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Research in Macaronesia has led to substantial advances in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. We review the scientific developments achieved in this region, and outline promising research avenues enhancing conservation. Some of these discoveries indicate that the Macaronesian flora and fauna are composed of rather young lineages, not Tertiary relicts, predominantly of European origin. Macaronesia also seems to be an important source region for back-colonisation of continental fringe regions on both sides of the Atlantic. This group of archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands, and Cabo Verde) has been crucial to learn about the particularities of macroecological patterns and interaction networks on islands, providing evidence for the development of the General Dynamic Model of oceanic island biogeography and subsequent updates. However, in addition to exceptionally high richness of endemic species, Macaronesia is also home to a growing number of threatened species, along with invasive alien plants and animals. Several innovative conservation and management actions are in place to protect its biodiversity from these and other drivers of global change. The Macaronesian Islands are a well-suited field of study for island ecology and evolution research, mostly due to its special geological layout with 40 islands grouped within five archipelagos differing in geological age, climate and isolation. A large amount of data is now available for several groups of organisms on and around many of these islands. However, continued efforts should be made toward compiling new information on their biodiversity, to pursue various fruitful research avenues and develop appropriate conservation management tools. The Island Biology Interest Group (IBIG, http://www.ibigbiology.com) is grateful to the organisers of the 2016 Island Biology Conference held in the Azores for promoting the symposium that led to this manuscript. We thank Joaquin Hortal for useful comments on an early version of the manuscript, and also Guido Jones for his language editing funded by the Cabildo de Tenerife, under the TFinnova Programme supported by MEDI and FDCAN funds. We are grateful to Salvador de la Cruz and Elena Morales for extracting updated information from the Biodiversity Data Bank of the Canary Islands. We also thank Ricardo Ramalho (Cardiff University) for fruitful discussions on the geological age of the Cabo Verde islands. This manuscript is a contribution by the INCT in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation funded by MCTIC/CNPq/FAPEG (grant 465610/2014-5).

Aim: Much research has focused on the separate and combined effects of habitat and geography on species communities, both in mainland and island ecosystems. However, few studies have looked into the differences among communities inhabiting different island habitats. Here we aim to determine the contributions of habitat filtering and dispersal to the differences in taxonomic structure of island communities across geographic scales. Location: Sixty plots in two habitats (forest and dry habitat) across eight islands of the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cabo Verde. Taxon: Spiders (Araneae). Methods: We generated community data by using the optimised and standardised COBRA sampling protocols. We tested the differences in three beta diversity metrics ( βTotal, βReplacement and βRichness) for each habitat and dispersal category separately, across geographic scales through nested non-parametric PerMANOVA. We tested if dispersal and habitat influenced differences between the communities of the same area by applying a PERMDISP to βreplacement, and using the distances in linear mixed models. We tested the effects of habitat and dispersal on species relative abundances (SADs) and rarity by building Gambin models for each community and dispersal group separately. Results: Communities grouped according to archipelago and habitat, in terms of taxonomic similarity. In general, β diversity increased with geographic scale, and was greater in dry habitats. βReplacement among communities of the same region was greater in dry habitats than in forests, and this difference was stronger for rare ballooners. Dry habitat communities showed more species with low abundances (rare species) at different spatial scales. Main conclusions: Our findings reveal that habitat type does not only condition the processes behind community assembly but also the scale at which they occur. Indeed, our findings are highly relevant for theories on across and within island community assembly as well as for biodiversity conservation., Field work was supported by two projects: 1) the ERA-Net Net-Biome research framework, Canary Islands Government ACIISI grants SE-12/02 (PO), SE-12/03 (JCC), SE-12/04 (BE), co-financed by FEDER, Portuguese FCT-NETBIOME grant 0003/2011 (PB); and 2) FCT MACDIV – FCT PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014. Open Access was financed by the project UID/BIA/00329/2020. The National Parks of Terceira and Pico (Azores), the Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza (Madeira), the Cabildos of Tenerife and La Gomera, Garajonay National Park (La Gomera) as well as the Cabo Verde Government provided permits for specimen collection in protected areas. IRA was funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1375/CT0003.

[EN] In this study, the presence, distribution, and chorology of more than 3,000 individuals belonging 38 families and 173species of Heteroptera from the Canary Islands has been revised. Specimens of the suborder Heteroptera were collected from the different islands and an updated checklist of the species occurring in the archipelago is presented. Three new records for the Canaries and 36new records for at least one island are presented herein., [ES] En este estudio se revisa la presencia, distribución ycorología de más de 3.000 ejemplares pertenecientes a 38 familias y 173especies de las islas Canarias.Dichos ejemplares fueron capturados en las diferentes islas por lo que se presenta una lista actualizada de las especies presentes en el archipiélago. Se aportan tres nuevas citas para las Canarias y 36nuevascitas para al menos una de las islas.

Barretonus auarita García & Oromí, sp. nov. (Figs 2, 3A–G) Type locality. Juan Adalid, Garafía, La Palma, Canary Islands (70 m a.s.l., 28°51′14.44″N, 17°54′25.43″W). Type material. HOLOTYPE: 1 J, Juan Adalid, Garafía, La Palma, Canary Islands (70 m a.s.l., 28°51′14.44″N, 17°54′25.43″W), 3.i.2018, sieving Euphorbia balsamifera, R. García leg (DZUL). PARATYPES: 40 spec. from the same locality as the holotype: 2 ♀♀, 20.v.1992, R. García leg.; 2 ♀♀, 15.i.1994, P. Oromí leg.; 4 ♀♀ 13 JJ, 3.i.2018, R. García leg.; 14 ♀♀ 5 JJ, 15.v.2018, R. García leg. Depositories: AMC (1 J 1 ♀), CAF (1 J 1 ♀), HLH (1 J 1 ♀), IPNA-CSIC (1 J 1 ♀), JK (1 J 1 ♀), MCNT (1 J 1 ♀), MNCN (1 J 1 ♀), POM (2 JJ 2 ♀♀), PS (1 J 1 ♀), RGB (10 JJ 10 ♀♀). Additional material examined. La Palma, El Granel, Playa de Nogales, 3 spec. (1 J 1♀ and 1 spec.), 16.iii.2018, sieving Crithmum maritimum, J. Krátký leg. Description. Male. Total length (including rostrum) 2.45–2.90 mm. Maximal width 0.73–0.93 mm. Body yellowish-brown, vestiture glabrous, with tiny setae (2 μm), more visible on elytral striae, interstriae and edges of pronotum, setae longer on rostral apex, antennae and legs. Apterous. Head sphero-conical, short, completely lacking eyes. Rostrum (average length 0.44 mm), 0.64× as long as pronotum and 1.8× as long as its width at apex, with punctures and some setae; slightly curved in lateral view, dorsally with slightly concave sides in middle. Rostral surface and punctation similar to that on frons, the latter sometimes with small fovea; posterior part of rostrum convex in lateral view. Ventrally with two rows of punctures in middle zone and with two fine carinae converging towards base of rostrum. Antennae pubescent; scape curved, widest in apical third, 4.5× as long as its maximum width and 0.85× as long as funicle. First funicular antennomere longest, cylindroconical, 1.25× as long as wide, funicular antennomeres 3 to 7 tronco-conical and transverse, narrower 2. Antennal club oval, 1.9× as long as wide and as long as antennomeres 6–7 combined. Pronotum isodiametric, with slightly convex sides, widest in 1/3 of base, anterior edge 0.76× narrower than basal edge. Surface smooth and shiny, except on basal edge and lateral margins; with strong round punctures separated by 1× their diameter, punctures smaller and closely located at apices. Scutellum not visible. Pterothorax with elytra subparallel, base slightly concave and wider than pronotum, sometimes slightly sinuous in middle; 2.3× as long as pronotum and 1.86× as long as wide; striae composed of well marked but shallow punctures; interstriae on disc flat and slightly convex towards apical declivity, the latter short and steep with small aligned punctures. Metaventrite 2× as wide as long, slightly depressed on disc, with strong longitudinal furrow in apical zone. Abdomen ventrally with microreticulated surface and round punctures separated by 2× their diameter. First two ventrites with convex disc, punctures more separated between them; fifth ventrite 2.25× as wide as long, with similar punctation as that on first two ventrites. Legs with smooth, shiny surface and well defined punctation, covered by dispersed setae. Procoxae separated by 1.1× their diameter from anterior margin of pronotum and 0.15× their diameter from the posterior margin of pronotum; separated between each other by 0.14× procoxal diameter. Mesocoxae 2× their diameter apart. Pro-, meso- and metafemora respectively 3.3×, 3.1× and 3.7× as long as wide. Protibiae 3.25× as long as wide at apex (without counting uncus), almost straight, with external edge smooth and with dense strip of setae in slight inner apical notch. Meso- and metatibiae 3.53× and 4.3×, respectively, as long as wide. First tarsomere 2.5× longer than wide; second tarsomere isodiametric; third strongly bilobed and isodiametric; onychium 3.3× as long as wide. Aedeagus. Tegmen without parameroid lobes and with short manubrium (Fig. 3A). Spiculum gastrale robust, with asymmetric arms, shorter arm less than half length of longer, longer arm with external lamella and shaft bent distally (Fig. 3B). Penis roughly symmetric in dorsal view, apex broadly triangular and briefly pointed, laterally with one side concave and the other one convex; slightly curved in lateral view, with acute apex and small callus; dorsal plate incomplete; internal sac with densely arranged teeth in apical third of tube (Figs 3C–D). Female. Very similar to male, total length 2.15–2.6 mm, maximal width 0.75–0.86 mm. Rostrum 2.44× as long as wide. Scape 3.7× as long as wide, widening from middle; funicular antennomeres 6 and 7 wider than 1. Elytra 2.32× as long as pronotum, 1.64× as long as wide. 5 th ventrite 2.83× as wide as long. Pro-, meso- and metafemora respectively 3.1×, 3× and 3.4× as long as wide. Pro-, meso- and metatibiae respectively 3.2×, 3.1× and 3.4× as long as wide. Ovipositor with conical apical styles, bearing 4–5 macrosetae (Fig. 3F). Spiculum ventrale bilobed bearing about 17 macrosetae (Fig. 3E); manubrium long, straight, with small unilateral termination. Spermatheca narrow, with curved cornu and hardly developed glandular lobe (Fig. 3G). Differential diagnosis. For comparison with B. daute sp. nov., see Table 2. Etymology. The specific epithet auarita refers to the auaritas, the aboriginal people inhabiting La Palma before the colonization by Europeans. Noun in apposition. Biology and ecology. All specimens from Juan Adalid were collected at about 20 m a.s.l., in a partially well preserved coastal scrub (Euphorbia balsamifera Aiton) with northern orientation. The first specimens collected were four females in the 1990s, found inside the dead roots of E. balsamifera. The same site was subsequently visited on numerous occasions in search for males to describe this new species, but with no success. The largest series was obtained recently by screening decaying roots of E. balsamifera. One of the specimens was immature and collected inside its pupal chamber, so at least we know where larvae of this species develop and that the nutritious plant certainly is Euphorbia balsamifera. In comparison, samples from Playa de Nogales were collected recently by sifting decaying litter of Crithmum maritimum, a plant where other endogean curculionids such as Styphloderes lindbergi Roudier, 1963 and Madeiran Barretonus were also collected. One of the females from Juan Adalid was dissected, and one oval egg measuring 0.5 × 0.4 mm was found inside its abdomen.

