) points at week 24 (both P< 0.001 vs baseline). Significant improvements were observed across all SDS domains and in levels of absenteeism and presenteeism (P< 0.001 vs baseline for all endpoints at both time points). Significant improvements in depressive, cognitive, and anxiety symptoms were also observed over the study period (all P< 0.001 vs baseline). The proportion of patients in remission (ie, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ≤ 7) after 24 weeks of vortioxetine treatment was 65.4%. Vortioxetine was well tolerated; nausea was the most common adverse event, reported by 18.6% of patients. Conclusion: These findings support the effectiveness and tolerability of vortioxetine in working patients with MDD receiving treatment in routine clinical practice settings in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of part‐time employees to support operations has been a contentious topic in the literature. While part‐time employees add cost‐effective flexibility to operations, their impact on operational outcomes has largely been documented as negative. However, there are a number of sectors (e.g., non‐profit) which rely heavily on part‐time employees, with anecdotal evidence supporting their role in improving outcomes. Through this research, we seek to shed light on these contradicting perspectives. We do so by investigating the impact of the percentage of part‐time employees in the workforce dedicated to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) outreach efforts at United States (U.S.) food banks on the effectiveness of this initiative. SNAP is the largest domestic hunger program in the U.S., assisting over 42 million individuals, and food banks play a critical role in outreach and enrollment for SNAP. We utilize data on the operational characteristics and SNAP activities of food banks that are members of the Feeding America network and U.S. Census data on the demographic characteristics of their service area. We find that an increased percentage of part‐time FTEs (full‐time equivalent) in a food bank's workforce dedicated to SNAP outreach efforts increases its effectiveness, particularly in relation to operational and contextual factors that can benefit from a more flexible workforce. Based on these findings and our review of the literature, we propose a conceptual framework on the effectiveness of part‐time employees in different settings. Highlights: An increased percentage of part‐time employees in a food bank's workforce dedicated to SNAP outreach positively impacts its effectiveness in outreach efforts, countering negative perceptions on part‐time employees' impact on operational outcomes derived from studies in for‐profit settings.The flexibility provided by part‐time employees dedicated to SNAP outreach is crucial in facilitating outreach to older demographics and leveraging existing operational resources such as mobile pantries in reaching less‐mobile populations more easily.Policymakers should consider strategies to enhance the value for part‐time workers, such as offering incentives to organizations for improved benefits and training, which can make part‐time employment a more rewarding and lucrative option for the demographic seeking flexibility, ultimately improving the financial and mental well‐being of these employees as well as alleviating labor shortages currently impacting our economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest tickets refer to a type of forest resource usufruct certificate characterized by "cooperative operation, quantification of rights and interests, free circulation, and guaranteed dividends". It is an important means to build a market-oriented mechanism for realizing the value of ecological resources. Incomplete information, based on field survey data from thirteen villages in eight townships (towns) in Sanming City, Fujian Province, China, and a binary logit model were used to explore the moderating effects of factors affecting farmers' willingness to participate in forest ticket trading, the heterogeneity of farmers, and social capital. We found the following: In an environment with incomplete information, farmers' willingness to participate in forest ticket trading is influenced by heterogeneity expectations, social capital, government propaganda, and individual family characteristics. There are certain differences in the influencing factors and degree of farmers' willingness to participate in forest ticket trading among different groups of farmers with different levels of education and part-time employment. Social capital can strengthen the positive impact of income expectations and policy sustainability expectations, and alleviate the negative impact of risk expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stanovništvo is the property of Demographic Research Center of Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objectives: The effective management of chronic diseases, particularly hereditary and rare diseases and thalassaemia, is an important indicator of the quality of healthcare systems. We aimed to assess healthcare services in different countries for thalassaemia patients by using publicly available health indicators and by surveying thalassaemia patients and their caregivers. Materials and Methods: We reviewed official worldwide databases from the WHO, World Bank, and scientific resources, and we used a structured patient-tailored self-completed questionnaire to survey