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As the world shifts towards renewable energy and more efficient energy storage systems, the demand for advanced materials that can support these technologies has increased. One such promising material class is High Entropy Alloys (HEAs). Unlike conventional alloys, which are typically composed of one or two principal elements, HEAs consist of multiple principal elements in near-equiatomic proportions. Their unique atomic structure, characterized by high configurational entropy, endows them with enhanced stability, tunability, and a high specific surface area—qualities that are highly desirable in supercapacitor applications. HEAs offer significant advantages as supercapacitor electrodes, including increased energy storage capacity, superior electrochemical stability, and the potential for synergistic effects that improve overall performance such as higher energy density, longer cycle life, and greater reliability. FeCoNiCuZn) 3 O 4 has been synthesized by utilizing multiple induction melting process in a quartz tube at 1100 °C , followed by ball milling in order to transform the small pieces into nanostructured powder. The highest specific capacitance obtained is 245.7 F g−1 at 1.5 A g−1 in three electrode measurement system. In addition, plastic biochar was prepared using pyrolysis techniques from plastic wastage. Moreover, it is utilized for supercapacitor application, which shows a maximum specific capacitance of 180 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for three electrode system. The combing above two electrode materials, the fabricated asymmetric device shows a maximum specific capacitance of 58 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for 3M KOH electrolyte with maximum specific energy of 23.44 Wh kg−1 at specific power of 1700 W kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Through accurate material design and construction, seawater can completely replace scarce fresh water to obtain hydrogen energy: Seawater accounts for 96 %∼97 % of the world's water resources, and the use of seawater as a source of hydrogen will alleviate the problem of water shortage; The hydrogen production rates of g-C 3 N 4 /CdS/NiS in seawater and pure water for 5 h are 30.44 and 25.79 mmol/g/h, respectively. After 25 h, the hydrogen production rates are 16.17 mmol/g/h and 15.54 mmol/g/h, respectively; • This is a completely new design concept without sacrificing agents: The use of plastic hydrolysate as a sacrificial agent effectively reduces the pollution caused by other sacrifices, such as Na 2 S/Na 2 SO 3 , methanol, etc; • The mechanism of the whole coupling reaction is discussed and proposed: The photocharge transfer occurs between CdS and g-C 3 N 4 , the CB electrons of the g-C 3 N 4 are transferred to the CB of CdS. The electrons participate in the hydrogen evolution reaction at the reduction site of the NiS to produce hydrogen. The VB hole of CdS is injected into the VB of g-C 3 N 4. The hole will react with lactate in seawater solution to oxidize lactate to pyruvate, acetate and formate. Converting plastics into organic matter by photoreforming is an emerging way to deal with plastic pollution and produce valuable organic matter. Water shortage can be alleviated by using seawater resources. To solve these problems, we synthesize a ternary heterostructure composite g-C 3 N 4 /CdS/NiS. Heterojunctions are formed between graphitized carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4), cadmium sulfide (CdS) and nickel sulfide (NiS), which effectively improve the problem of fast charge recombination of pure g-C 3 N 4 and CdS. The results of the g-C 3 N 4 /CdS/NiS photocatalytic tests show that the hydrogen production rates in seawater and pure water for 5 h are 30.44 and 25.79 mmol/g/h, respectively. In stability test, the hydrogen production rate of the g-C 3 N 4 /CdS/NiS in seawater and pure water is similar. This suggests that seawater can replace pure water as a source of hydrogen. While H 2 is generated, the lactate obtained by polylactic acid (PLA) hydrolysis is oxidized to form small organic compounds such as formate, acetate and pyruvate. Our study shows that g-C 3 N 4 /CdS/NiS can not only use seawater as a hydrogen source to produce H 2 , but also photoreformate plastics dissolved in seawater into valuable small organic molecules. This has a positive impact on the production and use of clean energy, as well as on plastic pollution and water scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayer plastic (MP) commonly used in food and beverage packaging is difficult to recycle due to its layered structure, resulting in its accumulation over time; the consequent environmental harm is further exacerbated by its short lifespan. This study investigates recycled low-value MP as a modifier for polymer-modified bitumen (PMB). However, the difference in polarity between MP and PMB mixtures is a challenge, resulting in their poor compatibility and reduced mechanical properties. To overcome this, low-value MP was treated with atmospheric cold plasma and thermal oxidation to enhance its compatibility with PMB. The results indicate that plasma and thermal treatments increase the hydrophilicity of low-value MP through the formation of low-molecular-weight oxidized molecules containing hydrophilic hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C = O) groups that act as an intermediary boundary layer between the low-value MP and asphaltene-rich bitumen. Further, the optimal oxidation conditions for MP are revealed as 60 s of plasma treatment followed by heating at 150 °C for 60 min. Mixtures of PMB and optimally oxidized MP have optimal compositions of 1 wt.%, with ductility and penetration values of 87.7 cm and 57.4 mm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies multicriteria mathematical modeling to optimize municipal solid waste (MSW) management across a three bottom-line (BL) framework: environmental, social and economic. The interrelationships and the ripple secondary impacts among the three BLs are examined systematically using an augmented simplex lattice mixture (ASLM) method. Detailed waste and waste treatments, including pyrolysis (PY), anaerobic digestion (AD), animal feed (AF), composting (CP), recycling (RE), incineration (INC) and landfilling (LF), are constructed based on waste stream fractions and treatment allowable limits. The environmental BL is assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA). The economic BL is determined by calculating the per ton capital recovery with return, and the social bottom line is assessed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The three bottom lines are optimized through a mathematical model using CPLEX solver. The results indicate that CP abates 973 kgCO2eq/t compared to 61.8 kgCO2eq/t from AD and 28.3 kgCO2eq/t from AF. CP generates $23.5/t despite its low social desirability. Plastic waste PY credits ethylene by 364 kg/t, however, it costs $226.7/t despite the subtraction of credited energy and recovered byproducts. Metal RE carbon and water footprints are −236 kgCO2eq/t and 268 m3/t, respectively. AF is the second-best economic scenario after metal RE as it generates up to $122.6/t in profit. AF production scores are second highest within the social BL after plastic PY; however, the supporting legislation sub-indicator is low. The ASLM support policy that assigns 66% to the environmental BL and 16.7% to the economic and social BL to achieve carbon neutrality within the MSW sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wicked problems pose both immediate and existential threats. Within this article we explore the underlying nature of wicked problems, including the social traps embedded in them. We deconstruct the ecosystem surrounding single‐use plastics to make key points regarding controversies and conflicting interests surrounding wicked problems. We propose that wicked problems may be reframed by unpacking the relationships between individuals and collectives and how social traps are understood in terms of time horizon, ownership, responsibility, and involvement. We argue that resolutions to social traps are paramount to resolving wicked problems in the case of single‐use plastics and to wicked problems more generally. We draw from marketing, psychology, public policy, and consumer research literature to suggest specific ways marketing can mitigate or perhaps eliminate the insidious dynamic of social traps and wicked problems, and in turn affect positive outcomes to enhance the short‐term and long‐term well‐being for many consumers and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a widely used plastic that significantly contributes to environmental pollution, and its biodegradation remains challenging. This study investigates the dynamics of bacterial communities in consortia enriched with LDPE as the sole carbon source. The potential for microbial diversity to adapt to polluted environments underscores its role in bioremediation. Community analysis identified Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria as key contributors to LDPE degradation, with dominant genera including Mycobacterium, Cupriavidus, Gordonia, Ochrobactrum, Nocardia, Agromyces, Amycolatopsis, and Cellulosimicrobium. The biodegradation of untreated and pretreated LDPE films was also examined, revealing that UV pretreatment significantly enhances degradation, with weight losses of 2.22–5.17% after 120 days. In contrast, sunlight and thermal treatments resulted in lower weight losses of 1.67–4.56% and 1.42–3.22%, respectively, while untreated LDPE showed only 1.32–2.80% weight loss. These findings underscore the importance of UV pretreatment in facilitating plastic biodegradation. Furthermore, potential LDPE-degrading Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were isolated, identified as key players in the communities and co-occurrence networks, suggesting promising candidates for developing sustainable plastic waste management solutions. Moreover, this study is the first to reveal the potential