Islands harbour evolutionary and ecologically unique biota, which are currently disproportionately threatened by a multitude of anthropogenic factors, including habitat loss, invasive species and climate change. Native forests on oceanic islands are important refugia for endemic species, many of which are rare and highly threatened. Long-term monitoring schemes for those biota and ecosystems are urgently needed: (i) to provide quantitative baselines for detecting changes within island ecosystems, (ii) to evaluate the effectiveness of conservation and management actions, and (iii) to identify general ecological patterns and processes using multiple island systems as repeated ‘natural experiments’. In this contribution, we call for a Global Island Monitoring Scheme (GIMS) for monitoring the remaining native island forests, using bryophytes, vascular plants, selected groups of arthropods and vertebrates as model taxa. As a basis for the GIMS, we also present new, optimized monitoring protocols for bryophytes and arthropods that were developed based on former standardized inventory protocols. Effective inventorying and monitoring of native island forests will require: (i) permanent plots covering diverse ecological gradients (e.g. elevation, age of terrain, anthropogenic disturbance); (ii) a multiple-taxa approach that is based on standardized and replicable protocols; (iii) a common set of indicator taxa and community properties that are indicative of native island forests’ welfare, building on, and harmonized with existing sampling and monitoring efforts; (iv) capacity building and training of local researchers, collaboration and continuous dialogue with local stakeholders; and (v) long-term commitment by funding agencies to maintain a global network of native island forest monitoring plots., Biodiversity and Conservation, 27 (10), ISSN:1572-9710, ISSN:0960-3115

Trabajo presentado en el II International Conference on Island Evolution, Ecology and Conservation, celebrado en Angra do Heroísmo, Islas Azores (Portugal) del 18 al 22 de julio de 2016., Current island native forest habitats are particularly important repositories of threatened endemic arthropods that are frequently restricted to higher elevations. As a consequence of the ongoing deleterious impacts of invasive species, land-use changes and climatic changes, the long-term conservation of island forest mountain invertebrates is considered a priority. During the project NETBIOME –ISLANDBIODIV a modified version of COBRA protocol was used to inventory alpha diversity of spiders and beetles on pristine native forest of three islands, Terceira (Azores), Tenerife (Canaries) and La Réunion (Mascarenes). The modified COBRA protocol incorporated the following standardized methods that totaled 28 samples: AAS - active aerial searching during the night (4 hours); BLM - searching under bark, lichens and mosses during the day (2 hours); TWS - searching in decaying trunks, dead wood on the ground, and under stones during the day (2 hours); FBD - foliage beating during the day (2 hours); FBN - foliage beating during the night (2 hours); FSD - foliage sweeping during the day (2 hours); FSN - Foliage sweeping during the night (2 hours); PIT- Pitfall traps (12 samples). Monitoring is essentially different from inventorying, that was the main objective of the original COBRA protocol. Here we will describe a new optimized and standardized COBRA protocol designed to respond to long-term changes of spider and beetle diversity, i.e., designed to measure beta diversity. Using data collected in the above mentioned islands and using simulation methods the new COBRA protocol was optimized to only six samples using: AAS - active aerial searching during the night (four hours); FBN - foliage beating during the night (two hours). With this new solution it is possible to quantify and monitor long-term changes in communities with minimal effort and using a method that proved to be suitable, efficient, feasible, flexible, transparent and accountable.

Trabajo presentado en el II International Conference on Island Evolution, Ecology and Conservation, celebrado en Angra do Heroísmo, Islas Azores (Portugal) del 18 al 22 de julio de 2016., Geographic isolation is a recognised driver of speciation within oceanic island archipelagos, with the chance colonisation and establishment of species from one island to another being a cornerstone for the origin of new evolutionary lineages. The importance of geographic isolation within islands is less clear, as current distributions of closely related species may not be reflective of the geography of their shared ancestors. It may also be that physical geographic distance has been less important than ecological distance for the initiation of the speciation process within islands. We are addressing this information gap by testing for geographical and ecological isolation effects through the sampling of whole arthropod communities within insular forest biomes. We combine standardised ecological sampling with DNA sequencing and apply both traditional (FST-based) and novel (Bayesian MCMC) analyses of molecular data. In this presentation I will outline our study system and our methodological approach for the investigation of geographic effects on genetic differentiation among the Coleoptera fauna sampled within a topographically complex insular forest biome. I will illustrate our approach with some preliminary results and discuss their significance.

Trabajo presentado en el II International Conference on Island Evolution, Ecology and Conservation, celebrado en Angra do Heroísmo, Islas Azores (Portugal) del 18 al 22 de julio de 2016., In this talk I will present results from an on going collaborative project to characterise community structure within forest biomes of the Azores, Mascarene Islands and the Canary Islands. Standardised inventories have been carried out for plant communities within forests, and community composition for three arthropod groups is been quantified using a combination of ecological and molecular sampling protocols. Invertebrates have been sampled from 10 biodiversity plots distributed across historically continuous forest within single islands within each of the three archipelagos. Spiders and beetles have been chosen for the analysis of arthropods primarily associated with above-ground habitat, and DNA sequencing has been employed to facilitate both the delineation of probable biological species, and the estimation of genetic connectivity within species. Collembola have been chosen for the analysis of arthropods primarily associated with soils, using mitochondrial metagenomics to quantify species richness and diversity. A selection of recently obtained data will be used to demonstrate the practical and applied utility of this approach for the analysis and understanding of biological communities.

