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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a single-copy organelle that cannot be generated de novo, suggesting coordination between the mechanisms overseeing ER integrity and those controlling the cell cycle to maintain organelle inheritance. The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is a conserved signaling network that regulates ER homeostasis. Here, we show that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the UPR sensors IRE1, ATF6, and PERK in unstressed cells delays the cell cycle, with PERK inhibition showing the most penetrant effect, which was associated with a slowdown of the G1-to-S/G2 transition. Treatment with the small molecule ISRIB to bypass the effects of PERK-dependent phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α had no such effect, suggesting that cell cycle timing depends on PERKs kinase activity but is independent of eIF2α phosphorylation. Using complementary light and electron microscopy and flow cytometry-based analyses, we also demonstrate that the ER enlarges before mitosis. Together, our results suggest coordination between UPR signaling and the cell cycle to maintain ER physiology during cell division.

ABSTRACT During its cell cycle, the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus switches from a motile, free-living state, to a sessile surface-attached cell. During this coordinated process, cells undergo irreversible morphological changes, such as shedding of their polar flagellum and synthesis of an adhesive holdfast at the same pole. In this work, we used genetic screens to identify genes involved in the regulation of the transition from the motile to the sessile lifestyle. We identified a predicted hybrid histidine kinase that inhibits biofilm formation and promotes the motile lifestyle: HmrA (holdfast and motility regulator A). Genetic screens and genomic localization led to the identification of additional genes that form a putative phosphorelay pathway with HmrA. We postulate that the Hmr pathway acts as a rheostat to control the proportion of cells harboring a flagellum or a holdfast in the population. Further genetic analysis suggests that the Hmr pathway impacts c-di-GMP synthesis through the diguanylate cyclase DgcB pathway. Our results also indicate that the Hmr pathway is involved in the regulation of motile to sessile lifestyle transition as a function of various environmental factors: biofilm formation is repressed when excess copper is present and derepressed under non-optimal temperatures. Finally, we provide evidence that the Hmr pathway regulates motility and adhesion without modulating the transcription of the holdfast synthesis regulator HfiA.IMPORTANCEComplex communities attached to a surface, or biofilms, represent the major lifestyle of bacteria in the environment. Such a sessile state enables the inhabitants to be more resistant to adverse environmental conditions. Thus, having a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms that regulate the transition between the motile and the sessile states could help design strategies to improve biofilms when they are beneficial or impede them when they are detrimental. For Caulobacter crescentus motile cells, the transition to the sessile lifestyle is irreversible, and this decision is regulated at several levels. In this work, we describe a putative phosphorelay that promotes the motile lifestyle and inhibits biofilm formation, providing new insights into the control of adhesin production that leads to the formation of biofilms.

IntroductionAsthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease often associated with comorbidities. Among cardiovascular comorbidities, arterial hypertension seems to create an additional health burden in asthmatics. However, evidence on this relationship is lacking.ObjectiveOur study aims to evaluate the characteristics of hypertensive asthmatics, focusing on the role of inflammation as a possible link between these diseases.MethodsWe conducted a monocentric retrospective analysis consecutively including asthmatics who underwent induced sputum (IS) at our asthma referral center. Patients were divided in two groups according to presence or absence of history of hypertension. Clinical, functional, and inflammatory (airway and systemic) data were collected.ResultsData on two hundred and sixty asthmatic patients were analyzed. Seventy-nine (30.4%) of them had a diagnosis of hypertension requiring a specific pharmacological treatment. Asthmatics with hypertension were more frequently male (p = 0.047), older (p 0.05); distribution of comorbidities and lung function impairment (forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC); all p

Study region: Four perialpine lakes in Switzerland, with different degrees of lake level management. Study focus: Alpine regions are particularly sensitive to climate change due to the pronounced effect on snow and glacial melt. In this context, large perialpine lakes play a crucial role in modulating climate change impacts on water resources, which brings together diverse interests. However, climate change studies on river systems rarely include lakes or lake level management. An open question is how to incorporate lake level management effects into hydrologic simulations to project climate change impacts. We combine the hydrologic model PREVAH with the hydrodynamic model MIKE11 to simulate lake level and outflow scenarios from 1981 to 2099, using the Swiss climate change scenarios CH2018. New hydrological insights for the region: The hydrological projections at the end of the century show pronounced seasonal changes in lake levels, characterised by an increase in winter and a decrease in summer when water demand is highest. Without climate mitigation measures, this summer decrease ranges from −0.04 m for a regulated lake to −0.4 m for an unregulated lake. In addition, the simulations indicate more frequent drought events. The projected changes intensify with time and missing climate mitigation measures. Future work could focus on interannual variability to explore regulatory strategies under changing conditions.