LDPE degradation abilities of several genera, including Mesorhizobium, Agromyces, Amycolatopsis, Olivibacter, Aquamicrobium, Pseudaminobacter, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing of plastic waste threatening ecosystems globally, this experimental work investigates recycled plastics as sustainable aggregate replacements in pervious concrete. Pervious concrete allows water passage but has installation/maintenance difficulty due to high weight. This research addresses the lack of eco-friendly lightweight pervious solutions by assessing physical and mechanical performance of mixes with 100% recycled plastic and traditional aggregate percentages. Density reduced 12% using a 100% plastic aggregate mix, achieving 1358 kg/m3 with compressive strength of 3.92 MPa, adequate for non-structural applications. A 7.8% decrease in water absorption versus conventional pervious concrete signifies retained porosity and permeability despite the plastic aggregates. Though early material limitations increase costs over 199.32%, recycled plastics show viability as effective, sustainable substitutes for natural aggregates in lightweight pervious concrete. With further availability and affordability improvements, these recyclable mixes can enable significantly greener construction practices. Findings provide key insights on balancing structural requirements, eco-friendliness and water infiltration capacity in plastic-based lightweight pervious concrete for broader adoption. The research examines the mechanical and durability characteristics of Light-Weight Pervious Concrete (LWPC) composed entirely of plastic aggregate. It also investigates the economic viability and potential for sustainable urban applications. The cost assessment reveals long-term environmental advantages, even though the initial expenses are higher. Additionally, the study considers an eco-friendly approach that combines plant growth with pervious concrete to promote greater sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic debris pollution transported by river systems to lakes and oceans has emerged as a significant environmental concern with adverse impacts on ecosystems, food webs, and human health. Remote sensing presents a cost-effective approach to bolster interception and removal efforts. However, unlike marine environments, the optical properties of plastic debris in fresh waters remain poorly understood. This study aims to address this gap by providing an open-access hyperspectral reflectance database of floating weathered and virgin plastic debris found in river systems under controlled laboratory experiments. Utilizing natural waters from the Mississippi River, the database was assembled using a remote sensing data acquisition system deployed over a hydraulic flume operating under subcritical flow conditions and varying suspended sediment concentrations. The measurements encompass hyperspectral diffused light reflectance from ultraviolet (UV, 350 nm) to shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2500 nm) wavelengths. The database archived in Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) and Comma-separated values (CSV), offers valuable insights for better understanding key spectral signatures indicative of floating plastic debris, with different fractional abundance, in freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Purpose: Microplastics, ubiquitous environmental contaminants, are increasingly recognized for their potential to impact human health. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on the pathways through which microplastics interact with biological systems and to elucidate their health implications. State of Knowledge: Microplastics are pervasive in various environments, from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems, and they eventually enter the human body via ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption. Studies have suggested that microplastics carry toxic substances, such as heavy metals and organic pollutants, which are known endocrine disruptors and carcinogens. Additionally, the physical presence of microplastics has been linked to inflammation and other negative health outcomes. Research in this field is complex and interdisciplinary, involving toxicology, environmental science, and public health disciplines. Summary: The presence of microplastics in the human body is concerning, and there is a clear need for further research to understand the extent of health risks associated with chronic exposure. Public health strategies should include both reducing microplastic pollution and strengthening regulations on plastic waste. Meanwhile, medical professionals should consider the potential for microplastic exposure when diagnosing and treating chronic conditions. Future research should aim to clarify the mechanisms of toxicity and establish safe levels of exposure, with a multidisciplinary approach being essential for comprehensive understanding and effective intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the online meal-delivery industry is a double-edged sword, with potential to both hamper and drive progress towards achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet most studies examining this industry have been conducted from the narrow perspective of specific academic fields, focusing on single issues or on individual cases. In this paper, by drawing upon the thematic foci of the SDGs as an analytical framework, we conducted a systematic and objective review to assess consequences of the online meal-delivery's development for sustainable development. After selecting and reviewing 128 peer-reviewed articles identified on Web of Science, we systematically coded their contents, and examined key trends along with knowledge gaps. The review shows that direct consequences for the SDGs—for instance, human health, plastic waste, carbon emissions, and labor conditions—have been thoroughly discussed. Conversely, we found a lack of attention to other indirect but important consequences, including impacts on poverty, hunger, education, and gender equality, which are yet to be thoroughly investigated. Particularly, our findings point to a need for more knowledge on how the industry is impacting food access in light of the "digital divide" between IT-literate consumers and those possessing less familiarity with digital technologies, how employment opportunities contribute to poverty alleviation or exacerbation of class gaps, and how the meal-delivery industry can contribute to achieving zero hunger by increasing food access to vulnerable populations. Our findings generate important insights to guide the formulation of more targeted countermeasures to address issues that risk hindering achievement of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of plastics in the automotive industry is increasingly significant due to their lightweight nature, which contributes to reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions while improving versatility and mechanical properties. Polypropylene (PP) and other polyolefins are among the most commonly used materials, especially for components such as bumpers. The use of composite materials, i.e., a combination of different polymers, improves the properties through synergistic effects, thereby also improving the performance of the final product. In the automotive industry, PP reinforced with 20% talc or CaCO3 is commonly used. The mechanical recycling of polypropylene bumpers is the most common type of recycling. However, challenges arise during this process, such as the presence of impurities like paint, chemical contaminants from previous use, and polymeric impurities from different polymers mixed into the polymer matrix, among others. Paint affects both the aesthetic quality and the mechanical and intrinsic properties of the recycled material. This review aims to analyze the main methods reported in the literature, focusing on those with low environmental impact. Furthermore, these methods are classified according to their capacity, effectiveness, substrate damage, environmental hazards, and economic feasibility. It also aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the mechanical recycling of plastic waste in the automotive industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of multi-component blends to prepare high-performance polymer materials is still challenging, and is a key technology for mechanical recycling of waste plastics. However, a multi-phase compatibilizer is prerequisite to create high-performance multi-component blends. In this study, POE-g-(MAH-co-St) and SEBS-g-(MAH-co-St) compatibilizers are prepared via melt-grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) and styrene (St) dual monomers to polyolefin elastomer (POE) and poly [styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] (SEBS), respectively. Subsequently, these compatibilizers are utilized to compatibilize the PA6/PP/ABS/SEBS quaternary blends through melt-blending. When POE-g-(MAH-co-St) and SEBS-g-(MAH-co-St) are added, respectively, both can promote the distribution of the dispersed phases, significantly reducing the dispersed phase size. When adding 10 wt% POE-g-(MAH-co-St) and 10 wt% SEBS-g-(MAH-co-St) together, compared to the non-compatibilized blend, the fracture strength, fracture elongation, and impact strength surprisingly increased by 106%, 593%, and 823%, respectively. It can be attributed to the hierarchical interfacial interactions which facilitate gradual energy dissipation from weak to strong interfaces, resulting in the improvement of mechanical properties. The synergistic effect of the enhanced phase interfacial interactions and toughening effect of elastomer compatibilizer achieved simultaneous growth in strength and toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating shredded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) post-consumer plastic waste as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in unreinforced concrete such as masonry blocks. Standard concrete blocks were produced with varying PET