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Background and purposeClinicians use reference values to contextualize physical performance scores, but data are sparse in individuals 90 years and older and racial/ethnic diversity is limited in existing studies. Gait speed provides valuable information about an individual's health status. Slow gait speed is associated with falls, cognitive decline, and mortality. Here, we report gait speed reference values in a racially/ethnically diverse oldest-old cohort.MethodsLifeAfter90 is a multiethnic cohort study of individuals 90 years and older. Participants are long-term members of an integrated healthcare delivery system without a dementia diagnosis at enrollment. We assessed gait speed using the 4-m walk test and calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles by age, sex, assistive device use, and device type. We used linear regression to compare means by sex, age, device use and type, living situation and arrangement, and race/ethnicity.Results and discussionThe mean age of the 502 participants was 92.9 (range 90.1-102.8) years. Of these, 62.6% were women, 34.7% were college educated, 90.8% lived in a private residence, 20.9% self-reported as Asian, 22.5% as Black, 11.8% as Hispanic, 35.7% as White, and 9.2% as multiple, "other," or declined to state. The overall mean gait speed was 0.54 m/s (women = 0.51 m/s, men = 0.58 m/s). Mean gait speeds were 0.58 m/s, 0.53 m/s, and 0.48 m/s in the 90 to 91, 92 to 93, and 94+ age categories, respectively. In those without a device, mean gait speed was 0.63 m/s compared to 0.40 m/s in those with a device (cane = 0.44 m/s, walker = 0.37 m/s). Mean gait speed was significantly slower in women compared to men, age category 94+ compared to 90 to 91, participants with a device compared to those without, participants with a walker compared to a cane, and Black participants compared to Asian and White participants. However, differences by race/ethnicity were attenuated when chronic health conditions were considered.ConclusionsReference values developed from this multiethnic 90+ cohort will help clinicians interpret gait speed measures and tailor recommendations toward a 90+ population that is growing in number and in racial/ethnic diversity.

INTRODUCTION: Frailty and low physical performance are modifiable factors and, therefore, targets for interventions aimed at delaying driving cessation (DC). The objective was to determine the impact of frailty and physical performance on DC. METHODS: Multisite prospective cohort of older drivers. The key inclusion criteria are as follows: active driver age 65-79 years, possessing a valid drivers license, without significant cognitive impairment, and driving a 1996 car or a newer model car. Of the 2,990 enrolled participants, 2,986 (99.9%) had at least one frailty or Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) measure and were included in this study. In total, 42% of participants were aged 65-69 years, 86% were non-Hispanic white, 53% were female, 63% were married, and 41% had a high degree of education. The Fried Frailty Phenotype and the Expanded Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) from the National Health and Aging Trends Study were utilized. At each annual visit, DC was assessed by the participant notifying the study team or self-reporting after no driving activity for at least 30 days, verified via GPS. Cox proportional hazard models, including time-varying covariates, were used to examine the impact of the SPPB and frailty scores on time to DC. This assessment included examining interactions by sex. RESULTS: Seventy-three participants (2.4%) stopped driving by the end of year 5. Among women with a fair SPPB score, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of DC was 0.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10-0.65) compared to those with a poor SPPB score. For those with a good SPPB score, the adjusted HR of DC had a p-value of

