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[ES] Esta investigación se ha centrado en la identificación de qué servicios pueden ser considerados como determinantes como competitivas, en las relaciones prepago con sus clientes, por parte de las principales operadoras de telefonía móvil en España, y si la existencia de mayores niveles de confianza, compromiso y lealtad por parte de los empleados de las operadoras, con cada vez mayor presencia en redes sociales, pueden alterar su posición. A través de varios estudios, siguiendo la metodología de Concept Mapping con análisis clúster, al objeto de obtener la información necesaria fundamentalmente de tipo cualitativo, se puede obtener e identificar aquellos niveles de afectación en las relaciones empleados-subordinado con repercusiones en la competitividad de las operadoras de telefonía móvil en España. En un primer estudio analizo los motivos de lealtad de los clientes con la operadora, identificando las principales dimensiones y a continuación, en un segundo estudio identifico las principales razones de desconexión de anteriores operadoras, identificando sus dimensiones con las variables anteriormente descritas., [CA] Aquesta investigació s'ha centrat en la identificació de quins serveis poden ser considerats com a determinants com a competitives, en les relacions prepagament amb els seus clients, per part de les principals operadores de telefonia mòbil a Espanya, i si l'existència de majors nivells de confiança, compromís i lleialtat per part dels empleats de les operadores, amb cada vegada major presència en xarxes socials, poden alterar la seua posició. A través de diversos estudis, seguint la metodologia de Concept Mapping amb anàlisi clúster, a fi d'obtindre la informació necessària fonamentalment de tipus qualitatiu, es pot obtindre i identificar aquells nivells d'afectació en les relacions emprats-subordinat amb repercussions en la competitivitat de les operadores de telefonia mòbil a Espanya. En un primer estudi analitze els motius de lleialtat dels clients amb l'operadora, identificant les principals dimensions i a continuació, en un segon estudi identifique les principals raons de desconnexió d'anteriors operadores, identificant les seues dimensions amb les variables anteriorment descrites., [EN] This research has focused on the identification of which services can be considered as competitive determinants on prepaid contracts with customers, by the main mobile phone companies in Spain, and whether the existence of higher levels of trust, commitment and loyalty on the part of the employees, with increasing presence in social networks, can alter their position. Through several studies, following the Concept Mapping methodology with cluster analysis in order to obtain the necessary information, primarily of a qualitative type, the levels of affectation in employee-subordinate relationships with repercussions on the competitiveness of the mobile phone companies in Spain can be identified. In a first study, I analyze the reasons for customer¿s loyalty with the company, identifying the main dimensions and then in a second study I identify the main reasons of why customers leave their previous mobile operators, identifying dimensions with the variables described above.

Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending uses two-sided platforms to link borrowers with a crowd of lenders. Despite considerable diversity in crowdlending research, studies in this area typically focus on several common research topics, including information asymmetries, social capital, communication channels, and rating-based models. This young research field is still expanding. However, its importance has increased considerably since 2018. This rise in importance suggests that P2P lending may offer a promising new scientific research field. This paper presents a bibliometric study based on keyword co-occurrence, author and reference co-citations, and bibliographic coupling. The paper thus maps the key features of P2P lending research. Although many of the most cited papers are purely financial, some focus on behavioral finance. The trend in this field is toward innovative finance based on new technologies. The conclusions of this study provide valuable insight for researchers, managers, and policymakers to understand the current and future status of this field. The variables that affect new financial contexts and the strategies that promote technology-based financial environments must be investigated in the future

[ES] Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado, tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de un producto especializado para facilitar y mejorar el bienestar y estilo de vida de pacientes diagnosticados con Alzheimer y los grupos de interés que interactúan con los mismos (familiares y cuidadores). Siguiendo el método de `Design Thinking¿, empatizaremos con el cliente, analizando al Buyer Persona y conociendo las situaciones a las que se enfrenta diariamente. Definiremos sus problemas y molestias e idearemos un producto que cubra alguna de las necesidades o problemas detectados. Posteriormente, pasando por un proceso de diseño completo, terminaremos generando un prototipo que nos permita testear nuestra idea. Finalmente podremos validarlo con nuestro usuario y comprobar que nuestro producto cumple con lo esperado y soluciona el problema para el que es diseñado., [EN] This Final Degree Project aims to develop a specialized product to facilitate and improve the well-being and lifestyle of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's and the interest groups that interact with them (family members and caregivers). Following the `Design Thinking¿ method, we will empathize with the client, analyzing the Buyer Persona and knowing the situations they face on a daily basis. We will define your problems and annoyances and devise a product that meets any of the needs or problems detected. Later, going through a complete design process, we will end up generating a prototype that allows us to test our idea. Finally, we can validate it with our user and verify that our product complies with what is expected and solves the problem for which it is designed.