content (0%, 5%, 25%, 35%, 50%) and tested for workability, air content, density, compressive strength, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity. Results indicated that replacing up to 25% of traditional aggregates with PET maintains adequate compressive strength for non-load-bearing applications and enhances thermal insulation by reducing the thermal conductivity from 0.7 W/m·°K to 0.27 W/m·°K at 25% replacement level, representing a significant improvement of approximately 61%. Higher PET content (35–50%) resulted in reduced structural integrity but improved insulation, suggesting its suitability for non-structural applications. This research highlights the potential of using PET plastic waste in unreinforced concrete, promoting sustainable construction practices by reducing plastic waste and conserving natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion and composting of biowastes are vital pathways to recycle carbon and nutrients for agriculture. However, plastic contamination of soil amendments and fertilizers made from biowastes is a relevant source of (micro‐) plastics in (agricultural) ecosystems. To avoid this contamination, plastic containing biowastes could be pyrolyzed to eliminate the plastic, recycle most of the nutrients, and create carbon sinks when the resulting biochar is applied to soil. Literature suggests plastic elimination mainly by devolatilization at co‐pyrolysis temperatures of > 520°C. However, it is uncertain if the presence of plastic during biomass pyrolysis induces the formation of organic contaminants or has any other adverse effects on biochar properties. Here, we produced biochar from wood residues (WR) obtained from sieving of biowaste derived digestate. The plastic content was artificially enriched to 10%, and this mixture was pyrolyzed at 450°C and 600°C. Beech wood (BW) chips and the purified, that is, (macro‐) plastic‐free WR served as controls. All biochars produced were below limit values of the European Biochar Certificate (EBC) regarding trace element content and organic contaminants. Under study conditions, pyrolysis of biowaste, even when contaminated with plastic, can produce a biochar suitable for agricultural use. However, thermogravimetric and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the WR + 10% plastics biochar suggested the presence of plastic residues at pyrolysis temperatures of 450°C. More research is needed to define minimum requirements for the pyrolysis of plastic containing biowaste and to cope with the automated identification and determination of plastic types in biowaste at large scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is the product of intentional pyrolysis of organic feedstocks. It is made under controlled conditions in order to achieve desired physico‐chemical characteristics. These characteristics ultimately affect biochar properties as a soil amendment. When biochar is used for carbon storage, an important property is its persistence in soil, often described by the proportion of biochar carbon remaining in soil after a 100 years (Fperm$$ {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{perm}} $$). We analyzed published data on 1230 biochars to re‐evaluate the effect of pyrolysis parameters on biochar characteristics and the possibility to predict Fperm$$ {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{perm}} $$ from the maximum temperature reached during pyrolysis (HTT). We showed that biochar ash and nitrogen (N) contents were mostly affected by feedstock type. The oxygen to carbon (O:C) and hydrogen to carbon (H:C) ratios were mostly affected by the extent of pyrolysis (a combination of HTT and pyrolysis duration), except for non (ligno)cellulosic feedstocks (plastic waste, sewage sludge). The volatile matter (VM) content was affected by both feedstock type and the extent of pyrolysis. We demonstrated that HTT is the main driver of H:C ‐‐ an indicator of persistence ‐‐ but that it is not measured accurately enough to precisely predict H:C, let alone persistence. We examined the equations to estimate Fperm$$ {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{perm}} $$ available in the literature and showed that Fperm$$ {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{perm}} $$ calculated from HTT presented little agreement with Fperm$$ {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{perm}} $$ calculated from H:C. The sign and magnitude of the bias depended on the equation used to calculate Fperm$$ {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{perm}} $$ and the dispersion was usually large. This could lead to improper compensation of carbon emissions and wrong reporting of carbon sinks in national carbon accounting schemes. We recommend not to use HTT as a predictor for persistence and stress the importance to rapidly develop more accurate proxies of biochar C persistence in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: About 30 million tons of plastic waste reaches the oceans each year, mostly from low- and middle-income coastal countries. We study novel business models of firms aiming to reduce ocean plastic pollution with a triple-bottom-line (TBL) objective—a weighted sum of profit, environmental impact, and social impact. These firms sell (a) plastic offsets and (b) segregated plastic. Methodology/results: We develop and analyze models where a firm partners with a local plastic recycling supply chain to sell (a), (b), or both via collecting and recycling ocean-bound plastic. Considering additionality (i.e., that the firm can only sell plastic offsets based on recycled plastic that is additional to the plastic recycled without the firm's presence), we solve the equilibrium outcomes by maximizing the firm's TBL objective. For the special case of a for-profit firm, we show that additionality can decrease the firm's social and environmental impacts when selling (a) only or when selling both (a) and (b). Additionality may also alter the effect of the local recycled plastic market (i.e., the number of collectors and the recycled plastic price) on the firm. We find similar insights under the TBL objective via a numerical study calibrated with real data. Managerial implications: When firms decide whether to integrate and promote additionality, they must be careful because it may not only reduce their profit but also, reduce their social and environmental impacts. Moreover, we find that selling both (a) and (b) can generate a much higher TBL objective value than selling either one alone. We also find that firms employing a TBL objective can generate much larger environmental and social impacts with a slight reduction in profits than profit-maximizing firms. Our model and results provide insights into new initiatives for tackling ocean plastic pollution. Funding: O. Baron and G. Romero are both supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Z. Zhang is partially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Xiamen University [Grant 20720241012]. S. X. Zhou is partially supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council General Research Fund [Grant CUHK-14500921], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72394395], and the Asian Institute of Supply Chains and Logistics. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0643. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollutants create health crises like physical damage to tissues, upset reproductive processes, altered behaviour, oxidative stress, neurological disorders, DNA damage, gene expression, and disrupt physiological functions, as the biosphere accumulates them inadvertently through the food web. Water resources have become the generic host of plastic wastes irrespective of their particle size, resulting in widespread distribution in aquatic environments. The pre-treatment step of the traditional water treatment process can easily remove coarse-sized plastic wastes. However, the fine plastic particles, with sizes ranging from nanometres to millimetres, are indifferent to the traditional water treatment. To address the escalating problems, the upgradation of different traditional physical, chemical, and biological remediation techniques offers a promising avenue for tackling tiny plastic particles from the water environment. Further, new techniques and hybrid incorporations to the existing water treatment techniques have been explored, specifically removing tiny plastic debris. A detailed understanding of the sources, fate, and impact of plastic wastes in the environment, as well as an evaluation of the above treatment techniques and their limitations and challenges, can only show the way for their upgradation, hybridization, and development of new techniques. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and techniques for the remediation of nanoplastics and microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its rapid growth and economic success, the sustainability of the floriculture industry as it is presently conducted is debatable, due to the huge environmental impacts it initiates and incurs. Achieving sustainability requires joint efforts from all stakeholders, a fact that is often neglected in discussions that frequently focus upon economically driven management concerns. This review attempts to raise awareness and collective responsibility among the key practitioners in floriculture by discussing its sustainability in the context of soil health, as soil is the foundation of agriculture systems. Major challenges posed to soil health arise from soil acidification and salinization stimulated by the abusive use of fertilizers. The poisoning of soil biota by pesticide residues and plastic debris due to the excessive application of pesticides and disposal of plastics is another significant issue and concern. The consequence of continuous cropping obstacles are further elucidated by the concept of plant-soil feedback. Based on these challenges, we propose the adoption and implementation of several sustainable practices including breeding stress-resistant and nutrient-efficient cultivars, making sustainable soil management a goal of floriculture production, and the recycling of plastics to overcome and mitigate the decline in soil health. The problems created by flower waste materials are highlighted and efficient treatment by biochar synthesis is suggested. We acknowledge the complexity of developing and implementing the proposed practices in floriculture as there is limited collaboration among the research and operational communities, and the policymakers. Additional research examining the impacts the floriculture industry has upon soils is needed to develop more sustainable production practices that can help resolve the current threats and to bridge the understanding gap between researchers and stakeholders in floriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution is the challenging problem of the world due to usage of plastic in daily life. Plastic is essential for packaging food and other goods and utensils to avoid the risk of microbial attack. Due to its hydrophobic nature, it is used for wrapping as laminates or packaging liquid substances in pouches and sachets. The tensile strength of the plastic is more therefore it is used for manufacturing carrying bags that can bear heavy loads. Plastic is available in various forms as per the requirements in our daily life. Annually millions to trillions of polyethene carry bags are being manufactured and utilized throughout the world. The plastic requires millions of years for natural degradation. The physical and chemical processes are able to degrade plastic material at the meager level by 200 to 500 years in natural conditions. Many industries focus on recycling of plastic. Biodegradation is a comparatively slow and cheaper process that involves microbes. To dispose of plastic completely there is a need of an integrated process in which all the possible methods of disposal are involved and used sustainably so that minimum depletion occurs to the livestock and the environment. In the current review, we could try to emphasize the intricate nature of plastic polymers, pollution caused by it and possible mitigation strategies for plastic waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As plastic pollution exists in aquatic ecosystems globally, monitoring its abundance and distribution has become crucial for understanding transport pathways, sources, sinks, and impacts. Riverbanks are accumulation zones for plastic, but the selection of monitoring methods is constrained by research goals, available resources, and site-specific conditions. This diversity in approaches has led to disparate datasets, highlighting the need for standardized monitoring protocols. Here, we study the spatial distribution of plastic at the riverbank scale, quantify the uncertainty of existing riverbank methods, and provide recommendations for improved monitoring based on the balance between uncertainty loss and increase in effort. We measured riverbank plastic abundance at eight Dutch riverbanks, categorizing the items using 108 item categories (River-OSPAR). For every riverbank, an area of 100 by 25 meters was subdivided into five-by-five-meter squares, resulting in 100 individual monitored sub-areas. We found riverbank plastic exhibited high spatial variability, with deposition patterns ranging from parallel to the waterline to clustered, random, or uniform (Moran's I between -0.050 and 0.301). Individual measurements from diverse sampling protocols are 5-49 times less accurate than estimates derived from extensive sampling, highlighting the diminishing impact of specific methods with increased data collection. Lastly, our findings suggest that increasing the sampling area quickly reaches diminishing returns in terms of accuracy. Reducing the sampled area by 80% only increases the uncertainty in estimating the true plastic density by 20%. While standardized protocols are essential for data comparability, a rigid, uniform sampling approach may be less efficient and resource-intensive than a flexible (step-wise) strategy that adapts to local conditions. By demonstrating that extensive sampling can mitigate the differences between unique sampling protocols, this study promotes a shift towards flexible and efficient riverbank plastic monitoring, ultimately accelerating global efforts to combat plastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic production and plastic waste have increased to such an extent that it has become globally ubiquitous. Several studies already have investigated the mesoand microplastic pollution along the German Baltic and North Sea coasts, but were all limited to a few locations. To obtain representative bulk samples from sandy beaches along the entire German coast, we initiated a citizen-science project entitled "Microplastic Detectives." Here, we describe in detail 1) how we recruited, instructed, and engaged citizen scientists, 2) why we chose bulk sampling over reduced-volume sampling, and 3) the laboratory methods we used. The citizen scientists collected 1,139 samples from 71 locations along the German coast, totalling 2.2 tons of sand. After drying, sieving with a 1 mm sieve, and visual inspection of the retained fraction under a binocular microscope, all putative plastic particles =1 mm were analysed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. 177 out of 1,139 samples (15.5%) contained a total of 260 plastic particles, with a large right-skewed variation among locations. Most of the particles were fragments, foils, foams, fibres, and pellets (96.2% in total), and 89.6% of the particles were made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, and polystyrene. The unweighted mean pollution densities were 4.12 particles m-2, 0.17 particles kg-1 and 0.27 particles L-1, and the weighted mean pollution densities were 3.77 particles m-2, 0.11 particles kg-1 and 0.18 particles L-1. These densities are lower than in other similar studies, but previous studies had important methodological differences. We discuss how these differences could have influenced the results and make recommendations for improving future studies. Two important recommendations are 1) to use random or stratified random sampling and 2) to run transects perpendicular (rather than parallel) to the waterline. Our study highlights that large-scale, scientifically rigorous monitoring of meso- and microplastic pollution is possible at the national level, and possibly even at much larger spatial and temporal scales. With the help of local authorities, such a monitoring program could be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as one of non-degradable wastes has become a huge threat to the environment and human health. Chemical Recycle of PET is a sustainable way to release 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC) the monomer of PET as common used organic linker for synthesis of functional Metal-organic-frameworks (PET-derived MOFs) such as UiO-66, MIL-101, etc. This sustainable and costeffective "Waste-to-MOFs" model is of great significant to be intensively investigated in the past years. Attributes of substantial porosity, specific surface area, exposed metal centers, uniform structure, and flexible morphology render PET-derived MOFs are well-suited for applications in adsorption, energy storage, catalysis, among others. Herein, in the present work, we have summarized recent advances in synthesis of PETderived MOFs using ex-situ and in-situ methods for typical applications of adsorption, catalysis and energy storage. Despite those improvements in synthesis methods and potential applications, challenges still remain in development of green and economical routes to fully utilize waste PET for massive manufacture of valuable MOF materials and chemicals. This review provides insights into the conversion of non-degradable PET waste to value-added MOF materials, and further suggests promising perspectives to develop the sustainable "Waste-to-MOFs" model in addressing environmental pollution and energy crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the issue of plastic waste persisting and the need for more sustainable solutions to the ever‐increasing demand for lightweight and durable plastic products, this review has become imminent and compelling. Poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) is a biodegradable polymer with exceptional film‐forming ability resembling those of low‐density polyethylene. PBAT has a huge advantage for packaging applications due to its remarkably high elongation at break, giving it a good processing window for its application in packaging. However, certain defiant intrinsic properties stand in the way of its full commercialization. The development of blends and biocomposites of PBAT has, therefore, become imperative for complementing its properties and producing a superior material. This paper focuses on the recent developments in preparing PBAT‐based blends and biocomposites with superior mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties and, most importantly, has also investigated how the development of these blends and biocomposites impacts the biodegradation rate of PBAT. It also highlights the possible synthesis of bio‐based PBAT and the commercialization, market trends, and prospects of PBAT‐based materials for flexible, rigid packaging, and other industrial applications compared with biodegradable alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the innovative hybrid photocatalyst PET-based Zn-MOF on orange peel biochar (BC)(PZM/BC) was designed and synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Electrochemical methods have been used to demonstrate the action of the PET-MOF in the PZM/BC photocatalyst as a medium for electron transfer. The latter involved the synthesis of a zinc-containing metal–organic framework (MOF) in which the linkers were derived from the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) originating from plastic wastes. According to research, the catalytic reactions are sped up when porous BC and linker PET are assimilated into PZM/BC photocatalyst hetero-junction. Furthermore, BC stored