Troglonethes arrabidaensis Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 78 A 12550- F 7 CA- 4892-9 E 90-7 F 85446423D3 Figs 16 A–G, 17 A–D Diagnosis A species of Troglonethes characterised by the antenna having three flagellar articles, the male pereopod 7 carpus enlarged in the basal part, the pleopod 1 exopod triangular, as wide as long, and the male pleopod 2 endopod with the distal article bearing an apical hook-like process. Etymology The new species is named after the type locality, the Arrábida karst massif. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL: ♂, Gruta do Frade, Arrábida Massif, 16 Aug. 2013 (MZUF). Paratypes PORTUGAL: 3 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀, same data as holotype (MZUF, SR and ZMUC). Description Maximum size: ♂ and ♀ 2.7× 0.8 mm. Body colourless and elongated (Fig. 16 A). Dorsum of cephalon and pereonites with two rows and one row of large granules, respectively; each granule with a scale-seta (Fig. 16 B); pleon and telson smooth. Cephalon (Fig. 16 C–D) with short, quadrangular frontal lateral lobes. Eyes absent. Pereonites 1–3 with rounded posterior corners; pereonites 4–7 with epimera pointing backwards (Fig. 16 A). Pleon (Fig. 16 A, E) slightly narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 with small epimera and very short posterior points. Telson (Fig. 16 E) about twice as wide as long, with distal part trapezoidal, with concave sides and broadly rounded apex. Antennula (Fig. 16 F) with three articles; third article with three long aesthetascs at apex. Antenna (Fig. 16 G) with fourth and fifth article of peduncle with distinct tubercles bearing scale-setae; fifth article slightly shorter than flagellum; flagellum with three articles, with two long aesthetascs on second article. Buccal pieces as in previous species. Uropod (Fig. 16 E) with exopod slightly longer than endopod, exopod and endopod inserted at same level. MALE. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 17 A) with no particular modifications. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 17 B) ischium with straight sternal margin, carpus enlarged in basal part. Genital papilla (Fig. 17 C) fusiform, with rounded apex, much longer than pleopod 1. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 17 C) exopod triangular, as wide as long, with broadly rounded apex; endopod with basal article elongated, shorter than exopod, with sinuous outer margin, distal article flagelliform. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 17D) exopod triangular, with broadly rounded apex with few short setae; endopod biarticulated, basal article more than twice as long as distal one, with parallel sides, distal article with hook-like process at apex. Remarks The new species is very similar to Troglonethes aurouxi in the dorsal granulation and shape of the male pleopod 2. It differs in having the antennal flagellum with three, instead of four, articles, and a wider male pleopod 1 exopod. It is readily distinguishable from T. olissipoensis Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. in the larger and less numerous dorsal granules, the enlarged basal part of the male pereopod 7 carpus, the male pleopod 1 endopod with the basal article shorter than the exopod, and the distal article of the male pleopod 2 endopod lacking the hook-like process at the base. Ecological notes This species was only found in the Gruta do Frade in the Arrábida Massif. The cave entrance is by the seashore and there are several anchialine lakes inside, influenced by the sea tides. It is the first record of troglobiotic terrestrial isopods in Arrábida.

Trichorhina anophthalma Arcangeli, 1935 Figs 26 A���G, 27A���C Trichorhina anophthalma Arcangeli, 1935 b: 23, figs 19���24. Trichorhina anophthalma ��� Vandel 1946: 216, figs 62���63. ��� Schm��lzer 1965: 281, fig. 1104; 1971: 28, 89, 146. ��� Schmalfuss 2003: 315. Material examined PORTUGAL: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Algar de Santo Ant��nio, Estremoz-Cano Massif, 30 Dec. 2009 (MZUF); 9 ♀♀, 4 ♀♀, 1 juv., same locality, 30 Mar. 2009 (MZUF); 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, same locality, 22 May 2009 (SR); 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, same locality, 4 Sep. 2009 (ZMUC); 1 ♂, Gruta do Vale Telheiro, Algarve Massif, 30 Jun. 2011 (MZUF); 2 ♀♀, Gruta da Senhora, Algarve Massif, 3 Jul. 2011 (SR). Previous records Serpa, Alentejo (Arcangeli 1935 b). Palmela, Serra da Arr��bida, Set��bal (Vandel 1946). Distribution Known with certainty from southern Portugal and southern Spain (Schm��lzer 1971). Remarks Trichorhina anophthalma is fully illustrated here (Figs 26���27) to facilitate its identification. Hoese (1984) recorded this species from the Canary Islands (Fuerteventura and Tenerife) and considered T. hoestlandti Vandel, 1960 from Madeira (Vandel 1960 b) to be a junior synonym of that species. Contrary to this, Schmalfuss (2003) regarded both species as valid. A re-examination of specimens of Trichorhina hoestlandti from Madeira is necessary in order to define the taxonomic status of this species. The specimens of Trichorhina from the Canary Islands recorded by Hoese (1984) also need to be examined for a correct identification. Ecological notes This species is probably endogean and troglophile rather than a true troglobiont., Published as part of Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., Gon��alves, Fernando, Orom��, Pedro & Taiti, Stefano, 2015, The cavernicolous Oniscidea (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Portugal, pp. 1-61 in European Journal of Taxonomy 161 on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.161, http://zenodo.org/record/3805619, {"references":["Arcangeli A. 1935 b. Isopodi terrestri di caverne della Spagna (Collezione del Museo di Storia naturale di Madrid). Eos 10: 171 - 195.","Vandel A. 1946. Crustaces isopodes terrestres (Oniscoidea) epiges et cavernicoles du Portugal. Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 30: 135 - 427.","Schmolzer K. 1965. Ordnung Isopoda (Landasseln). Bestimmungsbucher zur Bodenfauna Europas, Issues 4 & 5, Academie Verlag, Berlin.","Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A 654: 1 - 341.","Schmolzer K. 1971. Die Landisopoden der Iberischen Halbinsel. Monografias de Ciencia moderna 80: 1 - 161.","Hoese B. 1984. Checkliste der terrestrischen Isopoden der Kanarischen Inseln (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscoidea). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 71: 27 - 37.","Vandel A. 1960 b. Les isopodes terrestres de l'Archipel Maderien. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Serie A 22: 1 - 155."]}

Porcellionides sexfasciatus (Budde-Lund, 1885) Metoponorthus sexfasciatus Budde-Lund, 1885: 167. Metoponorthus (Polytretus) sexfasciatus lusitanus ��� Vandel 1946: 269, figs 80b���d. Records Gruta do Algar, Mexilhoeirinha, Lagoa; Algar��o, Pech��o, Algarve Province (Vandel 1946). Distribution Western Mediterranean region, Atlantic coast of Europe and northern Africa, including Atlantic islands. It has also been introduced to many other parts of the world. Ecological notes Epigean species, trogloxene., Published as part of Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., Gon��alves, Fernando, Orom��, Pedro & Taiti, Stefano, 2015, The cavernicolous Oniscidea (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Portugal, pp. 1-61 in European Journal of Taxonomy 161 on page 43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.161, http://zenodo.org/record/3805619, {"references":["Budde-Lund G. 1885. Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria per Familias et Genera et Species Descripta. Nielsen & Lydiche, Copenhagen.","Vandel A. 1946. Crustaces isopodes terrestres (Oniscoidea) epiges et cavernicoles du Portugal. Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 30: 135 - 427."]}