[ES] El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es elaborar un plan de marketing para una empresa de nueva creación que se dedica a la venta minorista de relojes a través del comercio electrónico, con el fin de aprovechar las funcionalidades de este canal de distribución frente a los modelos tradicionales.

[ES] El presente TFG es un plan de empresa y un estudio de expansión de mercado de la empresa TITAN X. Esta se dedica a producir y comercializar carteras a través de su propia página web. Aproximadamente el 95% del volumen de ventas se llevan a cabo en EEUU y Canadá. El objetivo de dicho trabajo es analizar y optimizar todos los factores posibles para la mejora y el crecimiento de la empresa, haciendo también un estudio de expansión de mercado por Europa. En primer lugar, se realiza un análisis detallado tanto del entorno como de la propia empresa. Acto seguido, se expone un exhaustivo estudio de mercado y las conclusiones del mismo. A continuación, se estudian distintas estrategias en cada apartado del marketing mix y se escogen las más óptimas para la empresa y su público objetivo, teniendo en cuenta todos los estudios previos. Finalmente, se elabora el plan de operaciones y el plan financiero., [EN] This final degree project is a business plan and a market expansion study of the TITAN X company. TITAN X produces and sells wallets through its own website. Approximately 95% of the sales volume is carried out in the USA and Canada. The aim of this work is to analyse and optimize all possible factors for the improvement and growth of the company, including a study of market expansion in Europe. First of all, a detailed analysis of both the environment and the company itself is carried out. This is followed by an exhaustive market study and its conclusions. Next, different strategies are studied in each section of the marketing mix and the most optimal ones are chosen for the company and its target audience, taking into account all the previous studies. Finally, the business plan and the financial plan are drawn up.

[ES] Diseño de un plan de marketing estratégico basando en la innovación digital para la empresa de mobiliario de cocina Coycama. Realización del rebranding de la empresa y diseño de la exposición.

[ES] El propósito principal de esta tesis reside en estudiar las relaciones existentes entre la capacidad de aprendizaje de las organizaciones y la innovación en los servicios. Las razones del desarrollo de esta investigación ha sido de una parte conocer la influencia de las tecnologías de la información (TI) con relación a la generación de conocimiento en el aprendizaje organizativo, como elemento necesario para la construcción de la innovación en las empresas del sector servicios, de otra establecer relaciones del empowerment organizacional (EO) con el aprendizaje y la innovación en las empresas que las implementan. El trabajo empírico se ha realizado sobre el sector Hotelero español, en concreto en la categoría de hoteles de 4 y 5 estrellas, dada la importancia que tiene para el PIB de España, entrevistándose a 280 gerentes que representan el mismo número de hoteles. El estudio lleva a cabo la intensidad de empoderamiento e implementación de las TI sobre la capacidad de aprender que actúa como variable mediadora con la capacidad de innovar en servicios. Emplearemos la metodología de ecuaciones estructurales para verificación de las Hipótesis que permitan probar el modelo, descubriendo que los resultados obtenidos son confirmatorios., [CA] El propòsit principal d'aquesta tesi resideix a estudiar les relacions existents entre la capacitat d'aprenentatge de les organitzacions i la innovació en els serveis. Les raons del desenvolupament d'aquesta investigació ha sigut d'una part conéixer la influència de les tecnologies de la informació (TU) en relació amb la generació de coneixement en l'aprenentatge organitzatiu, com a element necessari per a la construcció de la innovació en les empreses del sector serveis, d'una altra establir relacions del empowerment organitzacional (EO) amb l'aprenentatge i la innovació en les empreses que les implementen. El treball empíric s'ha realitzat sobre el sector Hoteler espanyol, en concret en la categoria d'hotels de 4 i 5 estreles, donada la importància que té per al PIB d'Espanya, entrevistant-se a 280 gerents que representen el mateix nombre d'hotels. L'estudi duu a terme la intensitat d'apoderament i implementació de les TI sobre la capacitat d'aprendre que actua com a variable mediadora amb la capacitat d'innovar en serveis. Emprarem la metodologia d'equacions estructurals per a verificació de les hipòtesis que permeten provar el model, descobrint que els resultats obtinguts són confirmatoris., [EN] The main purpose of this thesis is to study the relationships between the learning capability of organizations and their service innovation. The reasons for the development of this research have been, on the one hand, to understand the influence of the information technologies (IT) in relation to knowledge creation in the organizational learning, as a requisite for innovation in service sector companies. On the other hand, to explore the relationship between organizational empowerment (OE) and learning and innovation in the companies implementing these. The empirical work has been carried out on the Spanish hotel sector, specifically in the category of four- and five-star hotels, given their importance for Spain's GDP. Interviews with 280 managers representing the same number of hotels were conducted. The study addresses the intensity of empowerment and implementation of IT on the ability to learn, which acts as a mediating variable with the ability to innovate in services. We will apply the methodology of structural equations to verify the hypotheses that permit to test the model, concluding that the results obtained are confirmatory.

