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A theoretical model for the evaluation of social performance is proposed, the purpose of which is to assess the social practices carried out by associative production organizations in order to obtain useful information that contributes to decision-making and helps to achieve the planned objectives. It was conceived as a result of the analysis of the evolution of the evaluation of cooperative social performance at the international and local levels. The model establishes premises, sets out its objective, is based on the principles of the Popular and Solidarity Economy, employs Good Living, system, process, evidence and continuous improvement approaches. It develops the general framework of its management components, which are planning, evaluation, improvement, follow-up and information. It also serves as a methodological tool, as it sets out the phases to be followed for its implementation and adoption by the members of the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A National Innovation System (NIS) supposes updated, continuous, and collaborative work between different agents, so the value chain approach fits perfectly with this NIS conception. The sector selected to illustrate our proposal is the biotechnological industry because of its structure in technology-based companies and its contributions to de Cuban GDP. This is the first research that works in a proposition of NIS for Cuba. The objective of this paper is to suggest a NIS for Cuba based on the value chain of its biotechnological industry. We follow a benchmarking methodology. First, we analyze nine international NIS experiences from developed and developing countries. Then, we highlight several items to be applied to the Cuban proposed NIS by analyzing five indicators: regulations, technology and innovation policies, financial systems, business activities, and research and education systems. The proposed NIS shows links between funding, production, service, and scientific sectors based on the biotechnological industry. It is considered beneficial for the three most important actors in a nation (companies, government, and society) because it allows a profitable and durable solution for economic and social troubles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the development of the capitalist mode of production and the consequent process of social production of the means of life. To this end, it deciphers the relations of production established among the members of society. The development of this, in a situation propitiated by a capitalist system in constant progress, motivated the emergence of different forms of business organizations to the extent that personal interest in using natural resources to satisfy their needs grew. The understanding of the term logistics underlies as an expression of the cycle that must follow the flow of raw materials from their supply, production, distribution and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the international trade scene, the first element to take into account in order to carry out a successful negotiation, is reflection about the relation that exist between the trade negotiator's profile from the company and the profiles of those from the other culture, we pretend to negotiate with, in order to establish the differences and similarities between them. So, it is essential to determine aspects that characterize the profile of each trade negotiator. Although we can find in literature some works that deal with the elements that must characterize these negotiators, these works present a generic approach, mainly based on the abilities the negotiators must have, but they do not have an integrating method that takes into account the characteristics of their education and the elements of the individual that determine his/her performance as negotiator. The paper presents a study which results state the elements that according to their author's opinion, must characterize the negotiators profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In biotechnology, products negotiations are imposed by the intangible component associated to them, which can be either due to the strength of the patent, its novel technology or the fact that these concern research and development projects, at the different stages of development of a biotech product. This paper covers some general topics on negotiations that are included in any process: negotiation stages, strategies, principles and settings. An explanation is also given on the negotiation of intangible assets: patents, trademarks, technologies and commercial rights, the meaning of upfront fees and royalties on sales. The results of the analysis of a sample of the negotiations in BioCubaFarma (the Cuban biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries group) with intangible assets are given and compared to another study of a sample representing more than 1500 negotiations of biotechnology companies occurring between 1998 and 2003. The conclusions of the comparison show that the upfront fees in this sector are in the same range as the international negotiations of the study taken as a reference. In the case of royalties, the average percentage is very close to the international mean. The analyses show that within the negotiations associated with intangible assets in BioCubaFarma there is a prevalence of licensing agreements for co-development and subsequent marketing, followed by distribution agreements. Finally, the most frequently used business models in the Cuban biotechnology industry are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Tech Enterprises (HTE) are playing an increasingly significant role in the economy, generating a substantial amount of intangible assets which are a significant part of the whole enterprise portfolio. In Cuba, the Biotechnology sector group a number of HTEs with intangible assets of great value in the context of the globalize market. Therefore, it is necessary to draw theoretical and practical frameworks for the negotiation of biotechnological products and their related intangible assets, and, particularly, to develop methodological tools for their adequate negotiation process. For that purpose, a documentary analysis followed by an expert survey was conducted to identify how much attention and the relevance that intangible assets received during the negotiations in HTEs at the BioCubaFarma biopharmaceutical enterprise. There was evident the lack of a standardized evaluation tool and a negotiation methodology for intangible assets. In this work, a new methodology for the valuation and negotiation of the intangible assets is presented. It was prepared by theoretical review of the literature available and designed by including the calculation methods, parameters and indicators required for their negotiation, and their adequate values and ranges both at pre-marketing and marketing commercialization stages. This work granted the Annual Award of the National Academy of Sciences of Cuba for the year 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate orientation of public spending in order to constant preservation of population life conditions, contribute to mitigate socioeconomic inequalities in territorials. That issue becomes more due the promotion of local equilibrated distribution in order to reduce inequalities gap. In Ecuador, the orientation is sustained in Adequate orientation of public spending in order to constant preservation of population life conditions, contribute to mitigate socioeconomic inequalities in territorials. That issue becomes more due the promotion of local equilibrated distribution in order to reduce inequalities gap. In Ecuador, the orientation is sustained in dissatisfaction basic needs index, which limits the distribution objectivity. This paper shows one instrument designed to determine those gaps as complement of public spending orientation in Los Ríos Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate around the use of the value chain or supply chain approach has been present for more than a decade in academic and organizational fields, with arguments for and against each of these perspectives. The study supporting the results presented in this paper aims to analyze both approaches and their evolution critically. For this, the authors start from the study of the term logistics as the root of the research, which leads to the subsequent examination of the approaches under analysis. The elements that justify using one or another perspective are presented, and the arguments for why using the value chain approach is considered more successful under current conditions. Finally, it concludes with a conceptualization proposal for the term value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]