Genus Trogleluma Vandel, 1946 Remarks Trogleluma was erected by Vandel (1946) as a subgenus of Troglarmadillidium Verhoeff, 1900 to include the new species Troglarmadillidium (Trogleluma) machadoi from two caves in South Portugal (see below). At present, the genus Troglarmadillidium only includes the monospecific subgenera Troglarmadillidium and Trogleluma, with the species T. (Troglarmadillidium) stygium (Verhoeff, 1900) from Herzegovina, and T. (Trogleluma) machadoi . Both these species have a depigmented body, are blind, have no schisma at the postero-lateral corner of pereonite 1, a triangular telson, and uropods with the exopodite flattened, longer than wide. The two subgenera show quite distinct morphological traits in the cephalic structure: in Troglarmadillidium the triangular frontal scutellum of the cephalon, frontal line and antennal lobes are missing, while in Trogleluma these structures are present. These characters have been confirmed after the examination of a fremale specimen of T. (Troglarmadillidium) stygium from Montenegro (Crna Gora, Danilovgrad, Tunjevo, Milojevića vrela, 26 Apr. 1997, leg. and det. I. Karaman). On the basis of these characters we consider Trogleluma as a distinct genus from Troglarmadillidium. Trogleluma includes the type species, Trogleluma machadoi, and a few undescribed new species from Sardinia and Tuscany in Italy (Taiti 2007, unpublished results)., Published as part of Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., Gon��alves, Fernando, Orom��, Pedro & Taiti, Stefano, 2015, The cavernicolous Oniscidea (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Portugal, pp. 1-61 in European Journal of Taxonomy 161 on page 50, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.161, http://zenodo.org/record/3805619, {"references":["Vandel A. 1946. Crustaces isopodes terrestres (Oniscoidea) epiges et cavernicoles du Portugal. Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 30: 135 - 427.","Taiti S. 2007. 10. Gli Isopodi terrestri. In: Scapini F. & Nardi M. (eds) Il Parco Regionale della Maremma e il suo Territorio: 91 - 101. Pacini Editore, Pisa."]}

Trogleluma machadoi (Vandel, 1946) Figs 33 A���J, 34A���E Troglarmadillidium (Trogleluma) machadoi Vandel, 1946: 361, figs 148���157. Troglarmadillidium (Trogleluma) machadoi ��� Schm��lzer 1965: 307, figs 1232���1233; 1971: 62. Troglarmadillidium machadoi ��� Schm��lzer 1971: 106, 155. ��� Schmalfuss 2003: 319. ��� Reboleira et al. 2011a: 7, table 1. Material examined PORTUGAL: many ♂♂ and ♀♀, Gruta de Ibne Ammar, 23 May 2009 (MZUF); many ♂♂ and ♀♀, Algar��o do Remexido, 5 Sep. 2009 (MZUF); many ♂♂ and ♀♀, same locality, 29 Dec. 2009 (SR); 5 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀, same locality, 23 May 2009 (ZMUC); 6 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, same locality, 15 Mar. 2009 (SR); 1 juv., same locality, 5 Sep. 2009 (SR); many ♂♂ and ♀♀, Gruta da Senhora; all caves in the Algarve Massif (MZUF). Previous records Algar��o Menor do Paulino, Serro da Cabe��a Gorda, Loul��, Faro; Abismo Novo, Moncarapacho, Olh��o, Faro, Algarve Province (Vandel 1946). Distribution Endemic to caves of the Algarve, the southernmost province of Portugal. Remarks The species is here fully illustrated (Figs 33���34) to facilitate its recognition. Ecological notes Troglobiotic species. The specimens were mostly found inside the clay, which often covers their integument, an observation already pointed out by Vandel (1946). Some individuals were also found walking on cave walls and completely clean of clay. In the caves of the Algarve, this species occurs together with other remarkable troglobiotic species: the pseudoscorpions Titanobochica magna Zaragoza & Reboleira, 2010 and Lusoblothrus aenigmaticus Zaragoza & Reboleira, 2012; the spiders Harpactea stalitoides Ribera, 1993 and Teloleptoneta synthetica Machado, 1951; the millipedes Boreviulisoma barrocalense Reboleira & Enghoff, 2013, Acipes machadoi Enghoff & Reboleira, 2013, and A. bifillum Enghoff & Reboleira, 2013; the campodeid Litocampa mendesi Sendra & Reboleira, 2010; and the giant thysanuran Squamatinia algharbica Mendes & Reboleira, 2012 (Reboleira et al. 2010c, 2012 a, 2012b; Reboleira & Enghoff 2013; Enghoff & Reboleira 2013b)., Published as part of Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., Gon��alves, Fernando, Orom��, Pedro & Taiti, Stefano, 2015, The cavernicolous Oniscidea (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Portugal, pp. 1-61 in European Journal of Taxonomy 161 on pages 51-54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.161, http://zenodo.org/record/3805619, {"references":["Vandel A. 1946. Crustaces isopodes terrestres (Oniscoidea) epiges et cavernicoles du Portugal. Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 30: 135 - 427.","Schmolzer K. 1965. Ordnung Isopoda (Landasseln). Bestimmungsbucher zur Bodenfauna Europas, Issues 4 & 5, Academie Verlag, Berlin.","Schmolzer K. 1971. Die Landisopoden der Iberischen Halbinsel. Monografias de Ciencia moderna 80: 1 - 161.","Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A 654: 1 - 341.","Reboleira A. S. P. S., Borges P., Goncalves F., Serrano A. R. M. & Oromi P. 2011 a. The subterranean fauna of a biodiversity hotspot region - Portugal: an overview and its conservation. International Journal of Speleology 40 (1): 23 - 37. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5038 / 1827 - 806 X. 40.1.4","Reboleira A. S. P. S. & Enghoff H. 2013. The genus Boreviulisoma Brolemann, 1928 - an Iberian-N African outlier of a mainly tropical tribe of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae). Zootaxa 3646 (5): 516 - 528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3646.5.2","Reboleira A. S. P. S., Zaragoza J., Goncalves F. & Oromi P. 2010 c. Titanobochica, surprising discovery of a new cave-dwelling genus from southern Portugal (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Bochicidae). Zootaxa 2681: 1 - 19.","Reboleira A. S. P. S., Goncalves F., Oromi P. & Mendes L. F. 2012 a. Squamatinia algharbica gen. n. sp. n., a remarkable new Coletiniinae silverfish (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae) from caves in southern Portugal. Zootaxa 3260: 33 - 46.","Reboleira A. S. P. S., Zaragoza J. A., Goncalves F. & Oromi P. 2012 b. Lusoblothrus, a new syarinid pseudoscorpion genus (Arachnida) from Portugal, occupying an isolated position within the Holarctic fauna. Zootaxa 3544: 52 - 62.","Enghoff H. & Reboleira A. S. P. S. 2013 b. Subterranean species of Acipes Attems, 1937 (Diplopoda, Julida, Blaniulidae). Zootaxa 3652 (4): 485 - 491. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3652.4.6"]}

Metatrichoniscoides salirensis Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7E09D1C5-19F8-44DF-A1AE-B2D741C411AE Figs 10 A–G, 11A–E, 12A–E Diagnosis A blind and colourless Metatrichoniscoides characterised by the male pleopod 1 exopod having two long distal setae subequal in length, and the male pleopod 2 endopod having a thickset distal article, ending in a thinner sinuous part with a beak-like small lobe medially directed. Etymology The new species is named after Gruta de Salir, the cave where the specimens were collected, in the municipality of Caldas da Rainha. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL: ♂, Gruta de Salir, Salir do Porto, Caldas da Rainha, 26 Dec. 2012 (MZUF). Paratypes PORTUGAL: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, same data as holotype (MZUF); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, same data as holotype (SR). Description Maximum size: ♂ and ♀ 2.2 × 0.8 mm. Body colourless, elongated and slightly convex (Fig. 10A). Cephalon and pereon with granulated dorsal surface; granules on pereonites arranged in double rows; each granule bearing a triangular scale-seta (Fig. 10B). Cephalon (Fig. 10 C–D) with no frontal lateral lobes. Eyes absent. Pereonites 1–4 (Fig. 10A) with rounded posterior corners; pereonites 5–7 (Fig. 10A) with epimera directed backwards. Pleon (Fig. 10A,E) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 with small epimera and short posterior points. Telson (Fig. 10E) twice as wide as long, with distal part trapezoidal with concave sides. Antennula (Fig. 10F) with three articles; third article distinctly longer than first and second and bearing four long aesthetascs at apex. Antenna (Fig. 10G) with fifth article of peduncle slightly shorter than flagellum; flagellum with three articles, with two aesthetascs on second article. Mandibles (Fig. 11 A–B) with two penicils on the right and three on the left; molar process without penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 11C) with inner branch bearing three short penicils at apex; outer branch with 11 teeth and two thin stems. Maxilla (Fig. 11D) apically bilobed, with outer lobe shorter than inner one; inner lobe with some long, stout setae near medial margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 11E) endite triangular, ending with triangular point and subapical penicil; palp distally rounded, with long setae, and basal article with two short compound setae. Uropod (Fig. 10E) with exopod slightly longer than endopod; exopod with several long, pointed setae and endopod with long seta at apex. MALE. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 12A) and pereopod 7 (Fig. 12B) with no peculiar modifications. Genital papilla (Fig. 12C) fusiform, with rounded apex. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 12D) exopod as long as wide, with broadly rounded apical margin bearing two long setae of equal length; endopod with basal article triangular, batonlike distal article inserted on medial margin of basal article. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 12E) exopod trapezoidal, with short seta at apex; endopod biarticulated, distal article thickset, ending in thinner sinuous part with beak-like small lobe medially directed. Remarks Until now the genus Metatrichoniscoides included only four species (Schmalfuss 2003): M. leydigii (Weber, 1880) from western France, Belgium, the Netherlands, western Germany and greenhouses in the Czech Republic, Sweden and Finland; M. nemausiensis Vandel, 1942 and M. fouresi Vandel, 1950 from France; and M. celticus Oliver & Trew, 1981 from Wales (Vandel 1942; Oliver & Trew 1981). Metatrichoniscoides salirensis Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. is readily distinguished from all the other species in the genus by the male pleopod 1 exopod bearing two long setae and the peculiar shape of the male pleopod 2 endopod. This represents the first record of the genus for Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula. Ecological notes Gruta de Salir is a peculiar, beautiful cave located near the sea, with a genesis related to previous sea levels, evidenced by the presence of marine sand in the lowest parts. This is the first troglobiotic species known from this cave and this karst area.