Lack of exercise contributes to systemic inflammation and is a major cause of chronic disease. The long-term impact of initiating and sustaining exercise in late life, as opposed to sustaining a sedentary lifestyle, on whole-body health measures such as physical performance is not well known. This is an exploratory study to compare changes in physical performance among older adults initiating exercise late in life versus inactive older adults. Data from two observational cohorts were included in this analysis, representing two activity groups. The Active group cohort comprises older adults (n = 318; age 72.5 ± 7.2 years) enrolled in a supervised exercise program, Gerofit. The inactive group comprises older adults (n = 146; age 74.5 ± 5.5 years) from the Italian study Act on Ageing (AOA) who self-reported being inactive. Participants in both groups completed physical performance battery at baseline and 1-year including: 6-min walk test, 30-s chair stand, and timed up-and-go. Two-sample t-tests measured differences between Gerofit and AOA at baseline and 1-year across all measures. Significant between-group effects were seen for all performance measures (ps = 0.001). The AOA group declined across all measures from baseline to 1 year (range -18% to -24% change). The Gerofit group experienced significant gains in function for all measures (range +10% to +31% change). Older adults who initiated routine, sustained exercise were protected from age-related declines in physical performance, while those who remained sedentary suffered cumulative deficits across strength, aerobic endurance, and mobility. Interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors and increase physical activity are both important to promote multi-system, whole-body health.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) weakness and asymmetry are both abnormal conditions of upper-limb muscle strength. The association between HGS weakness and physical performance is controversial, and the link between HGS asymmetry and physical performance remains unclear. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the associations of HGS weakness and asymmetry separately and concurrently with low physical performance among Chinese older people. Methods: The study used two waves of data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2013 and 2015. HGS weakness and asymmetry were defined according to the maximal HGS and the HGS ratio, respectively. Participants were classified into 4 groups according to HGS status: normal, asymmetry only, weakness only, and concurrent weakness and asymmetry. The logistic regression model was used to investigate the cross-sectional association between low physical performance and each of maximal HGS, HGS ratio, and HGS status, as well as the prospective association between baseline HGS status and new-onset physical performance decline after two years. Results: Participants with HGS asymmetry only, weakness only, and two abnormalities showed a higher prevalence of low physical performance when asymmetry defined as an HGS ratio exceeding 1.20 and 1.30 (all, p < 0.001), with the greatest odds in those with two abnormalities (20% threshold: OR 3.83; 30% threshold: OR 5.41). The longitudinal analysis found that HGS weakness can predict the new-onset low physical performance over a two-year period, with concurrent HGS asymmetry further increased the future risk of physical performance decline. Conclusions: Both HGS weakness and asymmetry were associated with a higher prevalence of low physical performance, in an additive way. This study will help screen older people with low physical performance more efficiently, and identify those at higher risk of developing new-onset physical performance decline within two years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swearing, or using taboo language with the potential to offend, has been shown to improve physical performance during short and intense tasks requiring strength and power development. While consistent ergogenic effects of swearing have been observed across studies, the mechanisms by which swearing impacts physical performance are not fully clear. Swearing has been shown to modulate physiological (i.e., heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance), psychological (i.e., state disinhibition), and nociceptive (i.e., pain threshold, pain tolerance, pain perception) responses, thus making it plausible that these mechanisms allow swearing to positively impact physical performance. A variety of dosages of swearing (i.e., word used, intensity, frequency, quantity) have been reported to improve physical performance. Although habituation to the positive physical performance effects of swearing has not been explored formally through empirical research, habituation to swearing has been observed in other contexts. From a practical application standpoint, swearing represents a low-risk, effective, and inexpensive intervention that has the potential to acutely improve physical performance although the taboo nature of swearing may limit its utility in real-world situations. The purpose of the following review is to provide an overview of available evidence on swearing and physical performance and discuss likely underlying mechanisms. Exploration of different swearing approaches and habituation will also be highlighted and suggestions for future research will be discussed, to more comprehensively understand if swearing can be strategically used for performance enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Functional somatic disorders (FSDs) are a unifying diagnosis that includes functional somatic syndromes (FSSs) as well as the unifying diagnostic construct of bodily distress syndrome (BDS). FSDs are characterized by persistent and troublesome physical symptoms that are prevalent across all medical settings and for which no clinical tests can establish a definitive diagnosis. The aim of this study was to explore associations between BDSs and objective measurements of body composition, cardiorespiratory health, and physical performance. Methods: Analyses are based on data from the Danish population-based cohort study, DanFunD, comprising data on 9656 participants aged 18–76 years and BDS case status, which was established using self-reported questionnaires. Adjusted multiple linear regression analysis was employed to evaluate associations between BDS and different measures of body composition, cardiorespiratory health, and physical performance assessed as part of a general health examination. Results: Compared to controls, individuals with single- or multi-organ BDS exhibited less optimal body compositions characterized by a higher BMI and fat percentage and larger waist circumference, as well as impaired cardiorespiratory health and reduced physical performance (lower maximal oxygen consumption and lower hand grip strength). Further, individuals categorized with multi-organ BDS had a less healthy body composition, lower cardiorespiratory health, and lower physical performance compared to individuals with single-organ BDS. Conclusions: In this cross-sectional study, we found BDS to be associated with suboptimal body composition, impaired cardiorespiratory health, and reduced physical performance. Individuals with multi-organ BDS tended to exhibit lower physical fitness or reduced cardiorespiratory health than individuals with single-organ BDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nutrition and physical activity are two major issues in the management of CKD patients who are often older, have comorbidities, and are prone to malnutrition and physical inactivity, conditions that cause loss of quality of life and increase the risk of death. We performed a multidimensional assessment of nutritional status and of physical performance and activity in CKD patients on conservative therapy in order to assess the prevalence of sedentary behavior and its relationship with body composition. Methods: A total of 115 consecutive stable CKD patients aged 45–80 years were included in the study. They had no major skeletal, muscular, or neurological disabilities. All patients underwent a multidimensional assessment of body composition, physical activity, and exercise capacity. Results: Sedentary patients, as defined by mean daily METs <1.5, were older and differed from non-sedentary patients in terms of body composition, exercise capacity, and nutrient intake, even after adjusting for age. Average daily METs were positively associated with lean body mass, muscle strength, 6MWT performance but negatively associated with fat body mass, body mass index, and waist circumference. In addition, a sedentary lifestyle may have negative effects on free fat mass, muscle strength, and exercise capacity and may increase fat body mass. Conversely, decrease in muscle mass and/or an increase in fat mass may lead to a decrease in physical activity and exercise capacity. Conclusion: There is a clear association and potential interrelationship between nutritional aspects and exercise capacity in older adults with CKD: they are really the two sides of the same coin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sport, the awakening responses of cortisol (CAR) and testosterone (TAR) have been used as evaluative tools. Research findings are, however, inconsistent and the mechanisms involved are unclear. This study investigated the CAR and TAR in male athletes across light and heavy training weeks, focusing on skeletal muscle damage as a mediating factor. Twenty elite male judokas were assessed across consecutive weeks of light and heavy training (i.e., 6 days, 9--10 weekly sessions). Plasma cortisol and testosterone concentrations were measured post-awakening (+3, +30, +60 mins), along with creatine kinase (CK) at +3 mins. The CAR and TAR were indexed by baseline-corrected change scores (Δb30, Δb60) and area under the curve (AUCb30, AUCb60). The early-morning surge in plasma cortisol concentration (CARΔb30, CARΔb60, CARAUCb30, CARAUCb60) was significantly larger after light versus heavy training with effect-size differences of 2.14--2.64. The post-awakening decline in plasma testosterone (TARΔb30, TARAUCb30, TARAUCb60) was found to be significantly less pronounced, whilst CK level was elevated, after heavy than light training with effect-size differences of 0.95--1.04 and 4.70, respectively. Causal mediation analysis confirmed that CK mediated, in part, the training effect on the CAR, but not TAR, measures. In summary, male judokas, upon rising after a light training block, displayed a rising CAR (36%, 22%) and declining TAR (-11%, -15%) at +30 and +60 mins. A high-intensity training block suppressed the CAR (21%, 8%) and attenuated the TAR (-7%, -13%) with accompanying muscle damage offering one mechanism to partly explain the CAR differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the intra-season variation and the effects of contextual variables on total distance (TD), high-intensity running distance (HIRD) and high-speed distance (HSD) covered by Spanish football teams. The sample included 20 professional teams that competed in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2021--2022 season. Data were recorded using the TRACAB (ChyronHego, New York, USA) multicamera computerized optical tracking system. Multilevel linear mixed models were used to examine the effects of five contextual variables (1: phase of the season in six periods, 2: match location, 3: opponent ranking, 4: team ranking and 5: congested schedule) on TD, HIRD and HSD. Teams increased the running performance from period 1 to 5 of the season in TD (+2.2%; P < 0.05) and from period 1 to 4 in HIRD (+7.2%; P < 0.05), while a declining effect was found in period 6 for both TD (-1.2%; P < 0.05) and HIRD (-5.8%; P < 0.05). More HIRD (+1.5) and HSD (+5.3) were covered at home (P < 0.05), and more TD and HIRD were covered when playing against opponents ranked in the first (+2.4% and +5.3%, respectively; P < 0.05) and second quartile (+1.2% and +5.0%, respectively; P < 0.05), compared to teams from the fourth quartile. Football coaches and fitness specialists should note that running performance of Spanish teams increased throughout the season, but it declined during the last matches of the competition. Additionally, home matches and high-ranked opponents elicited higher running demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The kick of the ball in soccer is considered one of the most important technical gestures in soccer. Despite this, there is little evidence on ball-striking performance factors in base soccer. The main objectives of the present study were to identify the potential factors of long-ball kicking (LBK) performance and to determine the target training cut-off for LBK performance in young soccer players. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 31 soccer players, with ages ranging from 12 to 18 years. Age, anthropometric data, sport experience, range of motion (ROM) and maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the lower limb were noted. Kick-of-the-ball performance was assessed by maximum ball displacement per kick. A k-mean cluster analysis determined two groups according to ball-kicking performance: low group (LPG-LBK) and high group (HPG-LBK). (3) Results: Differences were found between both groups in age, body mass, body mass index, leg length and knee flexion ROM (BF10 ≤ 6.33; δ ≥ 0.86 (moderate or higher)). Among the factors discussed above, age was the strongest predictor of ball-striking performance (odds ratio = 2.867; p = 0.003). The optimal cut-off for age predicting those players most likely to have a higher ball-striking performance was determined to be 13.5 years (p = 0.001; area under the curve = 85.3%). (4) Conclusions: Age over 13.5 increases the chances of a higher optimal ball-striking performance. The flexibility (knee flexion ROM) and strength (knee flexors) must be specifically trained in soccer players beginning at an early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This preliminary exploratory study is the first to thoroughly examine dynamic balance, inter-limb asymmetry, and flexibility in jiu-jitsu athletes, focusing on differences by fighting style, competition level, gender, and limb dominance. A total of 25 jiu-jitsu fighters participated in this cross-sectional study, which used repeated measures to ensure the reliability of the findings. Participants underwent measurements for limb lengths and were assessed for dynamic balance using the Lower and Upper Quarter Y Balance Test (LQYBT and UQYBT) and for flexibility with the Sit and Reach Test (SR). The analysis included evaluating the reliability of these tests, as well as comparing outcomes based on gender, fighting styles, competition levels, and limb dominance. The results showed that the LQYBT and UQYBT tests were reliable (ICC=0.74-0.93). There were no significant differences in dynamic balance and flexibility between different fighting styles. No significant differences were found in balance tests between the dominant and non-dominant limbs, but there were notable inter-limb asymmetries in certain measures. This study provides preliminary insights for coaches and researchers by offering reference values for balance, flexibility, and inter-limb asymmetry in jiu-jitsu athletes. However, future research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand the differences among subgroups in this sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study proposes a multiple mediation model to evaluate the association among diminished physical performance, malnutrition, inflammation, and delirium in seniors with community-acquired pneumonia. Patients and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included elderly patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia at the Geriatrics Department of the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang from January 1, 2020, to January 1, 2024. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations among physical performance, nutritional status, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and delirium. Mediation models assessed the effects of nutritional status and CRP on the relationship between physical performance and delirium, with subgroup analyses based on diabetes status. Results: A total of  379 patients were included, with a mean age of 80.0± 7.4 years, and 51.7% were male. The incidence of delirium during hospitalization was 28.5% (n=108). Subgroup analyses revealed significant correlations between physical performance, nutritional status, and CRP (P< 0.001), regardless of diabetes status. After adjusting for confounding variables, CRP was positively associated with delirium, while MNA-SF and SPPB scores showed negative correlations with delirium risk (OR=0.852, 95% CI: 0.730– 0.995; OR=0.580, 95% CI: 0.464– 0.727, P< 0.05). Mediation analyses indicated that MNA-SF scores and CRP significantly mediated the association between SPPB and delirium. Specifically, pathways "SPPB→ MNA-SF→ delirium", "SPPB→ CRP→ delirium", and "SPPB→ MNA-SF→ CRP→ delirium" demonstrated significant mediating effects in patients without diabetes, while only the pathway "SPPB→ MNA-SF→ CRP→ delirium" was significant in those with diabetes. Conclusion: Older patients with community-acquired pneumonia and poor physical performance are more susceptible to delirium, with nutritional status and inflammation as key mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impacting overall health and quality of life in older adults. This narrative review explores emerging targets and potential treatments for sarcopenia, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of current and prospective interventions. Methods: The review synthesizes current literature on sarcopenia treatment, focusing on recent advancements in muscle regeneration, mitochondrial function, nutritional strategies, and the muscle–microbiome axis. Additionally, pharmacological and lifestyle interventions targeting anabolic resistance and neuromuscular junction integrity are discussed. Results: Resistance training and adequate protein intake remain the cornerstone of sarcopenia management. Emerging strategies include targeting muscle regeneration through myosatellite cell activation, signaling pathways, and chronic inflammation control. Gene editing, stem cell therapy, and microRNA modulation show promise in enhancing muscle repair. Addressing mitochondrial dysfunction through interventions aimed at improving biogenesis, ATP production, and reducing oxidative stress is also highlighted. Nutritional strategies such as leucine supplementation and anti-inflammatory nutrients, along with dietary modifications and probiotics targeting the muscle–microbiome interplay, are discussed as potential treatment options. Hydration and muscle–water balance are emphasized as critical in maintaining muscle health in older adults. Conclusions: A combination of resistance training, nutrition, and emerging therapeutic interventions holds potential to significantly improve muscle function and overall health in the aging population. This review provides a detailed exploration of both established and novel approaches for the prevention and management of sarcopenia, highlighting the need for further research to optimize these strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coffee is considered one of the most preferred and consumed beverage types in the world, and caffeine is known to increase physical performance due to its ergogenic properties. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of coffee consumption in different forms on cortisol, testosterone, lactic acid and anaerobic performance levels. Methods: A total of 15 licensed male football players participated in the research voluntarily. The research was implemented in a single-blind, counterbalanced, randomized and crossover study design. Participants were given caffeinated coffee (CK), decaffeinated coffee (placebo) (DK), powdered caffeine (in a gelatin capsule) (PC) and powdered placebo (maltodextrin in a capsule) (PM) on different days, and the Wingate test protocol was performed after the warm-up protocol. Blood samples were collected post-test. Cortisol, testosterone and lactic acid levels in the serum samples taken were determined by the ELISA method. Results: As a result, it was revealed that caffeinated coffee given to participants who exercise increased anaerobic power. However, it was observed that lactic acid levels were higher in placebo and decaffeinated coffee. The highest level of cortisol was found in caffeinated coffee and powdered caffeine compared to the placebo. Testosterone values were observed to be highest in caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee compared to a placebo. Conclusions: The study suggests that the type of caffeine is a factor that affects absorption rate, which impacts performance and hormone levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although My Jump 2® consistently presented excellent values of reliability and validity when compared to force platforms (FPs) and contact mats, to date no scientific investigation assessed the validity and reliability of My Jump 2® to measure jump height in visually impaired five-a-side soccer athletes. Thus, the study aimed at analyzing the validity and reliability of the My Jump 2® to measure the vertical jump of five-a-side soccer athletes. Methods: Twelve visually impaired five-a-side soccer athletes, volunteered for this study. Each player performed five countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) on a contact platform (CP) while they were simultaneously recorded using MyJump 2®. Results: There was almost perfect agreement between the My Jump 2® and the contact platform measurements of CMJ (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99; p < 0.001) and SJ (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99; p < 0.001), heights for athletes during the first and second measurement days. Bland-Altman analysis showed a bias of 0.25 ± 0.5 cm; maximum SD = 1.3; minimum SD = −0.88 for CMJ, while that Bland-Altman analysis showed bias 0.18 ± 0.5 cm; maximum SD = 1.3; minimum SD = −0.96, for SJ. Conclusion: We can conclude that the My Jump 2® is a valid and reliable method to measure CMJ and SJ in visually impaired five-a-side soccer athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are widely studied for their effects on muscle recovery and performance. Aims: This study examined the effects of BCAA supplementation on anthropometric data, physical performance, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue in recreational weightlifters. Methods: The trial involved 100 participants (50 men and 50 women), randomized into BCAA and placebo groups. Subjects in the BCAA group took five daily capsules of 500 mg L-leucine, 250 mg L-isoleucine, and 250 mg L-valine for six months. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the main and interaction effects of sex and treatment. Results: Notable findings include significant improvements in muscle recovery, as indicated by reduced DOMS, particularly in women who showed a decrement of 18.1 ± 9.4 mm compared to 0.8 ± 1.2 mm in the placebo group of a horizontal 100 mm line. Fatigue perception was also significantly lower in the BCAA group, with women reporting a greater decrease (2.6 ± 1.5 scores) compared to the placebo group (0.6 ± 0.7 scores). Strength gains were prominent, especially in men, with a 10% increase in bench press maximum observed in the BCAA group. The interaction between sex and treatment was significant, suggesting sex-specific responses to BCAA supplementation. Conclusions: These results underscore the effectiveness of BCAA supplementation in enhancing muscle recovery, reducing fatigue, and improving strength. This study also highlights sex-specific responses, with women benefiting more in terms of DOMS and fatigue reduction, while men experienced greater strength gains, suggesting a need for tailored supplementation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Altered gut microbiota (GM) potentially contribute to development or worsening of sarcopenia through a gut‐muscle axis. This systematic review aims to compare GM between persons with sarcopenia or low sarcopenia‐defining parameters (muscle mass, strength, and physical performance) to those with preserved muscle status, as well as to clarify possible associations between sarcopenia (‐defining parameters) and relative abundance (RA) of GM‐taxa or GM‐(α‐ or β) diversity indices, in order to clarify whether there is robust evidence of the existence of a GM signature for sarcopenia. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA‐reporting guideline and pre‐registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021259597). PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane library were searched until 20 July 2023. Included studies reported on GM and sarcopenia or its defining parameters. Observational studies were included with populations of mean age ≥50 years. Thirty‐two studies totalling 10 781 persons (58.56% ♀) were included. Thirteen studies defined sarcopenia as a construct. Nineteen studies reported at least one sarcopenia‐defining parameter (muscle mass, strength or physical performance). Studies found different GM‐taxa at multiple levels to be significantly associated with sarcopenia (n = 4/6), muscle mass (n = 13/14), strength (n = 7/9), and physical performance (n = 3/3); however, directions of associations were heterogeneous and also conflicting for specific GM‐taxa. Regarding β‐diversity, studies found GM of persons with sarcopenia, low muscle mass, or low strength to cluster differently compared with persons with preserved muscle status. α‐diversity was low in persons with sarcopenia or low muscle mass as compared with those with preserved muscle status, indicating low richness and diversity. In line with this, α‐diversity was significantly and positively associated with muscle mass (n = 3/4) and muscle strength (n = 2/3). All reported results were significant (P