Abstract In the field of botany applied to archaeological and palaeoecological studies, the multi- and inter-disciplinary nature of this research produces a lack of data sharing and scattered articles in the specialty literature or in national and international journals. The vast production of archaeobotany and palynology data makes it necessary to develop a tool for the availability, accessibility, and dissemination of existing research. Many databases exist on palaeoecology, archaeobotany or pollen data. There are no collections focused on archaeological sites and human-induced environments and centred on Southern Europe and the Mediterranean. BRAIN - Botanical Records of Archaeobotany Italian Network is the first database listing sites from which all types of plant records are available in Italy and nearby Mediterranean regions. BRAIN represents the largest integrated collection of archaeo/palaeo-botanical data and a range of descriptive information that makes data recovery FAIR ready. This unique network hosts data on the availability of anthropogenic pollen, palynomorphs and plant macroremains in the same database, and experts of different research fields may contribute to it.

Abstract Background High blood eosinophils seem to predict exacerbations and response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of our study was to prospectively evaluate for 2 years, blood and sputum eosinophils in COPD patients treated with bronchodilators only at recruitment. Methods COPD patients in stable condition treated with bronchodilators only underwent monitoring of lung function, blood and sputum eosinophils, exacerbations and comorbidities every 6 months for 2 years. ICS was added during follow-up when symptoms worsened. Results 63 COPD patients were enrolled: 53 were followed for 1 year, 41 for 2 years, 10 dropped-out. After 2 years, ICS was added in 12/41 patients (29%) without any statistically significant difference at time points considered. Blood and sputum eosinophils did not change during follow-up. Only FEV1/FVC at T0 was predictive of ICS addition during the 2 year-follow-up (OR:0.91; 95% CI: 0.83–0.99, p = 0.03). ICS addition did not impact on delta (T24-T0) FEV1, blood and sputum eosinophils and exacerbations. After 2 years, patients who received ICS had higher blood eosinophils than those in bronchodilator therapy (p = 0.042). Patients with history of ischemic heart disease increased blood eosinophils after 2 years [p = 0.03 for both percentage and counts]. Conclusions Blood and sputum eosinophils remained stable during the 2 year follow-up and were not associated with worsened symptoms or exacerbations. Almost 30% of mild/moderate COPD patients in bronchodilator therapy at enrollment, received ICS for worsened symptoms in a 2 year-follow-up and only FEV1/FVC at T0 seems to predict this addition. History of ischemic heart disease seems to be associated with a progressive increase of blood eosinophils.

Understanding long-term committed climate change due to anthropogenic forcing is key to informing climate policies, yet these timescales are still underexplored. We present here a set of 1000-year-long abrupt stabilization simulations performed with EC-Earth3. Each simulation follows a sudden stabilization of the external forcing at the level specified by CMIP6 for historical (1990) or SSP5-8.5 scenario (2025, 2050, 2065, 2080, 2100) conditions, with a final temperature increase ranging between 1.4 and 9.6 K with respect to the pre-industrial baseline. Remarkably, the simulation stabilized at a greenhouse gas (GHG) level close to the present day (2025) exceeds the Paris Agreement goals of 1.5 and 2° warming above pre-industrial in the long term, and only the 1990 simulation leads to a stabilized climate below 1.5° warming. We first focus on the evolution of the climate response at multi-centennial timescales and its dependence on the level of forcing. We note a decrease in the magnitude of the climate feedback parameter at longer timescales. Conversely, simulations with higher forcing exhibit a larger feedback parameter (in magnitude). Subsequently, the evolution of surface warming patterns over multi-centennial timescales is studied. While the response is generally consistent across simulations, some variations, particularly in the South Pacific and at high latitudes, suggest a certain level of state or forcing dependence. The patterns of precipitation change also evolve during the stabilization runs: the drying trends found in the subtropical oceans and in Mediterranean-like hotspots in the SSP5-8.5 scenario tend to be reduced or even reversed. We finally focus on the rate of heat storage in the global ocean, which is the main driver of the climate response at multi-centennial timescales. We find that the rate of warming of the deep ocean is almost independent from the amplitude of the forcing so that most of the additional heat remains in the upper layers at high forcing. This might be due – at least partly – to a decreased ventilation of the deep ocean, caused by changes in the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). These results highlight the importance of studying multi-centennial timescales of climate change to better understand the response of the deep ocean, which will play a crucial role in determining the final state of the climate system once GHG concentrations are stabilized.

