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First aim of this review paper is to make the checklist of the most important phytophagous insects from the Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) suborder that may feed on plants from genus Citrus, Fortunella and Poncirus, present in the Mediterranean basin. Second aim is to compare the mentioned list with Croatian findings from relevant literature. Third aim is to separate and describe possible risk for introduction and harmfulness of the most harmful species in Croatia. In the literature review 46 species (17 aphids, 21 scale insects, 6 whiteflies and 2 psyllids) which may feed on citrus plants were found to be present in selected countries. Out of that number, 37 species (13 aphids, 18 scale insects and 6 whiteflies) are reported for Croatia. Based on their potential to cause damages, ability to spread and the vicinity of the countries in which they are found, following species if introduced could be potential threat for citrus growing areas in Croatia: Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), Aonidiella citrina (Craw, 1890), Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861), Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio, 1918), Aleurothrixus flocossus (Maskell, 1896) and Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana, 1927)., Prvi cilj ovog preglednog rada je napraviti popis najvažnijih fitofagnih kukaca iz podreda Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) prisutnih u Mediteranskom bazenu kojima domaćini mogu biti biljne vrste iz rodova Citrus, Fortunella i Poncirus. Drugi cilj je usporediti navedeni popis s vrstama utvrđenim u Hrvatskoj temeljem dostupne relevantne literature. Treći cilj je izdvojiti i opisati najštetnije vrste za koje postoji rizik od unosa i uzrokovanja šteta u Hrvatskoj. Literaturnim pregledom u odabranim zemljama utvrđeno je 46 vrsta kukaca kojima domaćini mogu biti agrumi (17 lisnih uši, 21 štitastih uši, 6 štitastih moljaca i 2 lisne buhe). Od toga je 37 vrsta kukaca (13 lisnih uši, 18 štitastih uši i 6 štitastih moljaca) nađeno u Hrvatskoj. Na temelju njihovog potencijala uzrokovanja šteta, sposobnosti širenja i blizine zemalja u kojima su prisutni, nekoliko vrsta kukaca u slučaju unosa mogu predstavljati potencijalnu opasnost za uzgojna područja agruma u Hrvatskoj: Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), Aonidiella citrina (Craw, 1890), Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861), Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio, 1918), Aleurothrixus flocossus (Maskell, 1896) i Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana, 1927).

Resumo A mangabeira Hancornia speciosa é uma frutífera nativa do Cerrado utilizada para consumo in natura e fabricação de sorvetes, doces, geleias, entre outros. Essa espécie pode abrigar insetos e ácaros, associados a diferentes fases fenológicas da planta. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de insetos da ordem Hemiptera em Hancornia speciosa. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas na coleção de germoplasma ex situ de espécies nativas da Escola de Agronomia, UFG, Goiânia - GO, em quatro variedades de Hancornia speciosa (speciosa, cuyabensis, gardneri e pubescens). Para cada variedade foram selecionadas oito plantas aleatoriamente. De cada planta, foram coletados dois ramos/planta no terço médio. Os ramos foram acondicionados em sacos plásticos, etiquetados e transportados para o laboratório para avaliação. As coletas ocorreram em média a cada 15 dias, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016. A superfamília Coccoidea e as famílias Aleyrodidae e Aphididae foram predominantes nas coletas. No estudo, foram observados 1.163 indivíduos de Parasaissetia nigra em Hancornia speciosa variedade cuyabensis. Este é o primeiro relato de ocorrência de Parasaissetia nigra em mangabeira. Quanto à interação entre insetos e a mangabeira, verifica-se que as variedades diferiram quanto à abundância de hemípteros. A família Aleyrodidae foi abundante na variedade gardneri, correspondendo a 49,84% dos indivíduos e a variedade pubescens em relação aos pulgões (Aphididae).

The objective of this research is to report the occurrence of the nigra scale Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) seedlings in a forest nursery in Mato Grosso state. In September 2017, the infestation was detected on the leaves and branches of the plants, causing injury and the death of the apical meristem and leaf curling symptoms. It was verified the symbiosis of P. nigra with ants, due to the sugary exudate. The chemical control was performed with insecticidal syrup and the proposed method was effective. This was the first reported occurrence of P. nigra on African mahogany in Brazil.