Objectives. The study aimed to investigate the impact of skill-based maximal-intensity interval training on cardiovascular and muscular performance variables in male hockey players. Materials and methods. For this study, a group of 24 male hockey players were carefully selected. The participants were divided into two groups: SBT (n = 12) and CG (n = 12). A 12-week programme was carried out, comprising skill-specific, high-intensity interval training sessions that took place three times per week. Data was gathered prior to and following the study. The variables selected for evaluating consisted of a 20-meter, 30-meter, and 50-meter sprint, along with agility, speed endurance, and cardiovascular endurance. Pre and post data were subjected to statistical analyses. Results. The findings of statistical analyses indicate a significant positive impact due to performing the 12-week skill-based intensive training. The SBT group consistently demonstrated superior performance compared to the CG group. This was evident through their significantly faster completion times in distances of 20 m, 30 m, and 50 m, as well as their agility tasks. Additionally, the SBT group achieved higher scores in endurance measures. The effect sizes observed in the study were quite significant, indicating substantial differences between the groups. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the CG group did not exhibit any marked changes from the pre-test to the post-test in any measure. Conclusions. After a period of 12 weeks, it has been observed that skill-based maximal-intensity interval training leads to significant improvements in both anaerobic and aerobic performance. This training is essential for athletes as they prepare for the end of the season. According to the study, it is recommended that hockey and other coaches focus their efforts on skill-based maximal-intensity interval training. While this study did not specifically assess technical abilities, it found that this training technique significantly enhanced physical performance. This research and training could prove advantageous for athletes and coaches who prioritise honing their skills.