Abstract Time series analyses of solute concentrations in streamwater and precipitation are powerful tools for unraveling the interplay of hydrological and biogeochemical processes at the catchment scale. While such datasets are available for many sites around the world, they often lack the necessary temporal resolution or are limited in the number of solutes they encompass. Here we present a multi-year dataset encompassing daily records of major ions and a range of trace metals in both streamwater and precipitation in three catchments in the northern Swiss Pre-Alps. These time series capture the temporal variability observed in solute concentrations in response to storm events, snow melt, and dry summer conditions. This dataset additionally includes stable water isotope data as an extension of a publicly available isotope dataset collected concurrently at the same locations, and together these data can provide insights into a range of ecohydrological processes and enable a suite of analyses into hydrologic and biogeochemical catchment functioning.

By uncovering novel aspects of second harmonic generation in aluminum, we show that there are unusual and remarkable consequences of resonant absorption, namely an unexpectedly critical role that bound electrons play for light–matter interactions across the optical spectrum, suggesting that a different basic approach is required to fully explain the physics of surfaces. We tackle an issue that is never under consideration given the generic hostile conditions to the propagation of light under resonant absorption. Unlike most noble metals, aluminum displays Lorentz-like behavior and interband transitions centered near 810 nm, thus splitting the plasmonic range in an atypical manner and setting its linear and nonlinear optical properties apart. Studies of aluminum nanostructures having complex topologies abound, as do reported inconsistencies in the linear spectral response of surface plasmons and harmonic generation. Our experimental observations of second harmonic generation from aluminum nanolayers show that bound electrons are responsible for a unique signature neither predicted nor observed previously: a hole in the second harmonic spectrum. A hydrodynamic-Maxwell theory explains these findings exceptionally well and becomes the basis for renewed studies of surface physics.

Additive Manufacturing provides unprecedented opportunities for designing and producing intricate, architected materials with exceptional properties while maintaining reduced weight. One of the most straightforward ways to create such structures is to mimic the lattice geometries of crystals. New approaches are now exploring how to influence the behaviour of these structures by mimicking not only the crystal arrangement but also peculiar mechanisms occurring at the crystallographic scale. In such a context, this study first presents a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattice derived from the homonymous crystal structures of Ti or Zr metals. Subsequently, the twinning phenomenon responsible for the plastic deformation of these metals is reproduced geometrically into this structure to improve its energy absorption capability. Compressive tests conducted on 3D-printed samples confirm such a hypothesis: the specific energy absorption of twinned structures is significantly higher than that of the equivalent HCP ones, with an increase of up to 24.3%. Introducing twinned regions stabilises the plastic deformation despite a limited reduction of the peak stress. Therefore, replicating the twinning metallurgical mechanism within an HCP-inspired metamaterial proves successful, further validating the approach of mimicking and transferring atomic phenomena at a different scale to tailor the properties of architected materials.