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) ( Figs 45, 46) Lecanium nigrum Nietner, 1861: 9. Diagnosis. Dorsum with anal plates each with 4 apical setae (Figs 45D, 46E); and preopercular pores present anterior to anal plates (Fig. 46D). Marginal setae with broadly fimbriate apices (Fig. 46K). Venter with multilocular disc-pores usually each with 10 loculi, mainly present around vulvar area (Fig. 46F); tubular ducts each with a narrow inner ductule (Fig. 46G); antenna 7 or 8 segmented (partially adopted from Williams & Watson 1990). Material examined. 2 ♀♀, LAOS, Hadsayfong Dist., Vientiane Capital, 16.ii.2017, coll. P.P. Soysouvanh, on Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst. (Euphorbiaceae). Hosts. Polyphagous. According to García Morales et al. (2016), P. nigra has been recorded from plants belonging to 242 genera in 92 families. In Laos, it has been found on Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae) and Musa sp. (Musaceae) (Hodgson 1994). Distribution. All zoogeographical regions; Oriental Region (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) (García Morales et al. 2016). Economic importance. Hamon & Williams (1984) and Hodgson (2000) considered P. nigra to be a pest on diverse ornamental plants in tropical regions; it was also regarded as a potential pest of citrus and avocado (Persea americana) in California (Smith 1944). Remarks. Parasaissetia nigra is easily recognized by the following morphological combination: (i) dorsum with reticulated pattern; (ii) having 3 stigmatic spines; and (iii) lacking ventral tubular ducts in the medial area of the abdomen (Hodgson 1994)., Published as part of Choi, Jinyeong, Soysouvanh, Pheophanh, Lee, Seunghwan & Hong, Ki-Jeong, 2018, Review of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Laos, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4460 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaXa.4460.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1459506, {"references":["Nietner, J. (1861) Observations on the Enemies of the Coffee Tree in Ceylon. Ceylon Times, Ceylon, 31 pp.","Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1990) The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 267 pp.","Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 3 July 2018) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118","Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 639 pp.","Hamon, A. B. & Williams, M. L. (1984) The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Florida Department of Agricultural & Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, 194 pp.","Hodgson, C. J. & Henderson, R. C. (2000) Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand, 41, 1 - 259.","Smith, R. H. (1944) Bionomics and control of the nigra scale, Saissetia nigra. Hilgardia, 16 (5), 225 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 16 n 05 p 225"]}

Metaphycus parasaissetiae sp. n., belonging to M. zebratus species group, is described from China. Photomicrographs are provided to illustrate morphological characters of the species. Metaphycus parasaissetiae is an important parasitoid of the Nigra Scale, Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner).

Στην παρούσα eργασία γίνeται η πρώτη καταγραφή του eίδους Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) eπί της ροδιάς στην Eλλάδα. Η παρουσία του eίδους αυτού διαπιστώθηκe σe καλλωπιστική ροδιά, τον Ιούνιο του 2014, eντός της Πανeπιστημιούπολης του Γeωπονικού Πανeπιστημίου Αθηνών. Δίδονται πληροφορίeς σχeτικά μe τα μορφολογικά και βιολογικά χαρακτηριστικά, όπως και για την eξάπλωση του eντόμου.

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) This species was listed as being present in Malta by Pellizzari & Germain (2010) in error (G. Pellizzari (University of Padova, Italy) and J-F. Germain (Laboratoire National de la Protection des V��g��taux, Station de Montpellier, France), pers. comm.). The species is regulated in the European Union but has never been collected in the archipelago., Published as part of Mifsud, David, Mazzeo, Gaetana, Russo, Agatino & Watson, Gillian W., 2014, The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago, pp. 499-525 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on page 518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4930613, {"references":["Pellizzari, G. & Germain, J-F. (2010) Scales (Hemiptera, superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9. 3. In: Roques, A., Kenis, M., Lees, D., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J. - Y. & Roy, D. (Eds.), Alien terrestrial arthropods of Europe. BioRisk, 4 (1), 475 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / biorisk. 4.45"]}

The Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest risk assessment for Parasaissetia nigra in the European Union (EU) and identified and evaluated the phytosanitary measures listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Entry through the principal pathways is assessed as moderately likely for plants for planting and very unlikely for living parts of plants, such as fruit and cut flowers with foliage, the discrepancy being mainly due to the difference in probability of transfer to a suitable host. Establishment is rated as very likely outdoors in Mediterranean areas and indoors in the whole risk assessment area (where the pest has been present for a long time), and unlikely outdoors in non-Mediterranean areas. Spread within the EU is considered to be moderately likely because the pest can readily be moved with plant material but is limited by climatic conditions. The magnitude of the potential consequences is rated as minor. The Panel evaluated the effectiveness of current EU phytosanitary measures and concluded that the removal of P. nigra from Annex IIAII would not affect its probability of entry, because the importation from Third countries of some host plants regulated for P. nigra (Citrus, Fortunella, Poncirus species and their hybrids) is prohibited in Annex III. However, spread could be affected since there would no longer be a requirement to inspect for this pest before issuing a plant passport (Annex V). However, since the regulated Rutaceae species constitute only a very small proportion of the potential host plants of P. nigra, the current phytosanitary measures are mostly ineffective in preventing the further introduction and spread of P. nigra in the EU. The Panel identified surveillance at the production site and treatment of the consignment as the most effective and technically feasible risk reduction options, particularly when in combination. © European Food Safety Authority, 2013

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861). Material examinado. Cuba: Pan de Guajaibón, ladera norte, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Ficus membranacea, 4 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Parasaissetia nigra constituye una especie polífaga con distribución cosmopolita, (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005). Se considera de origen oriental o afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). Particularmente incide sobre 23 especies de Ficus (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b). Se ha registrado para Cuba en Topes de Collantes, grupo montañoso Guamuhaya, sobre Guarea guidonia (Mestre et al. 2001b). Se citó como plaga del cafeto en África y como plaga moderada de ornamentales y cítricos en California, EE. UU (Gill 1988, Ben-Dov 1993 y 2003, Miller et al. 2005). Se ha referido sobre ornamentales en São Paulo, Brasil y Argentina (Peronti et al. 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003). Asimismo, se menciona como plaga del guayabo y del cafeto en áreas del Pacífico Sur (Williams y Watson 1990)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, I. Baro, y M. Reyes. 2001 b. Nuevos registros de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (1): 59 - 61.","Gill. R. J. 1988. The scales insects of California. Part 1. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 132 p.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}