Objectives. The study aimed to better understand physical performance by reviewing the literature on the role that Pencak Silat plays in developing elite athletes. The traditional Indonesian martial art Pencak Silat provides a comprehensive method encompassing mental, physical, and spiritual growth. Materials and methods. The literature regarding Pencak Silat impact on the development of elite athletes was analysed using a PRISMA filter. This study used a systematic evaluation of pertinent literature to determine Pencak Silat impact on mental endurance, motor ability, and physical fitness. The preparation of Pencak Silat athletes for competition through physical conditioning was addressed in articles published between 2019 and 2024. Electronic searches were conducted through Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Having reviewed the literature, all the works that discuss the development of elite athletes in Pencak Silat were compiled. Results. This study’s thorough literature review revealed that Pencak Silat contributes to enhancing the resilience, agility, flexibility, and strength of athletes’ bodies. Furthermore, the Pencak Silat concept imparts the courage, discipline, and strategic thinking abilities that are necessary to become exceptional athletes. The results of this study also demonstrate Pencak Silat capacity to achieve a balance between mental and physical attributes, which is crucial for overcoming obstacles in both domestic and international competition. It is anticipated that the study’s findings will contribute to a better understanding of Pencak Silat as an all-encompassing and excellent instrument for athlete development. Conclusions. Pencak Silat is a method of self-development that helps athletes become exceptional in all spheres of their lives — physically, psychologically, and spiritually. It is not just a martial art. Pencak Silat, which emphasizes endurance, mental toughness, and strategy, is an effective instrument for attaining great performance in sports.

Abstract The relationship between possible sarcopenia and mortality remains ambiguous within Asian populations. To clarify this, we investigated the association in older adults residing in Chinese communities. Utilizing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this population-based cohort study included individuals aged ≥ 60 years, followed from 2011 to 2012 through 2020. Possible sarcopenia was defined in accordance with the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia 2019 criteria, and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze its impact on mortality, while exploratory analyses were conducted to investigate the associations of possible sarcopenia with chronic diseases, functional independence, and hospitalization frequency. The study encompassed 5,160 participants (median age: 66 years), nearly half of whom (48.8%) were identified with possible sarcopenia. Over a 9-year follow-up period, there were 1216 recorded deaths. Analysis indicated that individuals with possible sarcopenia faced a significantly elevated mortality risk compared to their counterparts (HR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.58–2.03; P

The purpose of this article was to study the functional and biochemical characteristics of the body before and after an exercise test as well as physical performance and muscular endurance in young men with different somatotypes. Materials and methods. The research involved 29 apparently healthy young men aged 18 to 22 years, who performed an exercise step test to failure on a treadmill. We assessed the subjects’ somatotype (according to the Heath–Carter method), anthropometric parameters, hand muscle strength and endurance, type of functional response, blood pressure, heart rate, as well as capillary blood glucose and lactate levels. All of the above were measured at the beginning of the test, during the transition between the steps (a 10–15-second pause) and immediately after the subjects’ failure to continue the test. Results. We found that ectomorphs differed from the subjects with other somatotypes, especially endomorphs, by having a higher level of functional capabilities and greater contribution of aerobic processes to the body’s energy supply, as well as smaller homeostatic shifts in the cardiovascular system and lower blood glucose and lactate concentrations after maximum physical exertion. Compared to their peers with other somatotypes, endomorphs showed a higher contribution of the lactate mechanism to the energy supply and lower functional capabilities, which were manifested in more pronounced functional and biochemical shifts after physical exertion. Mesomorphs occupied an intermediate position between endo- and ectomorphs in terms of many morphofunctional and biochemical parameters. Аt the same time, mesomorphs’ hand muscle endurance was the lowest, while their hand strength was the greatest.