[EN] Lack of trust, lack of references and the confidential nature of cybersecurity projects make internationalization in companies from the cybersecurity sector a great challenge. The development of lean methodologies over recent years has presented a method to reduce time and effort, measure performance in each step and pivot when it is necessary to apply a process to a different field. Considering that internationalization resembles entrepreneurship, because of uncertainty and risk in a new market where the value proposition should be validated, the Lean Start-up philosophy will serve as a theoretical framework in which to operate. The study of international challenges of cybersecurity companies and elaboration of an 'eight-step' internationalization mechanism based on Lean Start-up methodology will imply a cost-effective solution for cybersecurity enterprises that want to achieve profitability and higher return on investment in internationalization., [ES] La falta de confianza, la falta de referencias previas y la naturaleza confidencial de los proyectos de ciberseguridad hacen que la internacionalización de las empresas del sector sea un gran desafío. El desarrollo de metodologías lean en los últimos anos ¿ ha presentado un método para reducir el tiempo y el esfuerzo en el proceso de internacionalización y permitir medir el rendimiento en cada paso y pivotar cuando sea necesario. Teniendo en cuenta que la internacionalización se asemeja a la iniciativa empresarial, debido a la incertidumbre y el riesgo en un nuevo mercado donde se debe validar la propuesta de valor, la filosofía Lean Start-up servirá como marco teórico en el que operar. El estudio de los desafíos internacionales de las empresas de ciberseguridad y la elaboración de un mecanismo de internacionalización de ocho pasos basado en la metodología Lean Start-up implicará una solución rentable para las empresas de ciberseguridad que desean lograr rentabilidad y un mayor retorno de la inversión en internacionalización.

[EN] In present-day in consumers' homes, there are millions of Internet-connected devices that are known to jointly represent the Internet of Things (IoT). The development of the IoT industry has led to the emergence of connected devices and home assistants that create smart living environments. However, the continuously generated data accumulated by these connected devices create security issues and raise user's privacy concerns. The present study aims to explore the main security issues in smart living environments using data mining techniques. To this end, we applied a three-sentence data mining analysis of 9,38,258 tweets collected from Twitter under the user-generated data (UGD) framework. First, sentiment analysis was applied using Textblob which was tested with support vector classifier, multinomial naive bayes, logistic regression, and random forest classifier; as a result, the analyzed tweets were divided into those expressing positive, negative, and neutral sentiment. Next, a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm was applied to divide the sample into topics related to security issues in smart living environments. Finally, the insights were extracted by applying a textual analysis process in Python validated with the analysis of frequency and weighted percentage variables and calculating the statistical measure known as mutual information (MI) to analyze the identified n-grams (unigrams and bigrams). As a result of the research 10 topics were identified in which we found that the main security issues are malware, cybersecurity attacks, data storing vulnerabilities, the use of testing software in IoT, and possible leaks due to the lack of user experience. We discussed different circumstances and causes that may affect user security and privacy when using IoT devices and emphasized the importance of UGC in the processing of personal data of IoT device users.