Eluma caelata (Miers, 1877) Armadillidium caelatum Miers, 1877: 665, pl. 7, fig. 3. Eluma purpurascens ��� Vandel 1946: 357, fig. 158 (not Budde-Lund, 1885). Records Algarve das Gralhas, Cadaval, Montejunto Massif (Vandel 1946). Distribution Southern British Isles, western France, Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, mainland Spain and north-western Africa. It has been introduced to Tasmania and French Guyana. Remarks The genus Eluma includes three epigean species: E. caelata, E. tuberculata Cruz, 1991 from Portugal (see below), and E. praticola Taiti & Rossano, 2015 from the Rif region in Morocco. Eluma caelata has been fully illustrated by Taiti & Rossano (2015: figs 32���33). Ecological notes Epigean species, trogloxene., Published as part of Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., Gon��alves, Fernando, Orom��, Pedro & Taiti, Stefano, 2015, The cavernicolous Oniscidea (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Portugal, pp. 1-61 in European Journal of Taxonomy 161 on pages 47-49, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.161, http://zenodo.org/record/3805619, {"references":["Miers E. J. 1877. On a collection of Crustacea, Decapoda and Isopoda, chiefly from South America, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1877: 653 - 679. Avalialbe from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 28518607 [accessed 1 Dec. 2015]","Vandel A. 1946. Crustaces isopodes terrestres (Oniscoidea) epiges et cavernicoles du Portugal. Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 30: 135 - 427.","Budde-Lund G. 1885. Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria per Familias et Genera et Species Descripta. Nielsen & Lydiche, Copenhagen.","Cruz A. 1991. Especies nuevas o poco conocidas de isopodos terrestres de la Peninsula Iberica. II. Isopodos epigeos de Espana y Portugal (Crustacea, Oniscidea). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse 127: 71 - 75.","Taiti S. & Rossano C. 2015. Terrestrial isopods from the Oued Laou basin, north-eastern Morocco (Crustacea, Oniscidea), with descriptions of two new genera and seven new species. Journal of Natural History 49 (33 - 34): 2067 - 2138. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2015.1009512"]}

Moserius inexpectatus Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 18 B 5 B 016- F 7 A 6-4047- A 2 CB- 28 B 4394797 CF Figs 21 A–E, 22 A–C Diagnosis A species of Moserius characterised by the male pereopod 7 carpus having a distal lobe on the sternal margin, and the pleopod 1 exopod having a truncate and sinuous distal point. Etymology From Latin inexpectatus = unexpected. The name refers to the location, which is far from the previously known distribution range of the genus. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL: ♂, Gruta do Almonda (= Gruta do Olho da Fonte), Estremenho Massif, 24 Aug. 2013 (MZUF). Description Size: 1.5× 0.6 mm. Body colourless, ovoidal, outline not interrupted between pereon and pleon; pereon tergites very convex, with epimera obliquely directed outwards (Fig. 21 A). Dorsum bearing ribs and tubercles (Fig. 21 A): cephalon with large central tubercle with 3 +3 rounded tips, and 3 +3 tubercles near rear margin, the two external ones fused at base; pereonites 2–6 with 3+ 3 longitudinal ribs as long as tergites; pereonite 7 with 2+2 ribs and small tubercle per side between two ribs; pleonite 3 with 2 large paramedian tubercles; pleonites 4 and 5 and telson with 2small paramedian tubercles. Cephalon (Fig. 21 B) with short, quadrangular frontal lateral lobes, directed outwards and not protruding compared with median lobe. Eyes absent. Pereonites with rounded posterior corners; epimera 4–7 slightly pointing backwards (Fig. 21 A). Pleonites 3–5 (Fig. 21 A, C) with large epimera directed backwards. Telson (Fig. 21 C) about twice as wide as long, with distal part trapezoidal, with concave sides and truncate apex. Antenna (Fig. 21D) with thickset articles of peduncle; flagellum with three articles, with 3–4 long aesthetascs on second article. Uropod (Fig. 21 C) with flattened protopod; exopod slightly longer than endopod, with tuft of four apical setae; endopod with single apical seta. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 21 E) with no particular modifications. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 22 A–B) ischium with slightly convex sternal margin, carpus with large distal lobe on sternal margin. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 22 C) exopod quadrangular, with truncate and sinuous distal point, sinuous outer margin and straight medial margin. Remarks This new blind species belongs to the subfamily Haplophthalminae and is included in Moserius since it shows the tergal ornamentation typical of the genus, i.e., 3 +3 ribs on the pereonites and two large tubercles on pleonite 3. The genus Moserius was previously known only for two species: M. percoi Strouhal, 1940, originally described from the cave Belinca Jama, Slovenia, and later recorded from Ligurian and Tuscan caves (Strouhal 1940; Brian 1963; Taiti & Ferrara 1995), and M. elbanus Taiti & Ferrara, 1995, from a small cave on Elba Island, Tuscany, Italy. The new species is readily distinguished from the other two members of the genus by the peculiar shape of the male pleopod 1 exopod, with a truncate and sinuous, rather than triangular, distal point. The location of M. inexpectatus (Portugal) is very far from those of the other two species (northern Italy and Slovenia), but it is quite probable that other species are present in the countries encompassing the northwestern Mediterranean. Ecological notes This species occurs in the Gruta do Almonda, the largest Portuguese cave, with at least 10 km of mapped subterranean galleries. It shares habitat with other troglobiotic species, namely the spider Nesticus lusitanicus Fage, 1931, the woodlouse Trichoniscoides meridionalis, and the beetle Trechus lunai Reboleira & Serrano, 2009 (Reboleira et al. 2009).

Porcellio dispar Verhoeff, 1901 Porcellio dispar Verhoeff, 1901: 407. Porcellio dispar ��� Vandel 1946: 289, figs 110���111. Records Algar n�� 2 do Pinheiro, Benedita (Vandel 1946). Distribution Portugal. Ecological notes Epigean species, trogloxene., Published as part of Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., Gon��alves, Fernando, Orom��, Pedro & Taiti, Stefano, 2015, The cavernicolous Oniscidea (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Portugal, pp. 1-61 in European Journal of Taxonomy 161 on page 47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.161, http://zenodo.org/record/3805619, {"references":["Verhoeff K. W. 1901. Uber palaarktische Isopoden (7. Aufsatz). Zoologischer Anzeiger 24: 403 - 408, 417 - 421. Available from http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9745364 [accessed 1 Dec. 2015]","Vandel A. 1946. Crustaces isopodes terrestres (Oniscoidea) epiges et cavernicoles du Portugal. Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 30: 135 - 427."]}