This special issue examines the complex and evolving relations between Japan and Southeast Asia. Historically rich in resources, Southeast Asia attracted imperial powers, including Japan, significantly transforming the region. Post-war ecosystems were influenced by Japanese occupation during WWII, shaping leaders and industrial development. Japanese investments and Official Development Assistance (ODA) since the 1960s have facilitated regional growth. Despite Japan's cautious diplomacy due to its US alliance, it diversified support in the 1990s, including infrastructure, legal, and political aid to transitional economies like Vietnam. Japan remains a significant investor, expanding aid to address climate change and maintaining trust in ASEAN countries. Recent geopolitical shifts, including China’s rise and US-China competition, have pushed Southeast Asia to strengthen ties with both powers, positioning Japan’s evolving role as crucial for regional security and development. The issue includes analyses of Japan’s strategic empowerment of Southeast Asia, capacity building, nostalgia in foreign policy, and smart technologies in urban planning, illustrating broader trends and reducing historical asymmetries.

INTRODUZIONE Il sonno è un processo fisiologico caratterizzato da una riduzione dello stato di coscienza e ha un impatto importante sulla qualità della vita (QoL). I disturbi del sonno sono comuni nelle persone affette da Long Covid, complessa condizione clinica caratterizzata dalla comparsa di sintomi a distanza di circa 3 mesi dall’infezione acuta da Sars-CoV-2. Lo scopo di questo studio è valutare le proprietà psicometriche della versione italiana della General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS-IT) nelle persone affette da Long Covid. METODI Questo studio retrospettivo di valutazione delle qualità psicometriche della scala di valutazione General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS) è stato condotto dal Team clinico-riabilitativo del Poliambulatorio San Felice della ASL Roma 2 dal 1 giugno al 10 luglio 2023 su un campione di 58 pazienti affetti da Long Covid. I criteri di inclusione erano l'ammissione ad un programma di riabilitazione respiratoria post-COVID-19; età minima 18 anni; capacità di comunicare; firma del consenso informato. La consistenza interna è stata determinata tramite l'alfa di Cronbach; per la validità di costrutto sono state somministrate la scala a 12 elementi ​​Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), le Attività di Daily Living (ADL) e le Attività Strumentali di Daily Living (IADL). RISULTATI I valori Alpha di Cronbach e la correlazione intra-classe (ICC) per tutte le sottoscale erano statisticamente significativi. È stata trovata una correlazione tra il sonno e la salute mentale, nonché per la scala totale e le ADL. CONCLUSIONI La GSDS è uno strumento valido e affidabile per la valutazione dei disturbi del sonno nei pazienti con Long Covid. Il suo utilizzo in questa tipologia di pazienti è suggerito per rilevare la presenza di disturbi del sonno, in modo che sia i medici che i ricercatori possano prendere le decisioni più appropriate per la cura globale dei pazienti e per migliorare la loro QoL.

Background: Bacterial peritonitis (BP) in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer has been poorly described, and its prevalence is unknown. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate in patients with both GI cancer and ascites the prevalence of BP, associated features, mechanisms, prognosis, and the diagnostic performance of neutrophil count in ascites. Design: A retrospective, multicenter, observational study. Methods: All patients with GI cancer and ascites who underwent at least one paracentesis sample analyzed for bacteriology over a 1-year period were included. BP was defined by a positive ascites culture combined with clinical and/or biological signs compatible with infection. Secondary BP was defined as BP related to a direct intra-abdominal infectious source. Results: Five hundred fifty-seven ascites from 208 patients included were analyzed. Twenty-eight patients had at least one episode of BP and the annual prevalence rate of BP was 14%. Among the 28 patients with BP, 19 (65%) patients had proven secondary BP and 17 (59%) patients had multi-microbial BP, mainly due to Enterobacterales . A neutrophil count greater than 110/mm 3 in ascites had negative and positive predictive values of 96% and 39%, respectively, for the diagnosis of BP. The median survival of patients with BP was 10 days (interquartile range 6–40) after the diagnosis. Conclusion: BP is not rare in patients with GI cancer and is associated with a poor short-term prognosis. When a patient with GI cancer is diagnosed with BP, a secondary cause should be sought. Further studies are needed to better define the best management of these patients.