thalassaemia patients and their caregivers in 2023. Results: A total of 2082 participants were surveyed (mean age, 27 years; males, 42%). About 1 in 4 respondents did not complete high-school education, while 24% had a bachelor's degree. About a third of respondents were married and were in either full- or part-time employment. The vast majority (~80%) had initiated transfusion therapy between 1 and 4 years of age. Only 42% reported no delays in receiving blood transfusion, while 47% reported occasional delays and 8% serious delays. About half of patients reported being very satisfied (11%) or satisfied (38%) with the quality of services provided, while 1 in 3 patients reported being unsatisfied or very unsatisfied, and that their access to treatment was difficult or very difficult due to traveling expenses and the high cost of treatment. Conclusions: Important improvements in the care of thalassaemia patients have been documented during the past few decades. Nevertheless, additional focus is required through national healthcare systems to effectively address the many unmet needs revealed by our recent survey, as well as to achieve satisfactory patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep disturbances, a public health concern that may lead to critical physiological conditions, are associated with personal characteristics such as gender. Limited evidence is available from the Middle East population on the gender disparities in sleep quality. Therefore, the current study examined gender-specific differences in sleep quality and disturbances among Jordanian citizens. Method: A cross-sectional design was used to recruit a convenient sample of 1,092 adults from different Jordanian cities. Data was collected using a self-reported questionnaire comprising the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), which was distributed online via social media networks. The participants were categorized according to their global PSQI scores into poor (PSQI ≥ 5) and good sleepers (PSQI < 5). The analysis focused on finding differences between women and men in terms of sleep quality and the effects of demographic, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors on reported sleep problems. Results: Women were revealed to have a higher prevalence of all types of sleep disturbances than men. Women who were over 55 (compared to younger than 20 years), did not smoke, had multiple jobs or part-time employment (compared to unemployed women), and had a monthly income of more than 500 JD (compared to those with an income of < 500 JD) were less likely to experience poor sleep than other women. In contrast, men who neither smoked nor drank coffee, ate no sweets or only one to two pieces daily (compared to participants who ate more than two pieces daily), and worked fixed night shifts (compared to alternating shifts workers) were less likely to experience poor sleep than other men. Conclusion: This study builds a more nuanced understanding of how different demographic, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors - such as a participant's age, time of working duty, income, daily sweet consumption, daily caffeine consumption, and smoking - affect the sleep quality of men and women. Thus, promoting a healthier lifestyle for both genders by modifying risk factors - such as smoking cessation, as well as reducing their intake of caffeine and sweets - is the first step toward improving their sleep quality. Further studies are needed to examine how the social role of Arabic women affects their sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of economic crisis, many employers in liberal labor markets reduce their employees' working hours, which leads to an increase in the incidence of involuntary part-time work. We analyze the effectiveness of working time regulation in preventing such an increase during downswings. For this we look at the case of Germany, where hours adjustments are highly restricted by law. Using a state-level panel regression approach, we find that the incidence of involuntary part-time work is positively associated with the unemployment rate but that the association is much weaker than in the US and in the UK. Transition probabilities between employment states over the cycle suggest two particular underlying mechanisms: First, already employed workers are more likely to want a full-time position in economic downturns ("added hours effect"). Second, job seekers make concessions with regards to their desired hours when labor market conditions are bad ("reservation hours effect"). We are the first to document these margins of cyclical hours adjustments which are fundamentally different from those in less regulated labor markets, where the cyclicality of involuntary part-time work is predominantly driven by hours changes at the same employer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Underemployment is a reality for many new graduates, who accept locum or part-time work as an alternative to unemployment because of lack of opportunities. We sought to analyze orthopedic surgeons' Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP) billing data over a 20-year period as a proxy of practice patterns and hypothesized that billing in the first 6 years of practice would be affected by underemployment and locum. Methods: We analyzed the annual average billing totals of orthopedic surgeons, broken down by year of graduation, year of billings, and