Abstract Background Loss of muscle strength and endurance with aging or in various conditions negatively affects quality of life. Resistance exercise training (RET) is the most powerful means to improve muscle mass and strength, but it does not generally lead to improvements in endurance capacity. Free essential amino acids (EAAs) act as precursors and stimuli for synthesis of both mitochondrial and myofibrillar proteins that could potentially confer endurance and strength gains. Thus, we hypothesized that daily consumption of a dietary supplement of nine free EAAs with RET improves endurance in addition to the strength gains by RET. Methods Male C57BL6J mice (9 weeks old) were assigned to control (CON), EAA, RET (ladder climbing, 3 times a week), or combined treatment of EAA and RET (EAA + RET) groups. Physical functions focusing on strength or endurance were assessed before and after the interventions. Several analyses were performed to gain better insight into the mechanisms by which muscle function was improved. We determined cumulative rates of myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis using 2H2O labelling and mass spectrometry; assessed ex vivo contractile properties and in vitro mitochondrial function, evaluated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability, and assessed implicated molecular singling pathways. Furthermore, whole‐body and muscle insulin sensitivity along with glucose metabolism, were evaluated using a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp. Results EAA + RET increased muscle mass (10%, P

Abstract Background Digital technologies can play an important role in improving the limited accessibility of healthcare services in rural regions (e.g., via remote assessment). However, whether remote fitness assessments (RFA) of selected physical and cognitive fitness parameters are feasible both in younger and older persons and whether they can reproduce laboratory tests needs yet to be established. Thus, this study aimed to address this knowledge gap by investigating the feasibility, and reproducibility of RFA in younger and middle-aged to older adults (MOA). Methods A total of 31 younger adults and 32 MOAs participated in this study. At an interval of seven days, laboratory-based and remote assessments (via videoconferencing software) were conducted which included the quantification of the following parameters: (i) measurement of heart rate variability [HRV]; followed by (ii) cognitive testing to examine the level of attention, executive functions (oral Trail Making Test [A and B]), working memory, verbal short-term memory (digit span memory test and word list test (immediate recall)) and episodic memory (word list test (delayed recall)); followed by (iii) physical fitness assessments including performance tests of balance (balance test), functional strength ability of the lower limbs (5-time-sit-to-stand-test) and endurance capacity (3-min step test). Parameters of absolute and relative reliability were determined to assess the reproducibility of the laboratory-based and remote assessments. Results The selected physical and cognitive fitness parameters showed moderate to excellent relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.52—0.95). The parameters of absolute reliability (Bland–Altman plot and standard error of measurement [SEM]) provide evidence for good reproducibility of HRV parameters and measures of physical fitness, whereas measures of cognitive fitness showed moderate to good reproducibility. On a descriptive level, the absolute and relative reliability of the selected measures of physical and cognitive fitness did not vary as a function of participants’ age. Conclusion Our results suggest that RFA of selected measures of physical and cognitive fitness is feasible and reproduces corresponding laboratory results to a moderate to excellent level in both younger adults and MOA. Data showed that the reproducibility of laboratory-based and remote assessments is not influenced by the age of the participants. These findings support the use of digital technologies to improve the accessibility of healthcare services (e.g., in remote areas). However, as the reproducibility varies considerably across the different parameters, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of an optimised standardisation of the remote assessments and confounding factors.

Abstract This study aimed to compare the effects of a 6-week upper body plyometric training (UBPT) on maximal strength and anaerobic power performance of male and female subjects. Forty collegiate physically active male and female subjects participated in the study and were assigned to either UBPT group (M-UBPT, n = 10, F-UBPT, n = 10) or control group (M-CON, n = 10; F-CON, n = 10). The training groups performed 6 weeks of progressive overload UBPT three times per week using six exercises and were evaluated for upper-body anaerobic power and maximal strength, 3-kg medicine ball throw (MBT), push-up endurance, and reaction time at pre- and post-intervention. After the training intervention, the M-CON and F-CON groups did not show significant (p > 0.05) changes in the variables, while both the M-UBPT and F-UBPT groups demonstrated significant (p = 0.001) medium to very large improvements in their performance as follows: maximal strength (effect size [ES] = 0.55, 0.92), MBT (ES = 1.96, 0.89) peak power output (ES = 2.31, 1.52), mean power output (ES = 2.19, 1.11), push-up endurance (ES = 1.26, 0.70), and reaction time (ES = − 2.16, − 1.56), respectively. Nevertheless, the male group experienced more significant improvements in the MBT (p = 0.001), peak (p = 0.001) and mean power output (p = 0.01), as well as reaction time (p = 0.01) compared to the female group when utilizing UBPT. In conclusion, it is imperative to take sex into account as a crucial factor when incorporating UBPT, particularly if the objective is to enhance anaerobic power output, muscular power, and reaction time.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to examine the relationship between different dimensions of depressive symptoms and the presence of diabetes mellitus in hemodialysis patients. Additionally, the study sought to elucidate the mediating effect of physical performance on this association. Methods This was a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted between July 2020 and March 2023, involving 1024 patients from eight hemodialysis centers in Shanghai. Diabetes mellitus was based on a documented physician diagnosis and blood glucose tests. Physical performance and depressive symptoms were assessed using short-physical performance battery (SPPB) and the patient health questionnaire-9, respectively. Regression and mediation analysis were applied to statistical analysis. Results Among the 1024 participants, 39.26% (n = 402) were found to have coexisting diabetes mellitus. Diminished SPPB scores (OR = 0.843, 95% CI = 0.792–0.897) and cognitive depressive symptoms (OR = 1.068, 95% CI = 1.011–1.129) exhibited significant associations with diabetes mellitus, while somatic depressive symptoms did not show a significant correlation. Notably, SPPB emerged as a complete mediator in the relationship between cognitive depressive symptoms and diabetes mellitus. The observed indirect effect of SPPB on this relationship was estimated at 0.038 (95% CI: 0.021–0.057). Conclusion This study showed an association between diabetes mellitus and cognitive depressive symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis, with physical performance appearing to mediate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and depressive symptoms.

Abstract Background We aim to determine the multiethnic patterns of the prevalence and associated factors of poor muscle health and its associated components in older Chinese, Malays, and Indian Asian adults. Methods We included 2199 participants (mean age ± SD: 72.9 ± 8.3 years; 54.3% female) from the baseline assessment of the Population Health and Eye Disease Profile in Elderly Singaporeans (PIONEER; 2017–2022) cohort study. Poor muscle health was defined as the presence of either low muscle mass (DEXA), or low muscle strength (handgrip strength), or low physical performance (gait speed). Its components include poor muscle function (low muscle strength and/or low physical performance without low muscle mass), pre‐sarcopenia (low muscle mass only), and any sarcopenia (low muscle mass with low muscle strength and/or low physical performance). Sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors were assessed using biochemistry, clinical tests, and validated questionnaires. Regression models were utilized to evaluate the independent risk factors of poor muscle health and its components. Results The national census‐adjusted prevalence of poor muscle health (88%) was similar across the three ethnic groups. However, Chinese individuals had higher prevalence of pre‐sarcopenia and any sarcopenia, and a lower prevalence of poor muscle function compared with Indians or Malays. We observed ethnic differences in modifiable risk factors (low physical activity, diabetes, osteoporosis, and obesity) of poor muscle health and its components. Although obesity was protective of pre‐sarcopenia (RRR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.36) and any sarcopenia (RRR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.47) in the overall population and across ethnic groups, it was associated with 1.7 times (95% CI: 1.07, 2.67) the likelihood of poor muscle function in the entire population. Conclusions Almost 90% of community dwelling Singaporean aged ≥60 years have poor muscle health across the three ethnic groups with ethnic disparities in modifiable risk factors, highlighting an urgent need for community‐wide targeted interventions to promote muscle health.