Abstract This study investigates the possibility of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) noise-induced tipping solely driven by internal climate variability without applying external forcing that alter the radiative forcing or the North Atlantic freshwater budget. We address this hypothesis by applying a rare event algorithm to ensemble simulations of present-day climate with an intermediate complexity climate model. The algorithm successfully identifies trajectories leading to abrupt AMOC slowdowns, which are unprecedented in a 2000-year control run. Part of these AMOC weakened states lead to collapsed state without evidence of AMOC recovery on multi-centennial time scales. The temperature and Northern Hemisphere jet stream responses to these internally-induced AMOC slowdowns show strong similarities with those found in externally forced AMOC slowdowns in state-of-the-art climate models. The AMOC slowdown seems to be initially driven by Ekman transport due to westerly wind stress anomalies in the North Atlantic and subsequently sustained by a complete collapse of the oceanic convection in the Labrador Sea. These results demonstrate that transitions to a collapsed AMOC state purely due to internal variability in a model simulation of present-day climate are rare but theoretically possible. Additionally, these results show that rare event algorithms are a tool of valuable and general interest to study tipping points since they introduce the possibility of collecting a large number of tipping events that cannot be sampled using traditional approaches. This opens the possibility of identifying the mechanisms driving tipping events in complex systems in which little a-priori knowledge is available.

Abstract High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) formed in the Ross Sea of Antarctica is a precursor to Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), a water mass that constitutes the bottom limb of the global overturning circulation. HSSW production rates are poorly constrained, as in-situ observations are scarce. Here, we present high-vertical-and-temporal-resolution salinity time series collected in austral winter 2017 from a mooring in Terra Nova Bay (TNB), one of two major sites of HSSW production in the Ross Sea. We calculate an annual-average HSSW production rate of ~0.4 Sv (106 m 3 s −1), which we use to ground truth additional estimates across 2012–2021 made from parametrized net surface heat fluxes. We find sub-seasonal and interannual variability on the order of $$0.1$$ 0.1 $${Sv}$$ S v , with a strong dependence on variability in open-water area that suggests a sensitivity of TNB HSSW production rates to changes in the local wind regime and offshore sea ice pack.

Abstract Background For at least a decade, concerns have been raised about the physical durability of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and their ability to remain in good condition for at least three years. To discover if the resistance to damage (RD) of ITNs has improved or not, the RD scores of ITNs sampled in 2013 and 2020 were compared. Methods The RD scores and disaggregated textile performance data for nine ITNs recommended by the WHO pesticide evaluation scheme (WHOPES) measured in 2013 were compared with WHO-prequalified ITNs sampled in 2020. This included assessment of newer ITNs not available in 2013, to determine the extent to which product development has led to performance improvements across all available ITNs in the intervening years. Results The resistance to damage of ITNs has not generally improved from 2013 to 2020, and in some cases performance is worse. The average RD score of comparable ITNs brands decreased from 40 in 2013 to 36 in 2020. Of the nets available in 2020, only two of the twenty-four ITN products tested achieved an RD score of > 50, while six ITNs had very low RD scores of

We present CAMELS-CH (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies – Switzerland), a large-sample hydro-meteorological data set for hydrologic Switzerland in central Europe. This domain covers 331 basins within Switzerland and neighboring countries. About one-third of the catchments are located in Austria, France, Germany and Italy. As an Alpine country, Switzerland covers a vast diversity of landscapes, including mountainous environments, karstic regions, and several strongly cultivated regions, along with a wide range of hydrological regimes, i.e., catchments that are glacier-, snow- or rain dominated. Similar to existing data sets, CAMELS-CH comprises dynamic hydro-meteorological variables and static catchment attributes. CAMELS-CH (Höge et al., 2023; available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784632) encompasses 40 years of data between 1 January 1981 and 31 December 2020, including daily time series of stream flow and water levels, and of meteorological data such as precipitation and air temperature. It also includes daily snow water equivalent data for each catchment starting from 2 September 1998. Additionally, we provide annual time series of land cover change and glacier evolution per catchment. The static catchment attributes cover location and topography, climate, hydrology, soil, hydrogeology, geology, land use, human impact and glaciers. This Swiss data set complements comparable publicly accessible data sets, providing data from the “water tower of Europe”.