number of surgeons billing in that year. We analyzed public census data of the Ontario population size as a proxy of orthopedic demand. Results: A 2019 cross-sectional analysis showed that around 15 surgeons per graduating year were billing in Ontario from the 1995 to 2016 cohorts, while 2017 and 2018 saw an increase to 30 and 36 actively billing surgeons, respectively. The number returned to more historical numbers in 2019, with 20 actively billing surgeons. For those surgeons billing in Ontario, billing trends have been roughly stable, with average billings increasing each year for the first 6 years in practice (p < 0.001). Year of graduation did not have an effect on the first 6 years of billings (p > 0.5). Billings were stable after 6 years in practice (p > 0.09). Conclusion: The Ontario health care system has not expanded to support more orthopedic surgeons despite the aging and growing population; despite our growing population, the number of surgeons being trained and retained has not matched this growth. Further research needs to be done to guide optimal health human resource decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has largely undermined most economies in the world. To a significant extent the reasons behind this economic nosedive are rooted in the sphere of labour market. The imposed restriction measures made many workers stay at home, and part of them even lost their jobs. The speed of economic recovery in different countries varied depending on how quarantine restrictions were eased. One crucial factor in this process is labour market flexibility and its ability to adapt to changing economic conditions. The purpose of the paper is to explore the relationship between the labour market flexibility and the speed of GDP recovery when the pandemic was waning and the quarantine restrictions were being removed. Methodologically, the study relies on labour economics. The methods are multivariate and logistic regression analysis. The data for the study is sourced from the World Bank and Eurostat and comprises statistics for assessing labour market flexibility and GDP in various countries for 2020–2021. The findings indicate a reverse relationship between the speed of GDP growth recovery during the post-COVID period and the share of part-time employment. Yet taking into account that part-time employment is not only an indicator of the labour market flexibility, but also reflects a general slowdown in production and unemployment, we can attach low speed of recovery to a greater weakness of an economy. The obtained results are insufficient to reject the hypothesis that a more flexible labour market accelerates the recovery of a national economy. At the same time, the study demonstrates that the West European countries generally got over the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis faster than other EU countries. The research contributes to understanding the transformation processes in the labour market under the pandemic as well as provides support for labour market policy development and implementation.

The article proposes to single out the four periods of development of the administrative and legal foundations of the public service and special requirements for the activities of public servants. The legal support of public service during the entry of Ukrainian lands into the Lithuanian-Polish state was associated with the emergence and approval of two main restrictions applied to public servants, which consisted in property and educational qualifications. The legal provision of public service during the Cossack era is characterized by the formation of public service as a separate independent institution, especially since 1918, when a number of requirements and restrictions were formulated for public servants, namely: age, residence, citizenship, competence, qualifications. The legal support of the public service of the Soviet model provided for the application of template requirements for public servants (age, higher education in the specialty, work experience, business and moral qualities), as well as restrictions on part-time jobs that were applied to individual public servants (for example, prosecutors and judges). The legal support of the public service of independent Ukraine is divided into the following stages: 1) 1991–1992 – a transitional stage to the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Public Service”, during which Soviet legal acts continued to operate and, in parallel, laws of Ukraine were adopted that regulated the activities of certain categories of public servants; 2) 1993–1995 – the stage of formation of the institution of public service of the Ukrainian state and the registration of certain general anti-corruption restrictions on public servants without their clear systematization; 3) 1995–2011 – the stage of stagnation, which begins with episodic expansion and specification of restrictions during public service, as a result of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Combating Corruption”; 4) 2011–2014 – the stage of development is determined by the course of European integration and the public's request for the fight against corruption as the main determinant of the destruction of the institution of public service; 5) 2015 to the present is the latest stage, which began with the transformation of state and public institutions, as well as the adoption of a number of European integration legal acts.