Gynecomastia in adolescence is a benign condition that mostly disappears spontaneously within approximately two years from onset. When it is associated with hypogonadism, it may suggest a disorder of sexual differentiation. We report the case of a young man (18 years old) with gynecomastia associated with azoospermia, small testes, hyperestrogenism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. A karyotype 46,XX was found, and searching for SRY (sex-determining region Y) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) highlighted the presence of the gene on the terminal region of the short arm, with breakpoints likely in Xp22.3 and Yp11.3. Implications of testosterone replacement therapy with respect to sex differentiation disorder and to physical performance are discussed.

Abstract This study aimed to elucidate the impact of combining Beta-Alanine (BA) supplementation with short sprint interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, anaerobic power, and bio-motor abilities in volleyball players. Twenty young male athletes were randomly divided into 2 equal groups and performed 8 weeks of short sprint interval training while supplementing 4.8 g daily BA or placebo (polydextrose). The players were evaluated for volleyball-specific bio-motor abilities (vertical jump, horizontal jump, spike jump, block jump, 10-m linear sprint, and T-test change of direction speed) and physiological parameters (cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power) pre- and post-intervention. Both groups demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvements in all measured variables over time. A time-regimen interaction was observed in jumping ability enhancement from pre- to post-training, wherein BA elicited more significant changes in both vertical and horizontal jumps compared to the placebo. Analyzing residuals in changes and the coefficient of variations (CV) in mean group changes demonstrated that BA supplementation results in uniformly inducing adaptive changes among individuals. Therefore, in light of these results, it is recommended that coaches and trainers take into consideration the utilization of BA as an ergogenic aid to enhance the vertical and horizontal jumps of volleyball players and increase the homogeneity in adaptive responses over the training period.

Nutritional supplements are often used by athletes to support their performance. However, if there is no nutrient deficiency, supplementation may not improve performance and may even have a detrimental effect on both performance and health. The aim of this study was to review the influence of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and zinc (Zn) on the hemorheological status of different types of blood cells with application in sports. Sodium nitrite, known as food preservative E250, and zinc are proven modulators of the biomechanical properties of blood, influencing its hematometric and hemorheological properties. Our previous experimental results demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of NaNO2 in mature rats had a diverse effect on the leukocyte and platelet populations. After the treatment, the number of monocytes and granulocytes decreased significantly, thus increasing the susceptibility to infections. The number of platelets increased, altering the coagulation status of blood. Scientific research data show that the proper intake of NaNO2 and Zn improves glucose metabolism, a key factor in maintaining energy levels during physical activity, muscle strength, and endurance. Zn also exhibits protective effects against bone loss. Excessive intake of zinc for long periods may interfere with other essential elements of metabolism. This review proves that hemorheological parameters such as whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, as well as the main hematometric indices are suitable quantitative biological markers for monitoring nitrite and/or zinc supplementation.

Abstract Osteoporosis, vertebral fractures, and spinal degenerative diseases are common conditions that often coexist in older adults. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing low back pain and its impact on activities of daily living (ADL) and physical performance in older individuals with multiple comorbidities. This cross-sectional study was part of a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan, involving 1009 participants who underwent spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess cervical cord compression, radiographic lumbar spinal stenosis, and lumbar disc degeneration. Vertebral fractures in the thoracolumbar spine were evaluated using sagittal MRI with a semi-quantitative method. Bone mineral density was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Low back pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and physical performance tests, such as one-leg standing time, five times chair-stand time, maximum walking speed, and maximum step length, were assessed. Using clinical conditions as objective variables and image evaluation parameters as explanatory variables, multiple regression analysis showed that vertebral fractures were significantly associated with low back pain and ODI. Vertebral fractures and osteoporosis significantly impacted physical performance, whereas osteoporosis alone did not affect low back pain or ODI. Our findings contribute to new insights into low back pain and its impact on ADL and physical performance.

Abstract Introduction Aging is associated with a progressive decline in the capacity for physical activity. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of an intermittent hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) protocol on maximal physical performance and cardiac perfusion in sedentary older adults. Methods A randomized controlled clinical trial randomized 63 adults (> 64yrs) either to HBOT (n = 30) or control arms (n = 33) for three months. Primary endpoint included the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2Max) and VO2Max/Kg, on an E100 cycle ergometer. Secondary endpoints included cardiac perfusion, evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and pulmonary function. The HBOT protocol comprised of 60 sessions administered on a daily basis, for 12 consecutive weeks, breathing 100% oxygen at 2 absolute atmospheres (ATA) for 90 min with 5-minute air breaks every 20 min. Results Following HBOT, improvements were observed in VO2Max/kg, with a significant increase of 1.91 ± 3.29 ml/kg/min indicated by a net effect size of 0.455 (p = 0.0034). Additionally, oxygen consumption measured at the first ventilatory threshold (VO2VT1) showed a significant increase by 160.03 ± 155.35 ml/min (p

Abstract Background Magnesium is a micronutrient and an intracellular cation responsible for different biochemical reactions involved in energy production and storage, control of neuronal and vasomotor activity, cardiac excitability, and muscle contraction. Magnesium deficiency may result in impaired physical performance. Moreover, magnesium plays an important role on delayed onset muscle soreness after training. Thus, physically active individuals and sport specialists have to pay attention to magnesium supplementation (MgS). However, the type, timing and dosage of magnesium intake are not well elucidated yet. Hence, we aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the effects of MgS on muscle soreness in physically active individuals. We focused exclusively on MgS, excluding those studies in which magnesium was administered together with other substances. Methods Three electronic databases and literature sources (PUBMED, SCOPUS and Web of Sciences-Core Collection) were searched, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. After the database search, 1254 articles were identified, and after excluding duplicates, 960 articles remained. Among these, 955 were excluded following the title and abstract screening. The remaining 5 articles were screened in full text and 4 study met the eligibility criteria. Results These studies showed that MgS reduced muscle soreness, improved performance, recovery and induced a protective effect on muscle damage. Conclusion To reach these positive effects, individuals engaged in intense exercise should have a Mg requirement 10–20% higher than sedentary people, to be taken in capsules and 2 h before training. Moreover, it is suggested to maintain magnesium levels in the recommended range during the off-season. Systematic review registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024501822.