Miktoniscus longispina Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6 B 9 A 5 E 8 B- 53 F 8-408 D-B 3 BA- 8 E 10 BCE 20717 Figs 18 A–F, 19 A–E, 20 A–D Diagnosis A species of Miktoniscus characterised by a depigmented body, the male pereopod 7 having a long and stout seta on the distal corner of the ischium, and a triangular male pleopod 1 exopod. Etymology From Latin longus = long + spina = spine. The name of the new species refers to the long, thick seta on the distal part of the male pereopod 7. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL: ♂, Gruta dos Bolhos, Cesaredas Plateau, 26 Dec. 2010 (MZUF). Paratype PORTUGAL: 1 ♀, same locality as holotype, Feb. 2009 (MZUF). Additional material PORTUGAL: 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Gruta da Cerâmica, Sicó Massif, 10 Jun. 2011 (MZUF); 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, same locality, 2 Mar. 2013 (SR); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Algar da Ervilha, Sicó, 30 Mar. 2014 (ZMUC). Description Maximum size: ♂ and ♀ 3.5 ×1.0 mm. Body depigmented, elongated (Fig. 18 A). Dorsum of cephalon and pereon distinctly granulated, each granule bearing a scale-seta on top (Fig. 18 B). Cephalon (Fig. 18 C) with no frontal lobes. Eye consisting of single black ocellus (lacking in specimens from Gruta da Cerâmica and Algar da Ervilha). Pereonites 1–4 with rounded posterior corners; pereonites 5–7 with epimera pointing backwards (Fig. 18 A). Pleon (Fig. 18 A, D) slightly narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 with reduced epimera and very short posterior points. Telson (Fig. 18D) about twice as wide as long, with rectangular basal part and trapezoidal distal part, with almost straight sides. Antennula (Fig. 18 E) with three articles; third article with short spine and four long aesthetascs at apex (five in specimens from Gruta da Cerâmica and Algar da Ervilha). Antenna (Fig. 18 F) with fifth article of peduncle slightly longer than flagellum; flagellum with four articles, with one aesthetasc on second article and two aesthetascs on third article (two and four, respectively, in specimens from Gruta da Cerâmica and Algar da Ervilha). Mandibles (Fig. 19 A–B) with one penicil on the right and two on the left; molar process without penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 19 C) with inner branch bearing three penicils at apex, diminishing in size from proximal to distal; outer branch with nine teeth and thin stem. Maxilla (Fig. 19D) apically bilobed, outer lobe smaller and shorter than inner one; inner lobe with line of several long, stout setae near apical and inner margins. Maxilliped (Fig. 19 E) endite triangular, with stout triangular penicil at apex; palp elongated, with long setae on margin of apical part, and basal article with two short, simple setae. Uropod (Fig. 18 E) with exopod distinctly longer than endopod and more distally inserted. MALE. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 20 A) with no distinct sexual modifications. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 20 B) ischium triangular, with strong seta, as long as merus, at corner between distal and sternal margin; sternal margin of merus sinuous, with one recurved seta and one pointed seta in the middle; carpus with distal part enlarged, with some strong setae on sternal margin. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 20 C) exopod triangular, about twice as long as wide; endopod with basal article distinctly shorter than distal article, which is slightly enlarged subapicaly, with triangular and crenulated apical part. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 20D) exopod triangular, with distinctly concave outer margin; endopod biarticulated, distal article fusiform, elongated, about four times as long as first article. Remarks At present, the genus Miktoniscus includes 15 species distributed in the Americas and Western Europe, including the Atlantic islands (Schmalfuss 2003). The new species is readily distinguishable from all species in the genus by the presence of a strong and long seta at the distal corner of the male pereopod 7 ischium. In continental Portugal and northwestern Spain only one species was previously known, Miktoniscis bisetosus Vandel, 1946, from which M. longispina Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. also differs in lacking a recurved seta on the male pereopod 7 carpus and in having the male pleopod 1 exopod with an acute, rather than broadly rounded, apex. The new species occurs in two distinct massifs of central Portugal, on the west border of Cesaredas Plateau near the Atlantic coast, and in Gruta da Cerâmica and Algar da Ervilha in the centre of Sicó Massif. Some differences are present in the specimens from Sicó compared with the type specimens from Cesaredas, i.e., the lack of visible eyes and the different number of aesthetascs on the antennula and antennal flagellum. For this reason, we have not designated the additional material as paratypes. However, since the male characters are the same in all these populations, we consider them as belonging to the same species.

Anaphiloscia sicula Arcangeli, 1934 Anaphiloscia sicula Arcangeli, 1934: 152, figs 1���19. Anaphiloscia sicula ��� Vandel 1946: 202, figs 50���59. Records Algueir��o, Pech��o; Algar��o Menor do Paulino, Loul��, Algarve Province (Vandel 1946). Distribution Portugal, Sicily, Ustica Island, Pantelleria Island and Malta. Remarks According to Schmalfuss (2003), this blind and depigmented species might be a junior synonym of Anaphiloscia simoni Racovitza, 1907, described on the basis of a female specimen from a cave on Mallorca, Balearic Islands (Racovitza 1907; Arcangeli 1934) and later recorded from western Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Libya (Cyrenaica). Vandel (1972) seems to have considered the two species as synonymous, without formally discussing the issue (Schmalfuss 2003). Since no illustrations of the male characters of A. simoni exist, it is impossible to clarify this taxonomic problem without a re-examination of the type material. No specimens of this genus have been collected during our investigations. Ecological notes Epigean species., Published as part of Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., Gon��alves, Fernando, Orom��, Pedro & Taiti, Stefano, 2015, The cavernicolous Oniscidea (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Portugal, pp. 1-61 in European Journal of Taxonomy 161 on page 39, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.161, http://zenodo.org/record/3805619, {"references":["Arcangeli A. 1934. Anaphiloscia sicula, nuova specie di isopodo umicolo della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia generale e agraria della Reale Scuola superiore d'Agricoltura in Portici 28: 152 - 158.","Vandel A. 1946. Crustaces isopodes terrestres (Oniscoidea) epiges et cavernicoles du Portugal. Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 30: 135 - 427.","Schmalfuss H. 2003. World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Serie A 654: 1 - 341.","Racovitza E. 1907. Biospeologica. IV. Isopodes terrestres (premiere serie). Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 4 e Serie 7: 145 - 225.","Vandel A. 1972. Les isopodes terrestres et cavernicoles de la Catalogne. Miscelanea Zoologica 3: 1 - 19."]}

Cordioniscus lusitanicus Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B 1 F 2D756-D90 F- 43 BF- 9 F 42-4 F 8 EAE 6 C 79 F 0 Figs 23 A–G, 24 A–E, 25 A–E Diagnosis A blind species of Cordioniscus characterised by a colourless body, the male pereopod 7 ischium having a rounded hyaline basal lobe, the triangular male pleopod 1 exopod, as long as the endopod, and the complex apical part of the male pleopod 2 endopod. Etymology From Latin lusitanicus = Portuguese. The name refers to the country where the specimens were collected. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL: ♂, Algar de Santo António, Estremoz-Cano Massif, 30 Mar. 2009 (MZUF). Paratypes PORTUGAL: 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, same data as holotype, 30 Mar. 2009 (MZUF); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Gruta de Ibne Ammar, Algarve Massif, 23 May 2009 (MZUF); 3 ♂♂, same locality and date (SR); 3 ♀♀, Algarão do Remexido, Algarve Massif, 5 Sep. 2009 (SR); 1 ♂, same locality, 30 Jan. 2009 (MZUF); 2 ♀♀, same locality, 29 Dec. 2009 (SR); 1 ♂ juv., 2 ♀♀, Gruta da Senhora, Algarve Massif, 3 Jul. 2011 (ZMUC); 1 ♂, same locality, 18 May 2013 (SR). Description Maximum size: ♂ 5.0 ×1.0 mm; ♀ 3.0× 0.8 mm. Body colourless and elongated (Fig. 23 A). Dorsum of cephalon and pereon finely granulated and equipped with triangular scale-setae (Fig. 23 B); pleon and telson smooth. Cephalon (Fig. 23 C–D) with short, rounded frontal lateral lobes. Eyes absent. Pereonites 1–3 with rounded posterior corners; pereonites 4–7 with epimera pointing backwards (Fig. 23 A). Pleon (Fig. 23 A, E) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 with epimera reduced and no posterior points. Telson (Fig. 23 E) about twice as wide as long, distal part with concave sides and broadly rounded apex. Antennula (Fig. 23 F) with third article longer than first and second articles, with small triangular posterior point, and with one subapical and four apical, long aesthetascs. Antenna (Fig. 23 G) with articles of peduncle bearing scale-setae; fifth article distinctly longer than flagellum; flagellum with four articles, with very long apical organ. Right mandible (Fig. 24 A) with one penicil between lacinia mobilis and molar process, which bears long penicil; left mandible (Fig. 24 A) with two penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 24 C) inner branch bearing two thickset penicils at apex and long subapical penicil; outer branch with 10 teeth and thin, setose stem among outer group of teeth. Maxilla (Fig. 24D) apically bilobed and setose, with outer and inner lobes subequal; inner lobe with several long, stout setae along margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 24 E) basis enlarged in middle; endite triangular, with stout triangular penicil at apex; palp distally rounded, with long setae at apex, and basal article with two short compound setae. Uropod (Fig. 23 E) with exopod distinctly longer than endopod, endopod inserted proximally to exopod. MALE. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 25 A) with no particular modifications. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 25 B) ischium with slightly convex sternal margin and bearing rounded hyaline lobe at base. Genital papilla (Fig. 25 C) lanceolate with pointed apex, shorter than pleopod 1. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 25D) exopod triangular, as long as endopod; endopod with short triangular basal article and flagelliform distal article. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 25 E) exopod small, ovoidal; endopod biarticulated, distal article thickset, about three times as long as basal article, with parallel sides and complex apical part. Remarks At present the genus Cordioniscus includes with certainty 14 species (Andreev 2002; Schmalfuss 2003), mainly distributed in caves of Mediterranean countries. For a definition of the genus see Schmalfuss & Erhard (1998). Species of Cordioniscus are mainly distinguishable by the shape of the male pleopod 2 endopod. In the Iberian Peninsula, only Cordioniscus stebbingi (Patience, 1907) was previously known from some caves in Valencia and Castellón provinces, Spain (Vandel 1952b). The new species differs from C. stebbingi in the lower number of aesthetascs on the antennula (5 vs 8), the presence of a hyaline lobe on the male pereopod 7 ischium, and the thickset and complex, rather than tapering, distal part of the male pleopod 2 endopod. In the presence of a lobe at the base of the male pereopod 7 ischium, C. lusitanus Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. is similar to C. bulgaricus Andreev, 1986 from Bulgaria and C. andreevi Schmalfuss & Erhard, 1998, C. beroni Vandel, 1968, C. graecus Vandel, 1959 and C. kithnosi Andreev, 1986 from Greece (Vandel 1959, 1968; Andreev 1986 a, 1986 b; Schmalfuss & Erhard 1998). It differs from all these species in the different structure of the male pleopod 2 endopod. Ecological notes This species was collected in two isolated karst areas, Alentejo and Algarve. These two areas are more than 200 km apart and are separated by the extended dry, flat areas of Alentejo Province. In the Algarve Massif this species is frequent in caves. In the northern locality, Algar de Santo António in Alentejo, the specimens were collected in deep layers of soil at the bottom of the first pit (– 20 m), where it cohabits with the troglobiotic millipede Sireuma nobile Reboleira & Enghoff, 2014 (Reboleira & Enghoff 2014 b).