[EN] In recent years, strategies focused on data-driven innovation (DDI) have led to the emergence and development of new products and business models in the digital market. However, these advances have given rise to the development of sophisticated strategies for data management, predicting user behavior, or analyzing their actions. Accordingly, the large-scale analysis of user-generated data (UGD) has led to the emergence of user privacy concerns about how companies manage user data. Although there are some studies on data security, privacy protection, and data-driven strategies, a systematic review on the subject that would focus on both UGD and DDI as main concepts is lacking. Therefore, the present study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the main challenges related to user privacy that affect DDI. The methodology used in the present study unfolds in the following three phases; (i) a systematic literature review (SLR); (ii) in-depth interviews framed in the perspectives of UGD and DDI on user privacy concerns, and finally, (iii) topic-modeling using a Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model to extract insights related to the object of study. Based on the results, we identify 14 topics related to the study of DDI and UGD strategies. In addition, 14 future research questions and 7 research propositions are presented that should be consider for the study of UGD, DDI and user privacy in digital markets. The paper concludes with an important discussion regarding the role of user privacy in DDI in digital markets.

[EN] The social Internet of Things (SIoT) shares large amounts of data that are then processed by other Internet of Thing (IoT) devices, which results in the generation, collection, and treatment of databases to be analyzed afterwards with Big Data techniques. This paradigm has given rise to users' concerns about their privacy, particularly with regard to whether users have to use a smart handling (self-establishment and self-management) in order to correctly install the SIoT, ensuring the privacy of the SIot-generated content and data. In this context, the present study aims to identify and explore the main perspectives that define user privacy in the SIoT; our ultimate goal is to accumulate new knowledge on the adoption and use of the concept of privacy "by default" in the scientific literature. To this end, we undertake a literature review of the main contributions on the topic of privacy in SIoT and Big Data processing. Based on the results, we formulate the following five areas of application of SIoT, including 29 key points relative to the concept of privacy "by default": (i) SIoT data collection and privacy; (ii) SIoT security; (iii) threats for SIoT devices; (iv) SIoT devices mandatory functions; and (v) SIoT and Big Data processing and analytics. In addition, we outline six research propositions and discuss six challenges for the SIoT industry. The results are theorized for the future development of research on SIoT privacy by "default" and Big Data processing.

[EN] The new business challenges in the B2B sector are determined by connected ecosystems, where data-driven decision making is crucial for successful strategies. At the same time, the use of digital marketing as a communication and sales channel has led to the need and use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems to correctly manage company information. The understanding of B2B traditional Marketing strategies that use CRMs that work with Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been studied, however, research focused on the understanding and application of these technologies in B2B digital marketing is scarce. To cover this gap in the literature, this study develops a literature review on the main academic contributions in this area. To visualize the outcomes of the literature review, the results are then analyzed using a statistical approach known as Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) under the homogeneity analysis of variance by means of alternating least squares (HOMALS) framework programmed in the R language. The research results classify the types of CRMs and their typologies and explore the main techniques and uses of AI-based CRMs in B2B digital marketing. In addition, a discussion, directions and propositions for future research are presented.

[EN] Crowdlending platforms are becoming increasingly important as a collective financing mechanism for entrepreneurs and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially those at an early stage. This study, which is based on a survey of investors on a Spanish crowdlending platform, uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to examine investor satisfaction with crowdlending platforms. Specifically, the study examines communication policies and the quality of the investor experience based on the information provided by these platforms. The value of this article lies in its examination of the antecedents of crowdlending investor satisfaction. The analysis shows that the actions of ensuring that it is easy to browse the platform, frequently updating project details, offering a mobile application, publishing a blog with details of new developments and frequently sending investors emails with information to support their investment decisions increase investors' satisfaction with crowdlending platforms.