The double-stranded RNA sensor kinase PKR is one of four integrated stress response (ISR) sensor kinases that phosphorylate the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) in response to stress. The current model of PKR activation considers the formation of back-to-back PKR dimers as a prerequisite for signal propagation. Here we show that PKR signaling involves the assembly of dynamic PKR clusters. PKR clustering is driven by ligand binding to PKR's sensor domain and by front-to-front interfaces between PKR's kinase domains. PKR clusters are discrete, heterogeneous, autonomous coalescences that share some protein components with processing bodies. Strikingly, eIF2α is not recruited to PKR clusters, and PKR cluster disruption enhances eIF2α phosphorylation. Together, these results support a model in which PKR clustering may limit encounters between PKR and eIF2α to buffer downstream signaling and prevent the ISR from misfiring.

Ocean surface radiation measurement best practices have been developed as a first step to support the interoperability of radiation measurements across multiple ocean platforms and between land and ocean networks. This document describes the consensus by a working group of radiation measurement experts from land, ocean, and aircraft communities. The scope was limited to broadband shortwave (solar) and longwave (terrestrial infrared) surface irradiance measurements for quantification of the surface radiation budget. Best practices for spectral measurements for biological purposes like photosynthetically active radiation and ocean color are only mentioned briefly to motivate future interactions between the physical surface flux and biological radiation measurement communities. Topics discussed in these best practices include instrument selection, handling of sensors and installation, data quality monitoring, data processing, and calibration. It is recognized that platform and resource limitations may prohibit incorporating all best practices into all measurements and that spatial coverage is also an important motivator for expanding current networks. Thus, one of the key recommendations is to perform interoperability experiments that can help quantify the uncertainty of different practices and lay the groundwork for a multi-tiered global network with a mix of high-accuracy reference stations and lower-cost platforms and practices that can fill in spatial gaps.

BackgroundIndividuals with asthma spend less time engaging in physical activity compared to the general population. Increasing physical activity has become a patient-centered goal for the treatment of treatable traits of individuals with asthma. There are data showing the possible effects of a pulmonary rehabilitation program on physical activity in obese individuals with asthma but not in normal-weight asthmatics. The objective of this feasibility study is to estimate the number of daily steps and time spent on activity in normal-weight individuals with asthma, measured before and after a pulmonary rehabilitation program.MethodsNormal-weight individuals with moderate to severe asthma were evaluated. The individuals measured their daily steps with an accelerometer for 5 days before and after a pulmonary rehabilitation program. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05486689.ResultsIn total, 17 participants were enrolled; one dropout and data on the time in activity of two individuals are missing due to a software error during the download. Data from 16 patients were analyzed. The median number of steps/day at baseline was 5,578 (25th, 75th percentiles = 4,874, 9,685) while the median activity time was 214 min (25th, 75th percentiles = 165, 239). After the rehabilitation program, the number of daily steps increased by a median value of 472 (p-value = 0.561) and the time in activity reduced by 17 min (p-value = 0.357). We also found a significant difference in quality of life, muscle strength, and exercise capacity.ConclusionsThe results of this study make it possible to calculate the sample size of future studies whose main outcome is daily steps in normal-weight individuals with asthma. The difficulties encountered in downloading time in activity data do not allow the same for this outcome.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05486689.