Trichoniscoides sicoensis Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FCBE373B-42CE-4305-A932-28D88355FFB8 Figs 7 A–G, 8A–E, 9A–E Diagnosis A blind and colourless Trichoniscoides characterised by the male pereopod 7 merus having a lobe on the mid-sternal margin, the male pleopod 1 exopod having a broadly rounded outer margin and two unequal setae, the endopod having a fusiform distal article with a distinct circular suture in the middle, and the male pleopod 2 endopod having thickset distal article bearing two short triangular lobes and two setae at the apex. Etymology The new species is named after the Sicó karst area, where the species occurs. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL: ♂, Gruta da Cerâmica, Sicó Massif, 21 Mar. 2010 (MZUF). Paratypes PORTUGAL: 10 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀, Gruta da Cerâmica, Sicó, 21 Mar. 2010 (MZUF); 7 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, same locality, 28 Nov. 2009 (SR); 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, same locality, 10 Jun. 2011 (ZMUC); 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, same locality, 2 Mar. 2013 (MZUF); 12 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, Gruta da Senhora da Estrela, Sicó, 20 Nov. 2009 (MZUF); 5 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀, same locality, 29 Aug. 2009 (SR); 3 ♂♂, same locality, 11 Jun. 2009 (ZMUC); 1 ♂, Gruta do Soprador do Carvalho, Sicó, 12 Jun. 2011 (SR); 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, same locality, 8 Jun. 2013 (MZUF); 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Gruta do Algarinho, Sicó, 9 Jun. 2013 (SR); 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Gruta da Arrifana, Sicó, 12 Jan. 2013 (ZMUC); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, Gruta de São Simão, Sicó, 30 Nov. 2013 (MZUF). Description Maximum size: ♂ 3.5 × 1.2 mm; ♀ 3.9× 1.2 mm. Body colourless and slightly convex (Fig. 7A). Dorsum smooth, with scattered triangular scale-setae (Fig. 7B). Cephalon (Fig. 7 C–D) with rounded frontal lateral lobes not protruding frontwards. Eyes absent. Pereonites 1–4 (Fig. 7A) with rounded posterior corners; pereonites 5–7 (Fig. 7A) with epimera pointing backwards. Pleon (Fig. 7A, E) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 with small epimera and short posterior points. Telson (Fig. 7E) about three times as wide as long, with distal part trapezoidal with concave sides. Antennula (Fig. 7F) with three articles; third article with distinct spine and three long aesthetascs at apex. Antenna (Fig. 7G) with fifth article of peduncle shorter than flagellum; flagellum with five articles with two long aesthetascs on second article. Mandibles (Fig. 8 A–B) with two penicils on the right and three on the left; molar process without penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 8C) with inner branch bearing three penicils at apex, inner one distinctly longer than other two; outer branch with 11 teeth and two thin stems. Maxilla (Fig. 8D) apically bilobed and setose, with outer lobe smaller than inner one; inner lobe with several long stout setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 8E) endite triangular, with stout triangular penicil at apex; palp distally rounded, long setae, and basal article with two short compound setae. Uropod (Fig. 7E) with exopod distinctly longer than endopod and more distally inserted; exopod with several long, pointed setae and endopod with a long and a short seta at apex. MALE. Pereopods 1 (Fig. 9A) to 3 with an area of short quadrangular scales on sternal margin of carpus and merus. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 9B) merus with distinct cylindrical lobe, with short seta at apex on mid-sternal margin. Genital papilla (Fig. 9C) fusiform. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 9D) exopod as long as wide, with broadly rounded outer margin and two unequal setae on distal lobe; endopod with basal article quadrangular with convex inner margin and concave outer margin, distal article fusiform with distinct suture in middle and setose apex. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 9E) exopod trapezoidal with large seta at apex; endopod biarticulated, distal article about 1.5 times as long as basal one, thickset, with two short triangular lobes and setae at apex. Remarks This new species is tentatively included in the genus Trichoniscoides since it has all the characters of the genus, except for the distal article of the male pleopod 1 endopod, which shows a distinct circular suture in the middle, and the thickset distal part of the male pleopod 2 endopod. These characters are present also in an epigean species described by Gregory et al. (2012: 7, fig. 4) as “? Trichoniscoides species C” from Avión, valley of Río Valdeiras, Orense, north-western Spain, and Castanheira, Viana do Castelo, northern Portugal. The new species differs from the one recorded by Gregory et al. (2012) in the shape of the basal article of the male pleopod 1 endopod and of the distal part of the male pleopod 2 endopod. Trichoniscoides sicoensis Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov., together with the species recorded by Gregory et al. (2012), might belong to a distinct genus, but this can only be confirmed when other species with similar characters are found. For the presence of a lobe on the mid-sternal margin of the male pereopod 7 merus, the new species also resembles T. broteroi, from which it is distinguishable by the shape of the male pleopods 1 and 2. A hook-like lobe on the sternal margin of the male pereopod 7 merus is present also in the “aquitano-languedocien” group of species (sensu Vandel 1960 a), but in the species of this group the lobe is near the base instead of being on the mid-part of the sternal margin. Ecological notes This species seems to be endemic to caves of the Sicó karst area. In Gruta do Soprador do Carvalho one specimen was collected under a stone completely submerged in the cave stream. Despite the amphibian behaviour and submersion tolerance, this species is mostly found in the superficial parts of caves, where roots are abundant. Several troglobiotic species are known to share this habitat with T. sicoensis Reboleira &Taiti sp. nov.: the pseudoscorpions Roncocreagris blothroides (Beier, 1962), R. borgesi Zaragoza & Reboleira, 2013 and R. cavernicola Vachon, 1946; the millipede Scutogona minor Enghoff & Reboleira, 2013; the woodlice T. broteroi, Miktoniscus longispina Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. and Porcellio cavernicolus; and the rove beetle Domene lusitanica Reboleira & Oromí, 2011 (Reboleira et al. 2011 b, 2013 b; Enghoff & Reboleira 2013 a).