Background: The Internet Plus Nursing Service (IPNS) is being instigated in all provincial-level regions throughout China, in which registered nurses (with more than five years of experience from qualified medical institutions) will provide services to those in their communities or homes after receiving online applications. The growing shortage of human resources in nursing is a critical issue for this project, so effective policies for recruiting and retaining nurses are critical. Objective: This study aims to pinpoint the significant job characteristics that play a crucial role in shaping the job decisions of sharing nurses in the IPNS program, and to estimate the strength of job attributes. Methods: A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was used to assess job attributes influencing sharing nurses' preferences. A qualitative design, including in-depth interview and focus interview methods, was conducted to determine the inclusion of attributes. The final included six attributes were: work modes, duration per visit, income per visit, personal safety, medical risk prevention, and refresher training. This study was conducted at 13 hospitals in Guangdong Province, China, from April to June 2022, and a total of 220 registered sharing nurses participated in the survey. The multinomial logit model explored attributes and relative valued utility. Preference heterogeneity is explored via latent class analysis (LCA) models. Results: A total of 220 participants answered the questionnaire. Income was the most influential characteristic of a sharing nursing position, followed by personal safety management, duration per visit, medical risk prevention, and refresher training, and nurses' preferences differed among different types of classes. Conclusions: Sharing nurses place most value on income and personal safety with career-related decisions, which indicates an urgent need to develop complete security for personal safety. This study can be helpful to decision-makers in the Chinese government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To inform policy supporting the retention of family physicians (FPs) in the perinatal care workforce by identifying physician characteristics that are associated with retention. Data Sources and Study Setting: We surveyed FPs who had been in practice for at least 11 years and reported attending deliveries as part of their practice. Study Design: We compared the characteristics of FPs who continue to provide perinatal care to those who have ceased and explored their reasons for no longer attending deliveries. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: We estimated a probit regression with the dependent variable: whether the physician currently delivers babies. Open‐ended survey responses were analyzed and close‐coded using a conceptual content analysis approach. Principle Findings: Of the FPs who received a survey, 1505 (37%) responded. Those who continue attending deliveries were more likely to receive a stipend or be paid per hour/shift in addition to their salary versus those paid a salary (percentage point difference = 13), and less likely to work part‐time versus full‐time (percentage point difference = −20). Those who ceased attending deliveries cite lifestyle (n = 208), call structure (n = 113), and delivery volume (n = 89) among the reasons for doing so. Conclusions: Evidence‐based policies aimed at preventing attrition from the perinatal care workforce, which might include targeting compensation models and work–life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is essential for nurses to maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills in the evolving healthcare sector. This study explores nurses' attitudes toward CPD, its necessity, and the challenges encountered. The aim is to examine nurses' perspectives on CPD, focusing on their participation and motivation, in relation to their workplace, workplace function, and form of work. A cross-sectional study design was employed with 151 nurses from University Hospital Centre Split, Croatia. Data were collected using the "Professional Development of Nurses questionnaire (Q-PDN)" and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Pearson's correlation, ANOVA test, and t-test. The average level of participation in CPD activities was 4.27 (±0.63), indicating a positive inclination towards CPD. The study identified a statistically significant difference in activities related to CPD (t = 2.12; p = 0.036) among employees of surgical and intensive care units compared to other departments, where a higher level of engagement was present among employees of other departments. Notably, nurses without managerial roles showed 0.16 points higher participation in CPD activities compared to their managerial counterparts, though this was not statistically significant (t = 0.92; p = 0.357). Nurses in managerial roles valued CPD for professional development more highly, with a significant difference (t = 2.77; p = 0.006). Full-time nurses demonstrated a higher perception of the importance of personal professional development compared to part-time nurses, with a significant difference (F = 2.88; p = 0.038). The study reveals a strong commitment to CPD among nurses, with variations based on workplace roles and schedules. It underscores the need for role-specific and adaptable CPD programs to meet diverse needs and enhance professional competence in the nursing workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The possibility of balancing career and family is meanwhile a central concern for most physicians when choosing a job. The aim of this study was to identify current barriers and opportunities for physician education and career planning. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as an online survey between 11/2021 and 02/2022 and targeted physicians at all career levels in Germany who were members of a clinical professional association. Alternative and consent questions were used to assess experiences/attitudes toward various aspects of life and career planning, as well as alternative work and parental leave models, depending on gender, specialty, and hierarchical level. Results: The majority of the 2060 participants were female (69%) and had children (66%). Many childless residents reported that they felt they had to choose between children and a career. The majority of female residents, specialists and attending physicians (Ø 55.5%) stated that they had experienced career losses as a result of taking parental leave, while most men did not share this experience (Ø 53.7%). 