electrons under light and released these electrons under dark conditions. When BC was combined with PET-MOF, the electrons on the biochar activated the catalytic redox activity of acetaminophen. Additionally, it lowers the reassimilation rate due to the combined meshed nanostructures and functionality of PET-MOF and PZM/BC. UV–Vis DRS, Mott-Schottky, Photoluminescence(PL), and Electrochemical Impedance spectra(EIS) results showed that the PZM/BC exhibited efficient spatial separation and transportation of photogenerated charge carriers and exhibited superior photocatalytic ability. Electron spin resonance(ESR) analysis confirmed that ⋅OH and h+ were the predominant radical species responsible for the degradation of acetaminophen(ACT). The optimum conditions for ACT removal were observed at pH 6.07, with a PZM/BC dosage of 0.1 g L−1, and an initial ACT concentration of 50 mg L−1, highlighting the pivotal role of the PZM/BC system in ACT degradation. Furthermore, potential photocatalytic degradation pathways of ACT were inferred renders on the identified intermediates which are responsible for the degradation of refractory intermediates. Regeneration trials were carried out to assess the stability of the photocatalyst. Additionally, the degraded intermediates generated during the degradation processes were examined, providing a comprehensive elucidation of the degradation mechanism. Highlights: PZM/BC exhibited high ACT degradation efficiency and photostability under visible light. Strong redox potential enabled the generation of reactive oxygen radicals (ROS). Formation of ⋅OH and ⋅O2− radicals boosted ACT degradation over PZM/BC. Defect engineering to promote synergistic charge separation and visible-light absorption. Photocatalytic mechanism and electrochemical elucidated charge transfer pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of waste furniture wood, mixed plastics and waste tyres was examined separately and in different combinations from the perspective of improved value products and energy production. The effect of different combinations of furniture wood, plastics and tyres on the product distribution during co-pyrolysis was analyzed. The experimental work throughout this study was performed at a temperature of 500 °C. Prior to the pyrolysis experiments, thermogravimetric analysis was done to assess the thermal degradation behavior of all selected feedstocks. During individual pyrolysis, mixed plastic wastes produced 70.6 wt% of pyrolysis liquid, which is 37.9% and 33.4% more than furniture wood and waste tyres. During co-pyrolysis, a binary blend of mixed plastics and waste tyres produced 63.3 wt% of pyrolysis liquid, which is 7.65% more than the logarithmic mean value, indicating a positive synergistic interaction on liquid production. The liquid yield of the ternary blend was observed to be as low as 54.4 wt% due to the lower volatiles present in the blend. The presence of volatiles in the feedstock is correlated with the production of liquids by individual and co-pyrolysis. For feed-flexible, more efficient, and cleaner operating systems, the increased liquid production offers crucial information. With the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), the impact of different combinations on product characterization was investigated. The characterization study of the pyrolysis liquid obtained from mixed plastics showed the presence of different aromatic and aliphatic compounds. The findings offered viable options for efficiently utilizing waste materials, particularly plastics and tyres to improve the quality and substance of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous carbon with a high surface area and controllable pore size is needed for energy storage. It is still a significant challenge to produce porous carbon in an economical way. Nitrogen-doped porous carbon (N-PC) was prepared through carbonization of a mixture of waste PET-derived metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and ammonium. The obtained N-PC exhibits a large surface area and controlled pore size. When utilized as an electrode material for supercapacitors, the N-PC exhibits a specific capacitance of 224 F g−1, significantly surpassing that of commercial activated carbon (AC), which has a capacitance of 111 F g−1. In the subsequent capacitive deionization (CDI) tests, the N-PC demonstrated a maximum salt adsorption capacity of 19.9 mg g−1 at 1.2 V in a NaCl electrolyte (0.5 g L−1), and the salt adsorption capacity increased to 24.7 mg g−1 at 1.4 V. The N-PC electrode also exhibited superior regeneration. The present work not only presents a potential approach to develop cost-effective electrodes for seawater purification but also paves the way for recycling of waste plastics into high value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Harbour seals from the Wadden Sea area of Lower Saxony, Germany were investigated for their health status and causes of death for the first time. In newborn seals, weakness and emaciation were the main findings, most likely caused by a separation from the mother. After the weaning period, pulmonary parasitosis and bronchopneumonia were the most frequent pathological findings. These investigations emphasize the importance of a health monitoring programme for this top predator species in the Wadden Sea, as it can provide critical insights into changes in the ecosystem. Monitoring harbour seals, which are sentinel species, will support the implementation of the Trilateral Wadden Sea Agreement and the Marine Framework Directive to protect this important marine environment. Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) are the most common pinniped species in the Wadden Sea of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and Lower Saxony, Germany. Their numbers have recovered after significant depletion due to viral outbreaks and effects of anthropogenic activities like pollution and habitat disturbance. Within the Wadden Sea National Park of Lower Saxony the harbour seal is protected. As a top predator in the Wadden Sea ecosystem, the harbour seal is a sentinel species for the state of the environment. Between 2015 and 2017, a total of 80 stranded dead harbour seals were collected along the coastline of Lower Saxony and submitted for pathological investigations. Of these, 70 seals were born in the same year (0–7 months, age group 1) and eight in the previous year (8–19 months, age group 2), due to high mortality rates in these age groups. However, two perennial animals were also available for examination during this period, one of which was in good nutritional condition. Many of the seals that had been mercy-killed and found dead were in poor nutritional status. Histopathological, microbiological, parasitological and virological examinations were conducted on 69 individuals (86% (69/80)) in a suitable state of preservation. Respiratory tract parasitosis, cachexia, and bronchopneumonia were the most common causes of death or disease. Overall, there was no evidence of a relapse of a viral disease outbreak. Macrowaste, such as plastic waste or fishery-related debris, were not found in any gastrointestinal tract of the animals examined. There was also no evidence of grey seal predation. Weakness and cachexia were prominent causes of disease and death in harbour seals found within a few weeks after birth, but bronchopneumonia and septicaemia also developed in slightly older animals. Frequently found microbial pathogens in seals from Lower Saxony were similar to those found in other studies on seals from the Wadden Sea region in Schleswig-Holstein, for example streptococci and Escherichia coli/v. haemolytica, Brucella spp. and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, potentially human pathogenic germs. The results of the examinations of dead harbour seals from Lower Saxony show that pathological investigations on a representative number of animals deliver urgently needed information on the health status of the population. The results represent an important contribution to the state of the top predators of the Wadden Sea as part of the obligations within the Trilateral Wadden Sea Agreement, Oslo and Paris Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the Marine Framework Directive. The investigations should be continued as a matter of urgency and the stranding network should be expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, society is oriented toward reducing the production of plastics, which have a significant impact on the environment. In this context, the recycling of existing plastic objects is currently a fundamental step in the mitigation of pollution. Very recently, the outstanding development of artificial intelligence (AI) has concerned and continues to involve a large part of the industrial and informatics sectors. The opportunity to implement big data in the frame of recycling processes is oriented toward the improvement and the optimization of the reproduction of plastic objects, possibly with enhanced properties and durability. Here, a deep cataloguing, characterization and recycling of plastic wastes provided by an industrial sorting plant was performed. The potential improvement of the mechanical properties of the recycled polymers was assessed by the addition of coupling agents. On these bases, a classification system based on the collected results of the recycled materials' properties was developed, with the aim of laying the groundwork for the improvement of AI databases and helpfully supporting industrial recycling processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are generated from diverse categories of plastic debris disposed in open. Its entry into the terrestrial ecosystem could not only impact soil physico-chemical attributes but also endanger the lives of biotas including the earthworms which play significant role in the decomposition of organics and sustaining the nutrient pool. There have been consistent efforts by various workers across the globe to study the impact of MPs on the terrestrial environment and exploring potential mitigation