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The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) maintains the Australian primary standard of absorbed dose. Until recently, the standard was used to calibrate ionisation chambers only in (60)Co gamma rays. These chambers are then used by radiotherapy clinics to determine linac output, using a correction factor (k Q) to take into account the different spectra of (60)Co and the linac. Over the period 2010-2013, ARPANSA adapted the primary standard to work in megavoltage linac beams, and has developed a calibration service at three photon beams (6, 10 and 18 MV) from an Elekta Synergy linac. We describe the details of the new calibration service, the method validation and the use of the new calibration factors with the International Atomic Energy Agency's TRS-398 dosimetry Code of Practice. The expected changes in absorbed dose measurements in the clinic when shifting from (60)Co to the direct calibration are determined. For a Farmer chamber (model 2571), the measured chamber calibration coefficient is expected to be reduced by 0.4, 1.0 and 1.1 % respectively for these three beams when compared to the factor derived from (60)Co. These results are in overall agreement with international absorbed dose standards and calculations by Muir and Rogers in 2010 of k Q factors using Monte Carlo techniques. The reasons for and against moving to the new service are discussed in the light of the requirements of clinical dosimetry.

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been extensively investigated as contrast and dose enhancing agents. Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3)-NPs have recently been investigated as contrast agents in radiology. In this study the dose enhancing effects of Bi2S3-NPs on radiated mouse PC3 prostate and B16 melanoma cells were examined. Equimolar concentrations of both Au and Bi2S3-NPs displayed equal dose enhancement with B16 cells, while the latter provided higher values with PC3 cells. At, equimolar concentrations there are less Bi atoms compared to Au in their respective NPs. Both NPs at comparable concentrations (0-1 mM) elicited similar cytotoxicity in PC3 mouse prostate cells. This study demonstrates that the less expensive Bi2S3 NPs are a viable alternative to Au NPs as a dose enhancing agent in clinical applications.