92% of all participants agreed with the statement that men and women have different career opportunities. Job-sharing models were considered feasible at all levels of the hierarchy by an average of 55.6% of all medical executives. Conclusion: Parenthood and the use of parental leave and part-time work appear to have a significant impact on the career paths of those surveyed. Although the majority of directors of medical training programs are open to job-sharing models, further measures are needed in order to equalize career opportunities for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 36% of post–9/11 era veterans have a disability, but little research has examined wounded veterans' finances. We investigated main and interaction effects of income sources and demographic, military, and mental health characteristics on household poverty and deep poverty to better understand wounded veterans' financial outcomes. Data were drawn from the 2018 Wounded Warrior Survey (n = 33,067). Two logistic regression models investigated direct associations between independent variables and poverty outcomes; predictive margins and average marginal effects were calculated for employment and cash transfers on outcomes. 56% of respondents reported full- or part-time employment, and 17% met criteria for household poverty. Of those, 75% met criteria for deep poverty. Cash transfers were negatively associated with poverty and deep poverty, and part-time employment was positively associated with poverty compared with not working. Employment was insufficient protection against poverty in this sample of wounded veterans—transfers were a critical bulwark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has indicated that students with disabilities are less likely than students in the general population to secure part-time employment during high school, receive post-secondary education, live independently, or secure competitive full-time employment after graduation. Federal law in the United States has been passed to create an environment to change this outcome. This exploratory study reviews the outcomes of a two-month long vocational support program. Using the Transition Behavior Scale, the researchers reviewed 27 (14 female/13 male) high school-aged/young adult students' (between the ages of 15-19) self-reported attitudes of their program experience. Using the Attitudes Toward Intellectual Disabilities Questionnaire, selfreported attitudes toward students with intellectual disabilities of their eight career experience mentors (all females/young adults between the ages of 18-22) in the program were assessed. While results showed some small improvements in scores from pre-test to post-test, they did not show a significant difference in any specific subscale for either the mentor or student groups. Increasing the amount of time students are in the program, extending the segment of the experience that focuses on classroom time/skill development, and analysis by workplace are recommended for future consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that part-time employment has several features of precarity tied to both institutional and individual factors. The consequences can be increased inequality, insecurity, and instability. It studies the relationship between part-time employment for individuals with weak labor market attachment, with periods of social assistance reception in Norway. The article used Norwegian register data to analyze this relationship. Findings show that individuals with a low employment percentage have significantly longer social assistance recipiency compared to those who work full-time, prior to social assistance reception. The empirical evidence supports an individual risk from part-time employment in this group, as well as the claim that non-standard employment is associated with increased vulnerability for individuals with weak labor market attachment. The findings relate to theoretical framework regarding the precarity and mechanisms of the labor market on several aspects, especially how institutional and individual elements link part-time employment to economic and social insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Information on the hours of work of UK doctors is limited, and what exists relies on self-designed questionnaires in England. Aim: To understand trends in the annual stock of physicians' hours and their main determinants. Design & setting: A quantitative study in which data were collected from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) between 1998 and 2020, under the End User Licence (EUL), in the UK. Method: Descriptive and linear regression models of labour supply for doctors (pooled), GPs, and hospital doctors. Results: Between 1998 and 2020, while the headcount of doctors grew by 128.79% for hospital doctors and 45.28% for GPs, hours of work dropped by 20.80% for hospital doctors and 25.37% for GPs. Hence, the annual stock of hours grew by 81.20% for hospital doctors but by a modest 8.42% for GPs. Female doctors worked 8.68 fewer hours than males, with GPs reporting the largest reduction (-11.82 hours, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -13.31 to -10.33 and -6.75, 95% CI = -9.32 to -4.19, in the full specification). Family decisions are associated with a fall in doctors' work hours and modest growth in the annual stock of hours. These determinants and overtime are drivers of part-time work. Conclusion: Despite the increase in the headcount of GPs, their hours of work dropped over the study period, generating a more steady and modest growth in their total annual stock of hours compared with hospital doctors. Female GPs work fewer hours than male GPs and are more likely to work part-time due to childbearing, marriage/co-habitation, and overtime work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines gender disparities in the impacts of corporate restructuring, focusing on employee self-selection in a major European airline. It analyzes the choices of men and women regarding voluntary redundancy and subsidized part-time work, revealing gender differences influenced by financial incentives, retraining, and family reasons.