strategies to minimize contamination levels. This review presents a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on impact of MPs on the earthworms from 2017 to 2023. The primary objective is to discern trends among authors, institutions, and countries contributing to research on MPs, particularly concerning their interaction with earthworms. The analysis reveals a steady escalation in the number of publications up to 2022. The VOS viewer software was utilized for data visualization and cluster analysis, unveiling three clusters highlighting keyword groups associated with "microplastics", "soil", and "earthworms". Notably, "microplastics" and "earthworm" emerged as prominent research hotspots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating global plastic waste crisis has prompted a search for sustainable solutions, particularly in the construction industry. Recycling plastic waste to create sustainable construction materials, such as concrete, has emerged as a promising approach. This paper explores the potential of utilizing plastic waste in concrete to mitigate environmental impacts while enhancing construction practices. The study emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable practices in response to increasing plastic consumption and waste generation. By recycling plastic waste into concrete, the construction industry can reduce dependence on natural aggregates and minimize environmental pollution. The paper also highlights the economic feasibility and long-term performance of plastic-containing concrete, addressing key challenges and limitations. Through a comprehensive analysis of the environmental, economic, and technical aspects, this paper aims to provide valuable insights into the sustainable use of plastic waste in concrete construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment facilities can filter out some plastics before they reach the open environment, yet microplastics often persist throughout these systems. As they age, microplastics in wastewater may both leach and sorb pollutants and fragment to provide an increased surface area for bacterial attachment and conjugation, possibly impacting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) traits. Despite this, little is known about the effects of persistent plastic pollution on microbial functioning. To address this knowledge gap, we deployed five different artificially weathered plastic types and a glass control into the final maturation pond of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Ōtautahi-Christchurch, Aotearoa/New Zealand. We sampled the plastic-associated biofilms (plastisphere) at 2, 6, 26, and 52 weeks, along with the ambient pond water, at three different depths (20, 40, and 60 cm from the pond water surface). We investigated the changes in plastisphere microbial diversity and functional potential through metagenomic sequencing. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes composition did not vary among plastic types and glass controls (P = 0.997) but varied among sampling times [permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), P = 0.001] and depths (PERMANOVA, P = 0.011). Overall, there was no polymer-substrate specificity evident in the total composition of genes (PERMANOVA, P = 0.67), but sampling time (PERMANOVA, P = 0.002) and depth were significant factors (PERMANOVA, P = 0.001). The plastisphere housed diverse AMR gene families, potentially influenced by biofilm-meditated conjugation. The plastisphere also harbored an increased abundance of genes associated with the biodegradation of nylon, or nylon-associated substances, including nylon oligomer-degrading enzymes and hydrolases. IMPORTANCE Plastic pollution is pervasive and ubiquitous. Occurrences of plastics causing entanglement or ingestion, the leaching of toxic additives and persistent organic pollutants from environmental plastics, and their consequences for marine macrofauna are widely reported. However, little is known about the effects of persistent plastic pollution on microbial functioning. Shotgun metagenomics sequencing provides us with the necessary tools to examine broad-scale community functioning to further investigate how plastics influence microbial communities. This study provides insight into the functional consequence of continued exposure to waste plastic by comparing the prokaryotic functional potential of biofilms on five types of plastic [linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), nylon-6, polyethylene terephthalate, polylactic acid, and oxygendegradable LLDPE], glass, and ambient pond water over 12 months and at different depths (20, 40, and 60 cm) within a tertiary maturation pond of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fossil-based plastics in food packaging poses a serious environmental concern. Pectin, a natural biodegradable polymer, offers a potential solution for environmentally friendly and sustainable food packaging to replace fossil-based plastics. This article reviews the applications of pectin in active and intelligent packaging and analyzes the latest research trends. Bibliometric analysis was used to review the existing literature on pectin in food packaging. Data were collected from the Scopus database, which covers research on film manufacturing and pectin-based coating. Pectin-based active packaging contains antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid and essential oils, which effectively prevent bacterial growth while absorbing oxygen and water vapor. In contrast, pectin-based intelligent packaging allows real-time monitoring of food quality through integrated color-changing indicators, eliminating the need for open packaging. Research trends have shown a significant increase in publications on pectin-based packaging, reflecting the growing interest in sustainable packaging solutions. With a focus on innovation and sustainability, pectin can replace conventional plastics and provide safer and more durable packaging solutions, thereby supporting global efforts to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the degradability of polyethylene plastics could provide a potential solution to the overwhelming crisis of plastic waste. Conventional studies have focused on the degradation of polyethylene thin films. This study investigated UV-induced photo-degradation according to ASTM D5208-14 in polyethylene sheets with thicknesses ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. The impacts of sample thickness, metal pro-oxidants, polyethylene resin types and foaming were explored through the characterization of the carbonyl index, molecular weight, tensile properties and crystallinity. As pro-oxidants, single iron or manganese stearate demonstrated a concentration-dependent trend in accelerating the photo-degradation of polyethylene sheets. The thickness, foaming and resin type—such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)—significantly impacted the rate of photo-oxidation. Thick polyethylene sheets (1.2 mm) exhibited a heterogenous and depth-dependent degradation profile. As the photo-degradation progressed, the enhanced crystallinity, reduced UV transmittance and formation of crosslinks were able to prevent further oxidative cleavage of the polyethylene chain. This study investigated the time course and factors affecting the photo-degradation of polyethylene sheets, which could provide insights into the formulation design of photo-degradable polyethylene plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateritic soil, a prevalent geological material in tropical regions, often exhibits poor engineering properties, leading to road pavement failures. Meanwhile, the alarming rise in plastic waste poses environmental concerns. This innovative study explores the potential of utilizing waste plastics as a lateritic soil addictive for sustainable road construction. Varying percentages by weight of shredded waste plastic (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) were incorporated into lateritic soil samples, evaluating its effects on soil geotechnical properties. The results revealed that lateritized plastic (shredded plastic waste and lateritic soil) containing 2% shredded plastic waste gave the optimum maximum dry density of 1.985 g/cm3, and the lateritized plastic containing 10% shredded plastic waste gave the highest optimum moisture content of 18%. However, the lower California bearing ratio obtained on the addition of plastic waste showed that the lateritized plastic is relatively weak and can only be used for roads with low traffic. The incorporation of shredded plastic waste into lateritic soil for stabilization is a promising polymer science-based method. By reducing the need for conventional materials and diverting plastic waste from landfills, this approach contributes to a more environmentally friendly infrastructure supporting the achievement of United Nation Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic mulches made from nonbiodegradable polymers (e.g., polyethylene) provide an essential service in commercial horticultural production systems by enhancing crop productivity through weed suppression, soil moisture conservation, and moderating soil and canopy temperature conditions. Plastic mulches are particularly important in organic agriculture because weed management options are limited. Nevertheless, there is increasing concern about addressing the negative environmental impacts of plastic mulch waste. Soil-biodegradable plastic mulch (BDM) films that are designed to biodegrade in soils after incorporation are promising alternatives to nonbiodegradable plastic mulch. However, although the US organic standards technically permit the use of BDM films, no commercially available products meet National Organic Program (NOP) requirements for 100% biobased content and 90% degradation after 2 years following soil incorporation (7 Code of Federal Regulations, section 205.2). Other concerns about biodegradable film mulches include high perceived cost, esthetics, and uncertainties regarding the impacts of soil incorporation. New