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Regardless of many years of research work and conducting numerous clinical studies, breast cancer (BC) continues to grow among women, threatening their lives and future. Currently, it affects more than 10% of women globally. Therefore, researchers have recently redirected their endeavors toward detecting BC at an early stage, recognizing its substantial impact on survival rates, and acknowledging its immense potential for providing effective cancer treatments at this early diagnosed disease stage. The utilization of biomarker-based diagnostic techniques significantly contributes to the advancement of early detection and precision. A wide range of biomarkers is linked to every newly diagnosed BC case. Traditionally, breast cancer was diagnosed using a variety of techniques such as mammography, molecular imaging, and ultrasonography. These techniques had several drawbacks, drawing the attention of many scientists to developing new methods and strategies. Among these strategies, electrochemical biosensors have proven to be excellent alternatives to more complex and traditional detection strategies in terms of performance, accuracy, robustness, and a tremendous range of applications. In this review, the use of conventional methods for detecting BC as well as their challenges and shortcomings have been stated. Moreover, a deep discussion was given to the newly developed nanocomposite-based electrochemical bio-sensing approaches that have been exploited for the effective detection and quantification of breast cancer biomarkers.

Background: In conjunction with the diagnosis,, an effective initial resuscitation should be done, and a management plan should be established. It should be noted that delayed presentation, hemodynamic instability, and preexisting co-morbidities necessitates aggressive resuscitation prior to surgery and close perioperative monitoring; to minimize the subsequent morbidity and mortality related to the condition, proper management plan regarding the treatment options of the perforation alone or addition of an ulcer definitive surgery should be addressed to each patient according to his condition. Conservative treatment is known as the Taylor method and consists of nasogastric aspiration, antibiotics, IV fluids, and Helicobacter pylori triple therapy. In 1946 Taylor presented the first series of successfully outcome of conservatively treated patients with perforated peptic ulcer, based on the theory that effective gastric decompression and continuous drainage will enhance self-healing. The idea for conservative treatment came from Crisp who in 1843 noted that perforations of the stomach were filled up by adhesions to the surrounding viscera which prevented leakage from the stomach into the peritoneum. But still there is an ongoing debate whether perforated peptic ulcer generally needs to be operated on or not. Many techniques have been described in the literature for the surgical treatment of perforated peptic ulcers starting from simple closure of the perforation with an omental patch, using an omental plug, a falciform ligament patch, a serosal jejunal patch and even proceeding to resection of perforation bearing duodenum and the antrum in the form of a partial gastrectomy with either a Billorth I or Billorth II anastomosis for larger perforations. Most of these techniques can be achieved using the open or the laparoscopic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vascular injuries of the extremities remain a major cause of limb amputation, if not treated early and competently.12 Blunt traumas and gunshot wounds are more likely to affect the arterial supply at more than 1 level. More extensive injury to the vessel and surrounding structures leads to severe interruption of the main as well as collateral blood supply, complicating the management of these injuries and likely explaining the higher amputation rates. The aim of the present study was to assess limb salvage percentage among patients with traumatic vascular injury. Patients and methods: A single center prospective study included 18 patients with lower limb vascular trauma either penetrating or blunt which carried out at Zagazig University Hospitals. We assessed limb salvage percentage among patients with traumatic arterial injury whether in common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery, popliteal or tibial arteries. The results are documented as regards mortality and amputation rates. Results: Age was distributed as 33.72±9.44 with minimum 20 and maximum years old and regard sex male were majority with 66.7%. The majority done only repair then repair with graft. About 66.7% overall had good outcome and 33.3% had bad outcome. Bad outcome significantly associated with longer interval, higher MESS, associated fracture and amputation. Conclusion: Lower limb arterial injury management is a complex process requiring experienced multidisciplinary approach. Although the mode and type of injury can adversely affect outcome, the most important factor for limb salvage is successful intervention. This should be carried out promptly by experienced surgeons in an adequately equipped environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:L;ymph node staging is critical for determining the stage of colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective: To see if there was a link between theextent of the resected specimen and count of extracted lymph nodes in hemicolectomypatients and so, the effect of resected specimen length on oncological outcome in right hemicolectomy. Methodology: An observational study, studydone inZagazig University Hospitals from August 2020 to October 2021. It included all patients records who underwent righthemicolectomy for right colon cancer during this period with inclusion criteria of 26 patients. All patients underwent combined medial and caudal approach right hemicolectomy, 13 patients underwent open right hemicolectomy and 13 patients underwent laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Results: Using Pearson Correlation Co-efficient. We discovered a weak correlation between the number of dissected lymph nodes and the extent of the resected specimen (r = 0.1367, P-Value is.912701). The maximum length of resected colon specimen was 115 cm and associated with 20 extracted lymph nodes. However the minimum length was 20 cm and associated with 46 lymph nodes. Conclusion: The number of harvested lymph nodes in right hemicolectomydepends mainly on oncological resection with radical approach and enough safety surgical margins not on resected specimen length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most devastating animal viruses that affect livestock worldwide. The 1B capsid of FMDV has been widely used to detect and confirm the infection. In the present study, the sequence coding for 1B subunit of FMDV capsid was expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system under the polyhedrin (polh) promoter. The expression of 1B capsid protein was validated in the culture filtrate of insect cells using SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The culture filtrate containing recombinant 1B capsid (r1B) was used as a coated antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antigenicity and specificity of r1B against SAT 2 serotype-specific antibodies were assessed. Our results revealed that a protein concentration as low as 25 ng could detect SAT 2-specific antibodies in ELISA. The results highlight the application of insect cells developed r1B protein in the detection of FMDV. Further studies are required to determine the ability of r1B to detect other FMDV serotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the different biological sources, seaweeds have lot of biotechnological applications. Saudi Arabia is bounded by three bodies of water. With a coastal border of almost 1,800 km. This area high species richness caused by its complex geological history has encompassed genetic and morphological diversity studies for decades. The DNA-barcoding using rbcL gene has proved its usefulness in studying seaweeds phylogenetic diversity, multiple cryptic introductions, environmental modulation the geographical distribution and species identification in different seaweed species. Eight algae samples were collected from different locations in Saudi Arabia. The rbcL gene was used through PCR protocol for species identification. A total number of 8 sequences were obtained with a total sequence length of 5263 bp. where it ranged from 610 to 753 with an average length of 658 bp. The species identification revealed that the specimens samples 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8 belongs to Padina pavonica, Turbinaria gracilis, Carpomitra costata, Pterocladiella capillacea, Cladostephus spongiosus, Ulva lactuca, Sporochnus comosus and Sargassum muticum respectively. The rbcL-based DNA bar-coding was almost successful to identify different seaweeds specimens according to species and genus. Some specimens rbcL was not adequate to identify genus level and failed to differentiate between highly similar species. We suggest to use more DNA barcoding techniques in addition to rbcL to ad more resolution to the species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]