Background: Digital technologies can play an important role in improving the limited accessibility of healthcare services in rural regions (e.g., via remote assessment). However, whether remote fitness assessments (RFA) of selected physical and cognitive fitness parameters are feasible both in younger and older persons and whether they can reproduce laboratory tests needs yet to be established. Thus, this study aimed to address this knowledge gap by investigating the feasibility, and reproducibility of RFA in younger and middle-aged to older adults (MOA). Methods: A total of 31 younger adults and 32 MOAs participated in this study. At an interval of seven days, laboratory-based and remote assessments (via videoconferencing software) were conducted which included the quantification of the following parameters: (i) measurement of heart rate variability [HRV]; followed by (ii) cognitive testing to examine the level of attention, executive functions (oral Trail Making Test [A and B]), working memory, verbal short-term memory (digit span memory test and word list test (immediate recall)) and episodic memory (word list test (delayed recall)); followed by (iii) physical fitness assessments including performance tests of balance (balance test), functional strength ability of the lower limbs (5-time-sit-to-stand-test) and endurance capacity (3-min step test). Parameters of absolute and relative reliability were determined to assess the reproducibility of the laboratory-based and remote assessments. Results: The selected physical and cognitive fitness parameters showed moderate to excellent relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.52—0.95). The parameters of absolute reliability (Bland–Altman plot and standard error of measurement [SEM]) provide evidence for good reproducibility of HRV parameters and measures of physical fitness, whereas measures of cognitive fitness showed moderate to good reproducibility. On a descriptive level, the absolute and relative reliability of the selected measures of physical and cognitive fitness did not vary as a function of participants' age. Conclusion: Our results suggest that RFA of selected measures of physical and cognitive fitness is feasible and reproduces corresponding laboratory results to a moderate to excellent level in both younger adults and MOA. Data showed that the reproducibility of laboratory-based and remote assessments is not influenced by the age of the participants. These findings support the use of digital technologies to improve the accessibility of healthcare services (e.g., in remote areas). However, as the reproducibility varies considerably across the different parameters, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of an optimised standardisation of the remote assessments and confounding factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed an uptick in research highlighting the gut microbiota's role as a primary determinant of athletes' health, which has piqued interest in the hypothesis that it correlates with athletes' physical performance. Athletes' physical performances could be impacted by the metabolic activity of the assortment of microbes found in their gut. Intestinal microbiota impacts multiple facets of an athlete's physiology, including immune response, gut membrane integrity, macro- and micronutrient absorption, muscle endurance, and the gut–brain axis. Several physiological variables govern the gut microbiota; hence, an intricately tailored and complex framework must be implemented to comprehend the performance–microbiota interaction. Emerging evidence underscores the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and physical fitness, revealing that athletes who engage in regular physical activity exhibit a richer diversity of gut microbes, particularly within the Firmicutes phylum, e.g., Ruminococcaceae genera, compared to their sedentary counterparts. In elite sport, it is challenging to implement an unconventional strategy whilst simultaneously aiding an athlete to accomplish feasible, balanced development. This review compiles the research on the effects of gut microbiota modulation on performance in sports and illustrates how different supplementation strategies for gut microbiota have the ability to improve athletic performance by enhancing physical capacities. In addition to promoting athletes' overall health, this study evaluates the existing literature in an effort to shed light on how interventions involving the gut microbiota can dramatically improve performance on the field. The findings should inform both theoretical and practical developments in the fields of sports nutrition and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this review article is to systematically identify the caffeine placebo effect in sport and exercise activities. We selected randomized controlled trial studies to better understand the impact of caffeine and its placebo effect on sports performance. We extracted a set of articles that refer strictly to the topics of caffeine and its placebo effect in sport and exercise, considering the databases integrated to the Core Collection Web of Science and Scopus, as well as the registration of the documents in PubMed®, a system with a selection process aligned with the guidelines for the PRISMA methodology, establishing the eligibility criteria of the articles with the PICOS tool, to which a systematic review is applied. Finally, the results show that caffeine improves anaerobic capacity and endurance, while placebo perceived as caffeine can also increase performance by reducing pain and improving concentration. This finding underscores the influence of expectations and placebo on physical performance, suggesting that managing these expectations may be an effective strategy for improving athletic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the effects of a 6-week upper body plyometric training (UBPT) on maximal strength and anaerobic power performance of male and female subjects. Forty collegiate physically active male and female subjects participated in the study and were assigned to either UBPT group (M-UBPT, n = 10, F-UBPT, n = 10) or control group (M-CON, n = 10; F-CON, n = 10). The training groups performed 6 weeks of progressive overload UBPT three times per week using six exercises and were evaluated for upper-body anaerobic power and maximal strength, 3-kg medicine ball throw (MBT), push-up endurance, and reaction time at pre- and post-intervention. After the training intervention, the M-CON and F-CON groups did not show significant (p > 0.05) changes in the variables, while both the M-UBPT and F-UBPT groups demonstrated significant (p = 0.001) medium to very large improvements in their performance as follows: maximal strength (effect size [ES] = 0.55, 0.92), MBT (ES = 1.96, 0.89) peak power output (ES = 2.31, 1.52), mean power output (ES = 2.19, 1.11), push-up endurance (ES = 1.26, 0.70), and reaction time (ES = − 2.16, − 1.56), respectively. Nevertheless, the male group experienced more significant improvements in the MBT (p = 0.001), peak (p = 0.001) and mean power output (p = 0.01), as well as reaction time (p = 0.01) compared to the female group when utilizing UBPT. In conclusion, it is imperative to take sex into account as a crucial factor when incorporating UBPT, particularly if the objective is to enhance anaerobic power output, muscular power, and reaction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia, a condition marked by progressive muscle mass and function decline, presents significant challenges in aging populations and those with chronic illnesses. Current standard treatments such as dietary interventions and exercise programs are often unsustainable. There is increasing interest in pharmacological interventions like bimagrumab, a monoclonal antibody that promotes muscle hypertrophy by inhibiting muscle atrophy ligands. Bimagrumab has shown effectiveness in various conditions, including sarcopenia. Aim: The primary objective of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the impact of bimagrumab treatment on both physical performance and body composition among patients diagnosed with sarcopenia. Materials and methods: This meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed, Ovid/Medline, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases up to June 2024 using appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords related to bimagrumab and sarcopenia. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effects of bimagrumab on physical performance (e.g., muscle strength, gait speed, six-minute walk distance) and body composition (e.g., muscle volume, fat-free body mass, fat body mass) in patients with sarcopenia. Data extraction was independently performed by two reviewers using a standardized form, with discrepancies resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. Results: From an initial search yielding 46 records, we screened titles, abstracts, and full texts to include seven RCTs in our meta-analysis. Bimagrumab treatment significantly increased thigh muscle volume (mean difference [MD] 5.29%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.08% to 6.50%, P < 0.001; moderate heterogeneity χ2 = 6.41, I2 = 38%, P = 0.17) and fat-free body mass (MD 1.90 kg, 95% CI 1.57 kg to 2.23 kg, P < 0.001; moderate heterogeneity χ2 = 8.60, I2 = 30%, P = 0.20), while decreasing fat body mass compared to placebo (MD − 4.55 kg, 95% CI − 5.08 kg to − 4.01 kg, P < 0.001; substantial heterogeneity χ2 = 27.44, I2 = 89%, P < 0.001). However, no significant improvement was observed in muscle strength or physical performance measures such as gait speed and six-minute walk distance with bimagrumab treatment, except among participants with slower baseline walking speeds or distances. Discussion and conclusion: This meta-analysis provides valuable insights into the effects of bimagrumab on sarcopenic patients, highlighting its significant improvements in body composition parameters but limited impact on functional outcomes. The observed heterogeneity in outcomes across studies underscores the need for cautious interpretation, considering variations in study populations, treatment durations, and outcome assessments. While bimagrumab shows promise as a safe pharmacological intervention for enhancing muscle mass and reducing fat mass in sarcopenia, its minimal effects on muscle strength and broader physical performance suggest potential limitations in translating body composition improvements into functional gains. Further research is needed to clarify its long-term efficacy, optimal dosing regimens, and potential benefits for specific subgroups of sarcopenic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynecomastia in adolescence is a benign condition that mostly disappears spontaneously within approximately two years from onset. When it is associated with hypogonadism, it may suggest a disorder of sexual differentiation. We report the case of a young man (18 years old) with gynecomastia associated with azoospermia, small testes, hyperestrogenism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. A karyotype 46,XX was found, and searching for SRY (sex-determining region Y) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) highlighted the presence of the gene on the terminal region of the short arm, with breakpoints likely in Xp22.3 and Yp11.3. Implications of testosterone replacement therapy with respect to sex differentiation disorder and to physical performance are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While classical resistance exercise is an effective way to improve strength and control postural sway, it may not be suitable for some elderly individuals with specific health disorders (e.g., aneurysms). Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative modalities. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of sensorimotor training on muscle strength and postural control in the female elderly population and subsequently compare these effects with a traditional combined resistanceendurance training program. A total of 34 healthy, active elderly women aged from 65 to 75 years, (average age 72.7 ± 4.4 years, height 161.6 ± 5.1 cm, and weight 66.9 ± 8.4 kg) were randomly assigned to three groups undergoing different 10-week interventions: the resistance-endurance training (RET, n = 11), the sensorimotor training (SMT, n = 12) and the control group (COG, n = 11). Prior to and after the interventions all participants underwent tests of maximal voluntary contraction of the dominant and non-dominant leg; postural sway tests with open and closed eyes; novel visual feedback balance test; 10-meter maximal walking speed (10 mMWS) and stair climb test. A T-test and repeated measures ANOVA were used, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test, to compare the pre and post-measurements and assess differences in gains between groups. Results showed a significant main effect of time on strength (p < 0.001). In addition, significant differences in time × group interaction on strength (p < 0.01), postural control (p < 01), and ascendant and descended vertical speed (p < 0.001) were observed. Besides, the RET group improved significantly the maximal voluntary contraction of both dominant (16.3%, p = 0.01) and non-dominant leg (10.9%, p = 0.05). SMT group improved maximal voluntary contraction of both dominant (16.6%, p = 0.001) and non-dominant leg (12.7%, p = 0.01). In addition, they also improved mean velocity of the centre of pressure (COP) in postural sway test with eyes open (24.2%, p = 0.05) as well as eyes closed (29.2%, p = 0.05), mean distance of COP in novel visual feedback balance test (37.5%, p = 0.001), ascendant and descended vertical velocity (13.6%, p = 0.001 and 17.8%, p = 0.001, respectively). Results show not only resistance training but sensorimotor intervention boosts strength too. This intervention also enhances postural control and functional abilities for both ascending and descending movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a supplement rich in ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and antioxidant vitamins on physical performance and body composition following a period of high-intensity functional training (HIFT). Nineteen healthy young adults (nine males, ten females) underwent an 8-week HIFT program (3 days·week−1) where they were randomized 1:1 into either the supplement group (SG)—n = 10, receiving a 20 mL daily dose of a dietary cocktail formula (Neuroaspis™ PLP10) containing a mixture of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs (12,150 mg), vitamin A (0.6 mg), vitamin E (22 mg), and γ-tocopherol (760 mg)—or the placebo group (PG)—n = 9, receiving a 20 mL daily dose of virgin olive oil. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and muscle endurance were assessed before and after the training period. Body mass did not change, but muscle mass increased by 1.7 ± 1.9% or 0.40 ± 0.53 kg in the SG (p = 0.021) and decreased by 1.2 ± 1.6% or 0.28 ± 0.43 kg (p = 0.097) in the PG, compared with baseline. VO2max, vertical jump, squat 1RM, bench press 1RM, and muscle endurance increased similarly in both groups. The effects of HIFT on physical performance parameters, muscle damage, and inflammation indices were not affected by the supplementation. In conclusion, HIFT combined with high doses of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs and antioxidant vitamins resulted in a small but significant increase in muscle mass and fat reduction compared with HIFT alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Soccer is a multifactorial sport, requiring physical, psychological, technical, and tactical skills to succeed. Monitoring and comparing physical characteristics over time is essential to assess players' development, customize training, and prevent injury. The use of wearable sensors is essential to provide accurate and objective physical data. Methods: In this longitudinal study, 128 male adolescent soccer players (from Under 12 to Under 19) were evaluated at two time points (pre- and post-season). Participants completed the Euleria Lab test battery, including stability, countermovement and consecutive jumps, agility, and quick feet tests. A single Inertial Measurement Unit sensor provided quantitative data on fifteen performance metrics. Percentage changes were compared to the Smallest Worthwhile Changes to assess significant changes over time. Results: The results showed significant improvements in most variables, including a 19.7% increase in quick feet, 10.9% in stability, and 9.6% in countermovement jumps. In principal component analysis, we identified four principal components—strength-power, balance, speed-agility, and stiffness—that explained over 80% of the variance. Conclusions: These findings align with previous studies assessing seasonal changes in adolescent soccer players, showing that the proposed test battery seems to be adequate to highlight physical performance changes and provide coaches with meaningful data to customize training and reduce injury rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands from one Portuguese professional football team according to playing positions. Twenty-three male outfield professional football players were observed during eighteen matches of the Portuguese Second League. Time–motion data were collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Match running performance was analyzed based on the following three playing positions: defenders (DF), midfielders (MF), and forwards (FW). Repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to compare match running performance within each position role, and seasonal running variation. Practical differences were assessed using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC), coefficient of variation (CV), and twice the coefficient of variation (2CV). Significant differences were found among playing positions in total distance covered (F = 15.45, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.33), average speed (F = 12.79, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.29), high-speed running (F = 16.93, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.36), sprinting (F = 13.49, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.31), accelerations (F = 4.69, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.132), and decelerations (F = 12.21, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.284). The match-to-match running performance encompassed TD (6.59%), AvS (8.67%), HSRr (37.83%), SPR (34.82%), ACC (26.92%), and DEC (27.85%). CV values for total distance covered ranged from 4.87–6.82%, with forwards and midfielders exhibiting the greatest and smallest variation, respectively. Midfielders demonstrated the highest match-to-match variation for all other analyzed variables (8.12–69.17%). All playing positions showed significant variation in high-demanding variables (26.94–37.83%). This study presents the initial analysis of match-to-match variation in high-intensity demands within a Portuguese professional football team. Thus, the position's specificity and context can provide a helpful strategy for evaluating match-to-match running performance, and for recommending individualized training exercises based on the peak and high-intensity demands for each player's role within the game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between different dimensions of depressive symptoms and the presence of diabetes mellitus in hemodialysis patients. Additionally, the study sought to elucidate the mediating effect of physical performance on this association. Methods: This was a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted between July 2020 and March 2023, involving 1024 patients from eight hemodialysis centers in Shanghai. Diabetes mellitus was based on a documented physician diagnosis and blood glucose tests. Physical performance and depressive symptoms were assessed using short-physical performance battery (SPPB) and the patient health questionnaire-9, respectively. Regression and mediation analysis were applied to statistical analysis. Results: Among the 1024 participants, 39.26% (n = 402) were found to have coexisting diabetes mellitus. Diminished SPPB scores (OR = 0.843, 95% CI = 0.792–0.897) and cognitive depressive symptoms (OR = 1.068, 95% CI = 1.011–1.129) exhibited significant associations with diabetes mellitus, while somatic depressive symptoms did not show a significant correlation. Notably, SPPB emerged as a complete mediator in the relationship between cognitive depressive symptoms and diabetes mellitus. The observed indirect effect of SPPB on this relationship was estimated at 0.038 (95% CI: 0.021–0.057). Conclusion: This study showed an association between diabetes mellitus and cognitive depressive symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis, with physical performance appearing to mediate the relationship between diabetes mellitus and depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]