mulch technologies have emerged to diversify sustainable mulch options and overcome barriers associated with BDM film use in organic production. The objective of this study was to provide an overview of alternative and emerging mulch technologies, with an emphasis on biodegradable mulches, including water-based sprayable mulches such as hydromulch and foam mulch, and biobased agrotextiles. Information about how these mulch technologies contribute to organic and sustainable agriculture is provided, along with definitions, opportunities, challenges, and recommended areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigating plastic waste pollution and reducing reliance on fossil resources have become more and more important. Propylene is one of the most crucial starting materials in chemical and petrochemical industries. Therefore, these industries can derive substantial benefit from the recovery of propylene from plastic waste in terms of enhancing sustainability. Thermochemical conversion process, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and steam cracking, is regarded as a representative effective approach to recover propylene from plastic waste (e.g., polyolefins and plastic mixtures). This work aimed to promote the adoption of the propylene recovery strategy in chemical/petrochemical sectors with highlighting the performance of various thermochemical conversion processes to obtain propylene from plastic waste. To this end, reputable peer-reviewed journals were searched with relevant keywords and strictly screened to find the data about the propylene recovery yield, the type of plastic waste, the type of process, and process operating conditions. Furthermore, current limitations are presented concerning future research towards improving the viability of thermochemical recovery of propylene from plastic waste. This review not only offers helpful guidelines on the development of effective platforms to produce value-added monomeric chemicals from plastic waste but also encourages the chemical industry to adopt the waste-upcycling approach on a wider scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The global concern over microplastic pollution has been on the rise, primarily due to its detrimental effects on marine ecosystems and the potential health risks it poses to humans. Tourism activities are the main sources of plastic waste that deteriorates into microplastics. This study monitors microplastic contamination in marine environments at tourist destinations and suggests policies and initiatives that encourage tourism operators, locals, and tourists to adopt practices that reduce microplastic pollution. This endeavor is in line with the journal's objective to oversee the environmental consequences and advocate for improved environmental management strategies. This study aims to quantify microplastics in beach sediments, seawater, and the gastrointestinal tract and muscles of three fish species, Selar crumenophthalmus, Auxis thazard, and Sardina pilchardus, which are commonly found in the municipalities of Moalboal and Badian, tourist destinations in Southern Cebu Province, Philippines. METHODS: This study followed the approved procedures outlined in prior studies for gathering, handling, and examining microplastics found in sediment, seawater, and fish tissue samples. Sediment and seawater were collected from four sampling points at each study site using sterilized bottle containers. Sediment samples underwent oven-drying, passed through a 5-millimeter mesh, underwent density separation with a saturated salt solution, and were then filtered with filter paper. For seawater, the bottle grab method was utilized for sampling, followed by gravity filtration performed in triplicate to ensure thorough extraction of microplastics. The selection of fish species was determined by their common presence in nearby markets. Samples of gastrointestinal tract and muscle tissues were meticulously processed, treated with chemicals, and digested in order to aid in the isolation of microplastics. The quantification of microplastics was conducted under a stereomicroscope. FINDINGS: Moalboal exhibited higher average microplastic counts in sediments (0.12 items per gram) and seawater (0.06 items per gram) than Badian, which had 0.08 items per gram in sediments and 0.04 items per gram in seawater. There was no significant difference in the microplastic levels found in sediments and seawater between the two towns, as indicated by a p-value greater than 0.05. Similarly, there were no significant differences in microplastic abundance in fish between these sites. Significant disparities were noted in the abundance of microplastics across distinct fish species and anatomical segments. Auxis thazard showed significantly the highest microplastic particles (0.33 ± 0.10 in muscles; 0.077 ± 0.04 in the gastrointestinal tract) than other species. The microplastic abundance between Selar crumenophthalmus (0.20 ± 0.09; 0.055 ± 0.03), and Sardinella pilchardus (0.16 ± 0.03; 0.050 ± 0.04) did not significantly differ. In each fish sample, the presence of microplastics was notably more pronounced in the gastrointestinal tract than in the muscle tissue, demonstrating a statistically significant difference at a significance level of p<0.05. The average daily microplastic intake ranged from 4.75 to 7.60 particles based on consuming these fish species, using a per capita fish consumption rate of 34.27 kilograms per year. CONCLUSION: Moalboal and Badian, popular tourist destinations, are contaminated with microplastics, as evidenced by the presence of microplastic particles in samples of beach sediments, seawater, and fish species from these areas. The potential impacts of microplastic pollution on human health have raised concerns due to the estimated intake of microplastics through the consumption of contaminated fish. This study highlights the urgent need for strategies to address microplastic pollution and reduce human exposure. Recommendations comprise of educating the general public, implementing stringent policy measures, and conducting thorough surveillance that involves tourists, tourism operators, and the local community. These measures aim to safeguard human health, preserve the marine environment, and protect biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The friction/adhesion between the tool and chip is generally large in metal cutting, and it causes many problems such as high cutting energy/rough surface finish. To suppress this, cutting fluid and tool coating are used in practice, but they are high in energy/cost and environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, this paper investigates the extraordinarily high-speed cutting (EHS cutting) mechanics of mainly soft and highly heat-conductive materials and proposes their application to solve the friction/adhesion problem in an environmentally friendly manner. In order to clarify the EHS cutting mechanics, a simple analytical model is constructed and experiments are conducted with measurement of the cutting temperature and forces. As a result, the following points are clarified/found: (1) heat softening at the secondary plastic deformation zone rather than the primary plastic deformation zone, (2) friction coefficient drop to 0.170 in EHS cutting, and (3) gradually increasing trend of cutting temperature in EHS cutting. Finally, EHS cutting is applied to dry cutting of aluminum alloys with a non-coated carbide tool and compared to conventional wet cutting with a DLC-coated carbide tool, and it is shown that a coating/coolant can be omitted in this region to achieve environmentally friendly cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic pollution is a problem of increasing concern in food, and while food safety issues around the world are serious, an increasing number of food safety issues related to microplastics have become the focus of people's attention. The presence of microplastics in food is a worldwide problem, and they are present in all kinds of foods, foods of both animal and plant origin, food additives, drinks, plastic food packaging, and agricultural practices. This can cause problems for both humans and the environment. Microplastics have already been detected in human blood, heart, placenta, and breastmilk, but their effects in humans are not well understood. Studies with mammals and human cells or organoids have given perspective about the potential impact of micro(nano)plastics on human health, which affect the lungs, kidneys, heart, neurological system, and DNA. Additionally, as plastics often contain additives or other substances, the potentially harmful effects of exposure to these substances must also be carefully studied before any conclusions can be drawn. The study of microplastics is very complex as there are many factors to account for, such as differences in particle sizes, constituents, shapes, additives, contaminants, concentrations, etc. This review summarizes the more recent research on the presence of microplastic and other plastic-related chemical pollutants in food and their potential impacts on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste is an underutilized resource that has the potential to be transformed into value-added materials. However, its chemical diversity leads to cost-intensive sorting techniques, limiting recycling and upcycling opportunities. Herein, we report an open-loop recycling method to produce graded feedstock from mixed polyolefins waste, which makes up 60% of total plastic waste. The method uses heat flow scanning to quantify the composition of plastic waste and resolves its compatibility through controlled dissolution. The resulting feedstock is then used to synthesize blended pellets, porous sorbents, and superhydrophobic coatings via thermally induced phase separation and spin-casting. The hybrid approach broadens the opportunities for reusing plastic waste, which is a step towards creating a more circular economy and better waste management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a critical evaluation and the benefits