[EN] In this paper, the resource-based view is used to analyze the implementation of crowdsourcing as an IT-based practice. The study examines strategic positioning regarding market orientation and the role of two capabilities: transformational leadership and organizational learning capability, in the implementation of crowdsourcing. An empirical study of Spanish telecommunications and biotechnology companies confirms the moderating effect of these capabilities on the relationship between market orientation and crowdsourcing.

[EN] The growing use of social networks has led to the emergence of ethical and privacy concerns regarding the management of user data and how social networks train algorithms for economic purposes to organize the content shown to users. In this context, the present study aims to define and identify (i) the main concepts and (ii) performance measurements that social networks use to increase user engagement and modify user online behavior from the perspective of ethical design and surveillance capitalism in social media. Since previous research on this issue is scarce, this study bridges this gap in the literature by developing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of major scientific contributions made so far in this research area. We identify a total of 10 performance measurements and 4 ethical design measurements used by social media companies to increase user engagement and to achieve user behavior modification online, at times without users' awareness about this effect. Furthermore, we critically analyze the identified 14 indicators, as previous research suggests that these indicators can generate addiction and modification of user behavior and feelings. The paper concludes with a discussion of important theoretical and practical implications of ethical design in social media for further research; we also question the economic approaches proposed in the business models of digital and social media platforms.

[EN] In the global and turbulent world we live in, companies must differentiate themselves by creating a competitive advantage through constant innovation to adapt to the changing environment. A firm's competitive advantage is permanently being contested. Thus, preserving this competitive advantage is critical. Consequently, firms can innovate to survive and thrive through two mechanisms: crowdsourcing and online social networks. However, the interrelationships between these mechanisms are poorly understood and need further testing. Online social networks and crowdsourcing involve individuals who are encouraged to share ideas, driving innovation through knowledge provision. This study aims to determine the importance of online social networks and crowdsourcing as elements that favor organizational learning processes to promote organizational development. This paper presents a set of hypotheses on the relationships between these variables. The findings suggest that online social networks, crowdsourcing, and organizational performance are correlated. Therefore, both of the research hypotheses are supported. Online social networks are shown to play an important role in companies by positively influencing the performance of organizations. Similarly, crowdsourcing is shown to benefit organizational performance.

Este libro nace con el propósito de recopilar, unir y sintetizar los conceptos, definiciones y explicaciones más relevantes que un futuro profesional debe entender sobre marketing estratégico, operativo y digital. Se han incluido diferentes ejemplos prácticos de empresas y campañas de marketing actuales con el objetivo de facilitar el entendimiento de los conceptos y procesos a seguir. Por tanto, se añaden también imágenes y figuras que apoyarán las explicaciones teóricas. Va dirigido principalmente a estudiantes de asignaturas de marketing con perfiles técnicos, que se convertirán en los profesionales del mañana.Los conocimientos previos no son necesarios para seguir esta obra. El lenguaje es accesible y se han evitado los tecnicismos. Aquí reside el propósito principal de este libro: ampliar y explicar los conceptos que se trabajan en las clases de marketing para que los estudiantes puedan integrarlos fácilmente y relacionar la teoría con el mundo que les rodea.

This article is (c) Emerald Group Publishing and permission has been granted for this version to appear here (please insert the web address here). Emerald does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Emerald Group Publishing Limites, [EN] Purpose - This study contributes to the limited literature on crowdlending by providing a data-driven analysis of the sector. Asynthetic DP2 indicator is proposed to identify the leaders of the crowdlending market, the key factors behind their success and the medium-term competitive implications. Design/methodology/approach - The study examines 17 crowdlending platforms and eight performance indicators. The information provided by these indicators is aggregated using a synthetic indicator based on the P-2 Distance (DP2) method. Findings - Mintos, Evoestate, Peerberry, Bondster and Fellow Finance are the leading platforms. This method reveals the key variables in the identification of market leaders, namely year-on-year variation in the number of investors and year-on-year variation in lending per investor. The leaders in terms of lending volumes should not take their current situation for granted. Small and medium-sized platforms are pushing hard and may overtake the incumbents as market leaders. Practical implications - Financial intermediation through crowdlending is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to traditional models. Changes in the sector are expected in the coming years due to the rise of platforms with a moderate amount of lending and solid year-on-year improvement. To become leaders and to attract both lenders and borrowers, platforms are encouraged to improve the information that they provide. Originality/value - This paper offers the first analysis of market leadership in the crowdlending sector. It analyses the competitive market of the crowdlending sector based on its actors and key factors. These factors explain the differences in the market position of different platforms. Based on this analysis, the trends in this sector can be identified. This study is exploratory, so it offers empirical data that can be useful in the development of theories that apply to the sector.