AbstractBackground Increasing numbers of primary care physicians (PCPs) are reducing their working hours. This decline may affect the workforce and the care provided to patients.Objectives This scoping review aims to determine the impact of PCPs working part-time on quality of patient care.Methods A systematic search was conducted using the databases PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Peer-reviewed, original articles with either quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods designs, published after 2000 and written in any language were considered. The search strings combined the two concepts: part-time work and primary care. Studies were included if they examined any effect of PCPs working part-time on quality of patient care.Results The initial search resulted in 2,323 unique studies. Abstracts were screened, and information from full texts on the study design, part-time and quality of patient care was extracted. The final dataset included 14 studies utilising data from 1996 onward. The studies suggest that PCPs working part-time may negatively affect patient care, particularly the access and continuity of care domains. Clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction seem mostly unaffected or even improved.Conclusion There is evidence of both negative and positive effects of PCPs working part-time on quality of patient care. Approaches that mitigate negative effects of part-time work while maintaining positive effects should be implemented.

The era of low-interest rates is coming. In addition to their basic salary, people hope to increase their income by doing part-time work, understanding how to use assets already on hand, and investing in assets to earn extra rewards. Goldman Sachs reports that over the past 140 years, the 10-year stock market return has averaged 9.2%. The investment firm also noted that the S&P 500 outperformed its 10-year historical average with an annual average return of 13.6% between 2010 and 2020. Nowadays, with increased computing power and advancements in artificial intelligence algorithms, the effective use of computing power for investment has become an important topic. In the investment process, venture capitalists form portfolios, a practice that improves investment efficiency and reduces risks in a relatively safe situation. Current investments are not limited to one country, allowing for investments in other countries. Given this situation, we must pay attention to Uncovered Equity Parity (UEP) conditions. Thus, we aim to find optimal dynamic trading strategies with Deep Reinforcement Learning, considering the aforementioned properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Absenteeism is consistently higher in public than in private organizations, as is the use of part-time employment. The aim of this study is to identify whether there is a relationship between part-time work and sickness absence at the organizational level. Methods: The data is a six-year panel for the full population of Norwegian municipalities (N = 422), linking objective register data on both part-time employment and sickness absence. Using OLS regression with fixed effects for municipality and time, we estimate the statistical effects of the municipalities' use of part-time work on sickness absence. Results: The bivariate correlation between percentage position at the municipal level and percentage sickness absence is positive and significant (Pearson's r =.25, sig LE 0.01). When controlling for fixed effects for municipality and time, as well as municipality economy, municipality size, ratio of female employees in the municipality and characteristics of the general population, the multivariate regression coefficient is still positive but insignificant (coefficient = 1.56, robust standard error = 1.31). Conclusions: The main findings are that the organizations' use of part-time work is unrelated to sickness absence indicating that organizations with extensive use of part-time work do not experience higher levels of absenteeism than those having less extensive use of part-time employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut Mitteilungen is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the Finnish Labour Force Surveys merged with register-based follow-up data, we analyzed how different characteristics of part-time work predict employees' and entrepreneurs' employment trajectories in an 8-year follow-up. We analyzed careers by the length of weekly working hours and the reason for part-time work, that is, childcare, studies, health, part-time pension, other voluntary choice, or if full-time work was not available (involuntary part-time). We applied sequence analysis to define work career clusters based on the continuum of spells spent in different labor market statuses, that is, in upper and lower white-collar, manual, or entrepreneurial employment, unemployment, studying, pensioned, or inactivity. According to the results, involuntary part-timers have a significantly higher probability of entering the unemployment trajectory than full-time workers. Those working part-time hours due to care responsibilities were also more likely to face frequent periods of unemployment, whereas part-time work combined with studies was associated with stable white-collar trajectories. Our results also show that weakened labor outcomes following marginal part-time jobs associate with disability retirement instead of unemployment later in time, most probably determined by ill health. Therefore, we suggest further studies to consider marginal part-time workers' health as the determinant of weakening career outcomes. Overall, our results highlight the need to improve part-time working conditions, a concern that organizations like the OECD have also raised. This improvement could