of using a waste and a virgin polymer in an asphalt mixture are presented. The present paper is the result of a three-year research effort to find a suitable recyclate compatible with asphalt binder and setting reaction conditions in the preparation of asphalt mixtures with the mentioned recyclate. This suitable candidate was recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which was produced by recycling old, worn-out bags and films. An amount of 6% of LDPE by the weight of the binder content was suggested as the best amount of the modifier. Physical tests, including penetration, softening point, and kinematic viscosity have been carried out to prove the effectiveness of the modification on the binder properties. The effectiveness of the blending process and the appropriate concentration of additives led to a homogeneous polymer-modified bitumen without any imperfections in the structure. After successful preparation under laboratory conditions, this paper describes the preparation of asphalt mixtures directly in an asphalt-mixing plant and the subsequent implementation of a verification section. The overall composition of prepared polymer-modified asphalt mixtures has been studied. An important result of this study is the preparation of the asphalt mixture with waste LDPE that meets all the technical requirements. Moreover, it has been proven that this type of waste PE is fully applicable in asphalt-mixing plants in Slovakia, with zero or minimal financial burden on construction companies to complete the construction of their production facilities. Using such a technology, we can reduce the amount of waste plastics that otherwise end up in landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of synthetic plastic obtained from fossil fuels are considered as a constantly growing problem and lack in the management of plastic waste has led to severe microplastic pollution in the aquatic ecosystem. Plastic particles less than 5mm are termed as microplastics (MPs), these are pervasive in water and soil, it can also withstand longer period of time with high durability. It can be broken down into smaller particles and can be adsorbed by various life-forms. Most marine organisms tend to consume plastic debris that can be accumulated easily into the vertebrates, invertebrates and planktonic entities. Often these plastic particles surpass the food chain, resulting in the damage of various organs and inhibiting the uptake of food due to the accumulation of microplastics. In this review, the physical and chemical properties of microplastics, as well as their effects on the environment and toxicity of their chemical constituents are discussed. In addition, the paper also sheds light on the potential of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae which play a pivotal role in the process of microplastics degradation. The mechanism of microbial degradation, the factors that affect degradation, and the current advancements in genetic and metabolic engineering of microbes to promote degradation are also summarized. The paper also provides information on the bacterial, algal and fungal degradation mechanism including the possible enzymes involved in microplastic degradation. It also investigates the difficulties, limitations, and potential developments that may occur in the field of microbial microplastic degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic food packaging causes massive pollution in the environment via resource extraction, gas emissions, and the enduring plastic waste accumulation. Hence, it is of crucial importance to discover sustainable alternatives in order to protect ecosystems and conserve precious resources. Recently, seaweed has been emerging as a promising sustainable solution to plastic pollution. Seaweed is a fast-growing marine plant that is abundant in tropical coastlines and requires minimal resources to cultivate. In addition, seaweed is rich in valuable polysaccharides such as alginate, fucoidan, carrageenan, agar, and ulva, which can be extracted and processed into biodegradable films, coatings, and wraps. This ability allows the creation of an alternative to plastic food packages that are completely biodegradable, made from renewable resources, and do not linger in landfills or oceans for centuries. In this context, this review discusses the main classification of seaweed, their production and abundance in the world, and provides a summary of seaweed-based materials developed in the last 2–5 years for potential usage in the food packaging sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold milling is a widely used method for rehabilitating asphalt pavement, generating reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) chunks. Within this process, aggregates within the asphalt pavement will be crushed, forming RAP agglomerates and aggregate breakdown. However, the mechanism of these phenomena has remained unclear, and a unified evaluation method has yet to be established. In this study, RAP agglomeration and aggregate fragmentation were characterized, five distinct methods were systematically assessed, and the mechanism of RAP agglomeration and breakdown was analyzed by discrete element method (DEM) simulation based on setting different particle contact parameters, then followed by a mechanical analysis, and demonstrated in engineering. The results revealed that both agglomeration and aggregate breakdown occur within RAP particles of various sizes, with the five methods showing similar trends in quantifying these effects. Through DEM simulations and mechanical analyses, the aggregate breakdown predominantly occurs at the cutter's motion trajectory of the cutter and during crack propagation, while agglomeration was mainly related to the sliding surface's area. The milling speed and depth positively impact RAP agglomeration, while negatively affecting aggregate breakdown, and milling drum speed exerts minimal influence on these phenomena. RAP agglomeration varies considerably in different engineering projects, and cold milling parameters should be determined based on the material composition of the asphalt pavement and design requirements to control agglomeration and breakdown rates of RAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste plastics and rubber have always posed a threat to the environment and a great challenge for disposal. The use of these two waste materials as modifiers for road asphalt provides new road asphalt binders and at the same time provides a new way for waste material resource treatment. Rubber-modified asphalt and plastic-modified asphalt have received widespread attention due to their green and low-carbon characteristics and some performance advantages, but there are still some performance shortcomings that hinder their promotion and application. In order to continue to explore the application of waste materials in the field of road engineering, combined with the performance advantages of both, many scholars began to study the rubber-plastic composite modified asphalt (RPCMA). Therefore, this paper reviewed the different types of waste rubber and plastic, the comprehensive performance of different types of asphalt and its mixture performance, analyzed the modification mechanism of rubber-plastic composite modified asphalt and its performance changes. The results show that rubber-plastic composite modified asphalt is mostly prepared by directly adding modified materials. However, the pretreatment or melt granulation of rubber and plastic will make the performance of rubber-plastic modified asphalt has improved. There is a mutual promotion mechanism between rubber and plastic in asphalt, which makes the performance of rubber-plastic modified asphalt better than that of asphalt obtained by a single modification method (rubber modified asphalt or plastic modified asphalt). In some properties, it can be close to the commercial SBS modified asphalt. The performance of rubber and plastic composite modified asphalt at high temperature has been generally recognized by researchers, but its low-temperature performance is still controversial. Therefore, it is recommended to apply in high-temperature areas. Future work should focus on the development of composite modifiers with stable performance, low cost and ease of use, standardization of modification processes, improvement of low-temperature performance, and monitoring of road performance and environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution of the environment by plastics is a global problem that is real and needs to be resolved urgently. The authors argue that banning the use of plastic is not a reasonable and rational solution for the problem because plastics have many useful applications. Solutions to the problem must involve developing scientific approaches as well as global efforts and strategies. The world's approach needs to be guided by an economic model that eliminates or minimizes the amount of plastics in the waste stream. As long as most plastic materials are not made from a single polymer, then the idea of "recycling 100% of plastics" is so far an unrealistic solution. The development of biodegradable plastics is still far from being an effective solution because besides being expensive and having limitations in engineering applications when compared to petroleum-based ones, biodegradable plastics still require specific conditions for their biodegradation. Comprehensive studies on microplastic particles are needed, focusing mainly on the source of the particles, their distribution, transport, fate in different environments, and toxicological effects and mechanisms. Since plastic pollution is a global problem, its minimization will require an increased international cooperation platform and partnerships at a global level. While current technologies and strategies are not solving the environmental problem caused by waste plastic, the most effective solution would be to adopt the first two levels of the waste management hierarchy, which are "reduce" and "reuse". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]