Within organisational analysis, a concept that has been gaining importance has been organisational ambidexterity, where two factors play an important role: entrepreneurial intensity and innovations. The objective of this article is to analyse the relationship between entrepreneurial intensity and ambidexterity. The conceptualisation of ambidexterity distinguishes between ambidextrous activities and ambidextrous outcomes. To carry out this objective, we have tested several theoretical relationships. We have used partial least squares methodology to develop an empirical study in 25 European countries. Results confirm that collaboration networks have a positive effect on entrepreneurship intensity. This effect is greater than the one obtained by ambidextrous activities or new technologies. We also show that entrepreneurship intensity has a mediating role between ambidextrous activities and ambidextrous outcomes., Depto. de Administración Financiera y Contabilidad, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

[EN] Within organisational analysis, a concept that has been gaining importance has been organisational ambidexterity, where two factors play an important role: entrepreneurial intensity and innovations. The objective of this article is to analyse the relationship between entrepreneurial intensity and ambidexterity. The conceptualisation of ambidexterity distinguishes between ambidextrous activities and ambidextrous outcomes. To carry out this objective, we have tested several theoretical relationships. We have used partial least squares methodology to develop an empirical study in 25 European countries. Results confirm that collaboration networks have a positive effect on entrepreneurship intensity. This effect is greater than the one obtained by ambidextrous activities or new technologies. We also show that entrepreneurship intensity has a mediating role between ambidextrous activities and ambidextrous outcomes.

[EN] In recent decades, low-cost airlines have proliferated in the European market offering cheap tickets and increasing popularity. This business model, characterised by cost leadership, has been studied on numerous occasions. The case of the Irish airline Ryanair has presented different challenges over the last few years in relation to its stakeholders, who are shaping the sustainability of the current era of air travel. This business model should be adapted to the current demands of the market, such as corporate social responsibility or care for the environment. The functioning of low-cost airlines regarding the use they make of ERP management systems is also analysed. They aim to balance their cost strategy with the development of internal resources and capabilities for the company's long-term strategy. A major current challenge for low-cost airlines is the implementation of ERP management systems to make strategies oriented to the customer, sustainability, and corporate social responsibility.

[EN] The globalization of tourism has recently increased the importance of foreign demand for most European destinations. Hotel chains have been long investigated from several perspectives. However, no research has verified the alleged ability of chains to attract foreign demand, while this information is highly sought after by hotel investors and owners when evaluating affiliation opportunities. The present study covers Italy. It is based on a survey of 148 branded hotels for 21 destinations and 22 brands. Adopting a new metric to compare the ability of hotels to sell abroad (Foreign market Per Available Room; FmPAR), it has been found that chain-affiliated hotels perform better than independent hotels in attracting foreign demand. This is particularly true for international chains compared to domestic ones. On the other hand, the effect is stronger in three-star hotels than in four and five-star ones, in destinations where chain penetration is low.

[EN] Since the end of the 1990s, the number of articles on coopetitiona relationship built on simultaneous competition and cooperationhas steadily increased in response to the growing prevalence of relationships of coopetition in many industries. The tension inherent in a relationship of coopetition with a direct competitor presents both a challenge for managers and, at the same time, an exciting and complex research area. Different researchers of coopetition have addressed the topic from vastly different perspectives, basing their research on different theoretical frameworks, types of analysis, methods, and aims. By classifying articles on coopetition published in the last 20years, this paper presents an application of cluster analysis to examine trends and tendencies in coopetition research. The paper also assesses whether this research field has followed a coherent progression during this period. The research reveals two independent research trends within the coopetition literature. The first research trend consists of studies that have mathematically modeled and simulated coopetition scenarios using game theory, whereas the second research stream consists of theoretical research describing the dynamics and tensions of coopetition based on evidence from case studies. Based on the cluster analysis, inter-firm alliances and their governance mechanisms emerge as the most promising theoretical and practical approach to improve cooperation between competitors.