reduce the risk of unemployment, promote health, extend work careers, and consequently increase the employment rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION International maternity care experts have called for expanding midwiferyled continuity of care (MCoC) models. However, the number of models need augmentation as the number of women receiving this care is small. The majority of the midwifery workforce in Australian public health systems comprises women who work part-time. This aspect of the midwifery workforce demands careful consideration when attempting to change a maternity care system and sustain new models of care. Sparse research has been undertaken to explore whether part-time factors could play a role in the growth and sustainability of MCoC in Australia. This integrative review aims to analyze the role of parttime practice arrangements in the sustainability of MCoC models in Australia. METHODS Following a systematic search of research databases (CINAHL, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Proquest) and screening the literature with eligibility criteria including keywords related to midwifery continuity of care, workforce arrangements and full-time equivalent (FTE), eight Australian research articles were identified for evaluation. The articles were appraised for bias using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) and data were analyzed using an integrated convergent narrative synthesis method. RESULTS The resulting themes from the synthesis suggest that part-time MCoC roles may support the sustainability of the MCoC workforce without reducing quality of care to women. In various studies, midwives reported that FTE (full-time equivalent) of 0.5 may not meet the job’s demands. However, this is likely influenced by local context and caseload size rather than the quantum of each midwife’s FTE. The quality of the studies is limited due to the small scale of the studies; however, the qualitative results give a depth of understanding to the strengths and challenges that part-time arrangements in MCoC add to the midwifery workforce. CONCLUSIONS This review recommends that part-time arrangements in MCoC models in Australia be evaluated in conjunction with other routinely analyzed workforce data. Further considerations should be made by midwifery managers, leaders, stakeholders, and decision makers responsible for developing and supporting part-time job arrangements in caseload models of care in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Burnout and low job satisfaction are increasing among the General Internal Medicine (GIM) workforce. Whether part-time compared to full-time clinical employment is associated with better wellbeing, job satisfaction and health among hospitalists remains unclear. Materials and methods: We conducted an anonymized cross-sectional survey among board-certified general internists (i.e. hospitalists) from GIM departments in 14 Swiss hospitals. Part-time clinical work was defined as employment of <100% as a clinician. The primary outcome was well-being, as measured by the extended Physician Well-Being Index (ePWBI), an ePWBI ≥3 indicating poor wellbeing. Secondary outcomes included depressive symptoms, mental and physical health, and job satisfaction. We compared outcomes in part-time and full time workers using propensity score-adjusted multivariate regression models. Results: Of 199 hospitalists invited, 137 (69%) responded to the survey, and 124 were eligible for analysis (57 full-time and 67 part-time clinicians). Full-time clinicians were more likely to have poor wellbeing compared to part-time clinicians (ePWBI ≥3 54% vs. 31%, p = 0.012). Part-time compared to full-time clinical work was associated with a lower risk of poor well-being in adjusted analyses (odds ratio 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.07–0.59, p = 0.004). Compared to full-time clinicians, there were fewer depressive symptoms (3% vs. 18%, p = 0.006), and mental health was better (mean SF-8 Mental Component Summary score 47.2 vs. 43.2, p = 0.028) in part-time clinicians, without significant differences in physical health and job satisfaction. Conclusions: Full-time clinical hospitalists in GIM have a high risk of poor well-being. Part-time compared to full-time clinical work is associated with better well-being and mental health, and fewer depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study examined the correlates of gender stereotypes and the moderating role of membership in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the contact hypothesis, this study argues that gender stereotypes are lower when individuals regularly have the opportunity to meet and play sport with such people, for example in a voluntary sports club. Methods: Survey data from the European Values Study are used for the analysis (n = 36,185; 30 countries). Gender stereotypes are measured with statements on gender role attributes. Results: Regression results show that membership in a voluntary sports club, being a student, income, and living in a more gender equal country significantly reduce gender stereotypes. On the contrary, male gender, living in a partnership, having children, lower and medium education, part-time employment, selfemployment, unemployment, being a home maker, and living in a small town are correlates of higher gender stereotypes. Interacting the latter correlates with sports club membership support its moderating effect in the sense that most correlates turn insignificant or have smaller coefficients. The only variables retaining their coefficient size are self-employment and living in a small town. Discussion: The findings support the contact hypothesis and suggest that sports clubs are places that lessen gender stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]