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In this review of oral precancerous lesions, leukoplakia, erythroleukoplakia/erythroplakia and the least common variant proliferative verrucous leukoplakia will be focused with their clinical characteristics and their potential to develop oral squamous cell carcinoma and related factors will be discussed.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of finasteride and spironolactone in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Design: Prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Setting: A tertiary hirsutism clinic. Patient(s): Forty women with idiopathic hirsutism were selected. Intervention(s): Patients were assigned randomly to receive either 5 mg of finasteride or 100 mg of spironolactone for 9 months. Main Outcome Measure(s): Hirsutism scores were measured according to the Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system, and side effects were monitored for 9 months of treatment. Blood samples were taken at each visit for assessment of endocrine, biochemical, and hematologic parameters. Result(s): Hirsutism scores were decreased significantly in both groups at the end of 9 months. The mean percent change (±SD) in hirsutism scores in the finasteride and spironolactone groups was as follows: 5.91% ± 7.18% and 20.60% ± 12.59% at 3 months, 10.61% ± 12.18% and 32.57% ± 15.68% at 6 months, and 15.15% ± 15.38% and 42.36% ± 12.31% at 9 months, respectively. There was a significantly better response with spironolactone treatment at the end of 9 months. Eleven (55%) of 20 patients in the spironolactone group experienced side effects. However, none of them stopped treatment because of side effects. Conclusion(s): The present data suggest that both finasteride and spironolactone are effective in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. However, it appears that the spironolactone group responded significantly better.

Objective To compare the efficacy of two antiandrogens, spironolactone and flutamide, in the treatment of hirsutism. Patients, Participants Twenty women with idiopathic hirsutism were randomized to receive either flutamide or spironolactone. Design Twenty hirsute women were recruited from patients presenting to the hirsutism clinic in Marmara University, Istanbul. Each patient underwent a complete medical and gynecological examination as well as endocrine profile, hematologic, hepatic, and renal function analyses. Hirsutism scores were determined according to the Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system. These tests were then repeated at 3, 6, and 9months of therapy. Ten patients received 250mg of flutamide two times per day, and 10 patients received 100mg of spironolactone for 9months. Results Ferriman-Gallwey scores were decreased significantly in both groups at the end of 9months. The percent of change in hirsutism scores in flutamide and spironolactone group were as follows: 26.4% and 20.9% at 3months; 39.5% and 32.9% at 6months; and 46.4% and 39.6% at 9months, respectively. There was a trend toward a better response with flutamide that did not achieve significance. None of the hormonal parameters changed significantly during this period of time. Irregular bleeding was observed in five patients (50%) of the spironolactone group, whereas none of the patients in the flutamide group experienced menstrual irregularity. Conversely, dry skin and increased appetite were experienced by two patients (20%) in the flutamide group but not in the spironolactone group. Conclusion These data suggest that both spironolactone and flutamide were similarly effective in treatment of hirsutism, and the pure antiandrogen flutamide is a safe and effective alternative in treatment.

To compare the efficacy of two antiandrogens, cyproterone acetate (CPA) and spironolactone, in the treatment of hirsutism.Prospective randomized single-blinded study.A tertiary hirsutism clinic.Forty-two premenopausal patients with hirsutism were selected.Subjects were randomized to receive either 100 mg spironolactone and an oral contraceptive (OC) containing 150 microg desogestrel and 30 microg ethinyl E2 or 50 mg CPA daily on days 1 to 10 of the menstrual cycle, which was administered with 35 microg ethinyl E2 daily on days 1 to 21.Hirsutism scores were measured according to Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system and side effects were monitored for 9 months of treatment. Blood samples were taken at each visit for assessment of endocrine, biochemical, and hematologic parameters.Hirsutism scores were decreaded significantly in both groups at the end of 9 months. The percent of change in hirsutism scores in CPA and spironolactone group were as follows: 19.23% +/- 14.77% and 24.48% +/- 14.27% at 3 months; 39.01% +/- 19.77% and 37.46% +/- 16.90% at 6 months; and 51.89% +/- 20.87% and 46.39% +/- 16.10% at 9 months, respectively. There was a trend toward a better response with CPA treatment, which did not achieve significance. None of the patients stopped treatment because of side effects.The present data suggest that both spironolactone and CPA were similarly effective in treatment of hirsutism.The authors compared the efficacy of two antiandrogens, cyproterone acetate (CPA) and spironolactone, in the treatment of hirsutism. 42 premenopausal patients with hirsutism were randomized to receive either 100 mg spironolactone and an oral contraceptive (OC) containing 150 mcg desogestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl E2 or 50 mg CPA daily on the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle, which was administered with 35 mcg ethinyl E2 daily for the first 21 days. Hirsutism scores were measured according to the Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system and side effects monitored for nine months of treatment. Blood samples were taken at each visit to assess endocrine, biochemical, and hematologic parameters. Hirsutism scores were significantly lower in both groups at the end of nine months. The percent of change in hirsutism scores in the CPA and spironolactone groups were as follows: 19.23% and 24.48% at 3 months, 39.01% and 37.46% at 6 months, and 51.89% and 46.39% at 9 months, respectively. The trend toward a better response with CPA treatment was insignificant. No patient stopped treatment because of side effects.