[EN] Social economy is considered as the option that offers the best response in times of crisis. In this context, social economy companies play an essential role in the promotion of sustainable growth. This research wants to present the importance of social entrepreneurship in the organizational performance of a company. It also aims to show the positive relationship between the extent to which social entrepreneurship is implemented and the creation of distinctive marketing competences, as well as the mediating role these competences have between social entrepreneurship and organizational performance. For this purpose, an analysis of 221 Spanish social-economic entities has been developed from January to May 2014. In order to evaluate organizational performance, a validated scale has been used (Nakata, 2008), since it integrates sociometric characteristics that are necessary for this research. For the two remaining constructs, that is to say, social entrepreneurship and distinctive marketing competences, specific items have been developed by taking into consideration the analysis of their sociometric properties that could lead to the validation of the relationship among the three proposed variables. The results show a positive relationship between the extent to which an organization introduces social entrepreneurship and its organizational performance, social entrepreneurship and the creation of distinctive marketing competences, as well as the influence of distinctive marketing competences as a mediating variable in the relationship between the degree of implementation of social entrepreneurship and organizational performance.

This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in Rafal; Kusa, Daniel Palacios Marques & Belén Ribeiro Navarrete (2019) External cooperation and entrepreneurial orientation in industrial clusters, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31:1-2, 119-132, DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537151 [copyright Taylor & Francis], available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537151, [EN] The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between external cooperation and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). This relationship is explored in cluster environment, wherein entrepreneurial organizations compete and cooperate simultaneously to pursue opportunities. The following hypothesis is tested: External cooperation is positively correlated with entrepreneurial orientation. The hypothesis is tested with a correlation analysis on a sample of 77 small-sized enterprises operating in the Malopolska region in Poland, wherein several clusters are active. Additionally, the regression analysis is conducted to examine the associations between inter-organizational cooperation and EO dimensions. The findings confirm that external cooperation is positively correlated with EO. This observation is confronted with a pro-competitive approach that is a constitutional element of the entrepreneurship concept. Moreover, the findings show that the correlation between external cooperation and a firm's performance is stronger than between some other EO dimensions and performance. Additionally, the findings show the important role of relationships between organizations and their clients. In the paper, several remarks for development of the theory are discussed, including the need for incorporating inter-organizational cooperation into a set of entrepreneurial traits and reflecting it in entrepreneurial orientation scales. The findings confirm the importance of that direction of theory development that focuses on inter-organizational collaboration in the context of entrepreneurship.

[EN] Crowdsourcing provides an opportunity for SMEs to exploit collective knowledge that is located outside the organisation. Crowdsourcing allows organisations to keep pace with a fast-changing environment by solving business problems, supporting R&D activities, and fostering innovation cheaply, flexibly, and dynamically. Nevertheless, managing crowdsourcing is difficult, and positive outcomes are not guaranteed. Drawing on the Resource-based View, we study transformational leadership and organisational learning capability as complementary assets to help SMEs deploy crowdsourcing. An empirical study of Spanish telecommunications and biotechnology companies confirmed the moderating effect of organisational learning on the relationship between crowdsourcing and organisational performance.

[EN] Lack of homogeneity in the product (LHP) is a problem when customers require homogeneous units of a single product. In such cases, the optimal allocation of inventory to orders becomes much more complex. Furthermore, in an MTS environment, an optimal initial allocation may become less than ideal over time, due to different circumstances. This problem occurs in the ceramics sector, where the final product varies in tone and calibre. This paper proposes a methodology for the reallocation of inventory to orders in LHP situation (MERIO-LHP) and a model-based decision-support system (DSS) to support the methodology, which enables an optimal reallocation of inventory to order lines to be carried out in real businesses environments in which LHP is inherent. The proposed methodology and model-based DSS were validated by applying it to a real case at a ceramics company. The analysis of the results indicates that considerable improvements can be obtained with regard to the quantity of orders fulfilled and sales turnover.