Despite the key role of irrigation in the Earth system, we lack fundamental information regarding the distribution of irrigated fields, irrigation timing and the amount of water utilized. In the past years, the SM_Delta and SM_Inversion approaches have been independently developed to provide estimates of irrigation timing and water amounts based on satellite soil moisture data. The SM_Delta approach retrieves irrigation from variations in soil moisture between an individual pixel and the surrounding rainfed area, while the SM_Inversion approach estimates the total amount of water entering the soil, then irrigation is derived by subtracting precipitation. In this study, we perform a comprehensive assessment of irrigation estimates from the SM_Delta and SM_Inversion algorithms based on Sentinel-1 surface soil moisture retrievals at 1 km resolution. Our analysis focuses on the Ebro basin, an irrigated region in Spain covering 83000 km2, during the period 2017–2019. We assess the ability of the two methods to discriminate irrigated and rainfed pixels, then we quantify the agreement of irrigation timing and water volumes with reference irrigation data. An inter-comparison between estimates from the SM_Delta and SM_Inversion methods is carried out considering both temporal and spatial features, i.e., monthly irrigation peaks and spatial irrigation patterns. Finally, we explore two potential applications of satellite-derived irrigation estimates: attributing irrigation water volumes to specific irrigation systems and to individual crops. We observe that both methods erroneously retrieve irrigation over rainfed pixels, and are therefore not suitable to map irrigated and rainfed fields. However, when auxiliary information on irrigated fields is available, we find a satisfactory agreement between district-scale reference data and satellite-retrieved irrigation, using both the SM_Delta and SM_Inversion approaches (Pearson R equal to 0.67 and 0.71, bias equal to −4.99 and −4.75 mm/15 days, respectively). When aggregated in space or time, the irrigation estimates exhibit coherent temporal dynamics and spatial patterns. For instance, estimates from both SM_Delta and SM_Inversion capture the delayed irrigation that occurred in 2018 due to wetter than usual conditions in spring. However, at the pixel-scale, limited consistency exists between irrigation estimates from the two methods due to different assumptions and parameterizations, e.g., use of constant vs pixel-specific soil water capacity (in the SM_Delta and SM_Inversion, respectively). Overall, the study demonstrates the reliability of irrigation estimates derived from the SM_Delta and SM_Inversion approaches, especially when shifting from small spatial and short temporal scales (pixel level, sub-weekly) to larger and longer scales (district level, seasonal). Hence, satellite-based irrigation estimates could inform water resources managers and basin authorities, as well as serve the modelling community by providing reliable information on the timing and the amounts of water employed at the basin level.

BackgroundTo date, studies investigating the association between pre-biologic biomarker levels and post-biologic outcomes have been limited to single biomarkers and assessment of biologic efficacy from structured clinical trials.AimTo elucidate the associations of pre-biologic individual biomarker levels or their combinations with pre-to-post biologic changes in asthma outcomes in real-life.MethodsThis was a registry-based, cohort study using data from 23 countries, which shared data with the International Severe Asthma Registry (May 2017-February 2023). The investigated biomarkers (highest pre-biologic levels) were immunoglobulin E (IgE), blood eosinophil count (BEC) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Pre- to approximately 12-month post-biologic change for each of three asthma outcome domains (i.e. exacerbation rate, symptom control and lung function), and the association of this change with pre-biologic biomarkers was investigated for individual and combined biomarkers.ResultsOverall, 3751 patients initiated biologics and were included in the analysis. No association was found between pre-biologic BEC and pre-to-post biologic change in exacerbation rate for any biologic class. However, higher pre-biologic BEC and FeNO were both associated with greater post-biologic improvement in FEV1 for both anti-IgE and anti-IL5/5R, with a trend for anti-IL4Rα. Mean FEV1 improved by 27-178 mL post-anti-IgE as pre-biologic BEC increased (250 to 1000 cells/µL), and by 43-216 mL and 129-250 mL post-anti-IL5/5R and -anti-IL4Rα, respectively along the same BEC gradient. Corresponding improvements along a FeNO gradient (25-100 ppb) were 41-274 mL, 69-207 mL and 148-224 mL for anti-IgE, anti-IL5/5R, and anti-IL4Rα, respectively. Higher baseline BEC was also associated with lower probability of uncontrolled asthma (OR 0.392; p=0.001) post-biologic for anti-IL5/5R. Pre-biologic IgE was a poor predictor of subsequent pre-to-post-biologic change for all outcomes assessed for all biologics. The combination of BEC + FeNO marginally improved the prediction of post-biologic FEV1 increase (adjusted R2: 0.751), compared to BEC (adjusted R2: 0.747) or FeNO alone (adjusted R2: 0.743) (p=0.005 and

We present measurements of the electronic absorption spectrum of He-tagged buckminsterfullerene anions, C_{60}^{−}. Using a technique that allows for the efficient tagging of complex molecular anions with He, we achieve atomically resolved action spectra that provide an accurate determination of the gas-phase absorption spectrum in the near-infrared regime. In total we identify 27 absorption bands between 895 and 1057 nm.