Trichoniscoides bellesi Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FE37F766-5E77-430F-87C2-C5CB28A78D5D Figs 4 A–G, 5A–E, 6A–D Diagnosis A blind and colourless Trichoniscoides characterised by the male pleopod 1 exopod having a broadly rounded outer margin and two equal distal lobes, and the male pleopod 2 endopod having a distal article thickset for ⅔ of its length, ending with a narrow point. Etymology The new species is named after Prof. Xavier Bellés for his invaluable contribution to the synthesis of knowledge on the subterranean fauna from the Iberian Peninsula. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL: ♂, Algar do Javali, Montejunto Massif, 26 Dec. 2012 (MZUF). Paratypes PORTUGAL: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as holotype (MZUF). Description Maximum size: ♂ 1.7× 0.8 mm; ♀ 1.8× 0.8 mm. Body colourless and slightly convex (Fig. 4A). Cephalon and pereon with granulated dorsal surface; granules on pereonites arranged in double rows; each granule bearing a triangular scale-seta (Fig. 4B) on top. Cephalon (Fig. 4 C–D) with quadrangular frontal lateral lobes not protruding frontwards. Eyes absent. Pereonites 1–4 (Fig. 4A) with rounded posterior corners; pereonites 5–7 (Fig. 4A) with epimera pointing backwards. Pleon (Fig. 4A, E) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 with small epimera and short posterior points. Telson (Fig. 4E) more than twice as wide as long, distal part trapezoidal with concave sides and slightly convex apex. Antennula (Fig. 4F) with three articles; third article with distinct spine and three long aesthetascs at apex. Antenna (Fig. 4G) with fifth article of peduncle shorter than flagellum; flagellum with three articles, with three long aesthetascs on second article. Mandibles (Fig. 5 A–B) with two penicils on the right and three on the left; molar process without penicils. Maxillula (Fig. 5C) with inner branch bearing three penicils at apex, proximal one distinctly longer than other two; outer branch with 11 teeth and two thin stems, one among outer group and one among inner group of teeth. Maxilla (Fig. 5D) apically bilobed, with outer lobe smaller than inner one; inner lobe with several long, stout setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 5E) endite triangular, with stout penicil at apex; palp distally rounded, with long setae, basal article with two short, compound setae. Uropod (Fig. 4E) with exopod distinctly longer than endopod; exopod with several long, pointed setae and endopod with a long and a short seta at apex. MALE. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 6A) and pereopod 7 (Fig. 6B) with no particular modifications. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 6C) exopod almost as long as wide, with broadly rounded outer margin and two equal distal lobes each bearing a short seta at apex; endopod with triangular and flagelliform basal article and setose distal article. Pleopod 2 exopod missing in the specimen examined; endopod (Fig. 6D) biarticulated, distal article about twice as long as basal one, thickset for first ⅔ and ending with narrow point. Remarks In the shape of the male pleopod 2 exopod, with a thickset distal article ending in a narrow point, the new species is similar to Trichoniscoides lusitanus Vandel, 1946, T. broteroi and T. heroldi Vandel, 1952. It differs from T. lusitanus, an epigean species from north-western Spain and northern Portugal, in lacking eyes and pigment, in the male pleopod 1 endopod having a triangular basal article, and in the male pleopod 2 endopod having a stouter distal article ending in a shorter point; from T. broteroi in lacking the hook on the male pereopod 7 merus, and in the triangular shape of the basal article of the male pleopod 1 endopod; from T. heroldi, an epigean species from eastern France, in the lack of eyes and the shape of the male pleopod 1. Ecological notes Trichoniscoides bellesi sp. nov. is typically a troglobiotic species, lacking eyes and body pigment. It was discovered in the deepest and most thermally insulated parts of Algar do Javali, around 10 m deep. Javali is currently the richest cave of the Montejunto karst massif. Four other caves in the same massif were also sampled (Algar do Escorpião, Ralo das Fontaínhas, Algar da Terra da Rolha and Buracos Mineiros) without recovering any specimens of T. bellesi. The subterranean community of Algar do Javali includes other troglobiotic species, such as the campodeid Podocampa cf. fragiloides, a species of the oniscidean genus Paraschizidium (see below), the ground beetle Trechus tatai Reboleira & Ortuño, 2010, a new pselaphid beetle, and the pseudoscorpions Chthonius cardosoi Zaragoza, 2012 and Roncocreagris occidentalis Zaragoza & Reboleira, 2013 (Reboleira et al. 2010 a, 2013 c).

Troglonethes olissipoensis Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7 E 09D1 C 5-19 F 8-44DF-A1AE-B2D741 C 411AE Figs 13 A–G, 14A–E, 15A–D Diagnosis A species of Troglonethes characterised by the antenna having five flagellar articles, the male pleopod 1 exopod triangular, as wide as long, and the male pleopod 2 endopod with the distal article bearing a basal and a distal hook-like process. Etymology The new species is named after Olissipo, the old name of Lisbon, on the peninsula of which the Gruta de Alvide is located. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL: ♂, Gruta da Alvide, Cascais, Lisbon Peninsula, 26 Dec. 2009 (MZUF). Paratypes PORTUGAL: 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 3 juvs, same data as holotype (MZUF); 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, same data as holotype (SR); 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, same data as holotype (ZMUC). Description Maximum size: ♂ 3.5 × 0.8 mm; ♀ 4.2× 1.2 mm. Body colourless and elongated (Fig. 13 A). Dorsum of cephalon and pereon granulated; each granule equipped with a triangular scale-seta (Fig. 13 B); pleon and telson smooth. Cephalon (Fig. 13 C–D) with quadrangular frontal lateral lobes slightly protruding outwards. Eyes absent. Pereonites 1–4 (Fig. 13 A) with rounded posterior corners; pereonites 5–7 (Fig. 13 A) with epimera pointing backwards. Pleon (Fig. 13 A, E) narrower than pereon; pleonites 3–5 with small epimera and very short posterior points. Telson (Fig. 13 E) about twice as wide as long, with distal part trapezoidal with concave sides. Antennula (Fig. 13 F) with three articles; third article with spine and three long aesthetascs at apex. Antenna (Fig. 13 G) with third, fourth and fifth article of peduncle with distinct tubercles bearing scale-setae; fifth article as long as flagellum; flagellum with five articles, with two long aesthetascs on second and third article. Mandibles (Fig. 14 A–B) with one penicil on the right and three on the left. Maxillula (Fig. 14 C) with inner branch bearing three penicils at apex, inner one distinctly longer than other two; outer branch with 12 teeth and thin, setose stem among outer group of teeth. Maxilla (Fig. 14D) apically bilobed and setose, with outer and inner lobes subequal; inner lobe with several long stout setae along margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 14 E) endite triangular, with stout triangular penicil at apex; palp distally rounded, with long setae, basal article with two short, compound setae. Uropod (Fig. 13 E) with exopod slightly longer than endopod and more distally inserted; exopod with several long pointed setae and endopod with a long and a short seta at apex. MALE. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 15 A) with no particular modifications. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 15 B) ischium with straight sternal margin, carpus with row of scales on distal margin, and propodus with long, thin setae on distal half of tergal margin. Genital papilla (Fig. 15 C) fusiform, with rounded apex, much longer than pleopod 1. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 15 C) exopod triangular, as wide as long, with broadly rounded apex; endopod with basal article elongated, longer than exopod, with sinuous outer margin, distal article flagelliform with setose apex. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 15D) exopod triangular, with broadly rounded apex with few short setae; endopod biarticulated, basal article about three times as long as distal one, with parallel sides, distal article with outer margin bearing hook-like process at base and one at apex. Remarks The genus Troglonethes was erected by Cruz (1989) for the new species T. aurouxi from a cave north of Valencia, Spain. Tabacaru (1993) included the genus in the tribe Speleonethini. The new species from Portugal is included in the genus since it has all the characters listed in the diagnosis. Troglonethes olissipoensis Reboleira & Taiti sp. nov. differs from T. aurouxi in having an antennal flagellum with five, instead of four, articles, the male pleopod 1 exopod shorter than the basal article of the endopod, and the male pleopod 2 endopod with a basal hook-like process on the outer margin of the distal article. Ecological notes This species was only found in Gruta de Alvide, located in an overurbanized area, with part of the cave ceiling used as the base of a residential building. The specimens were collected in the deepest parts of the cave, the so-called third level. It is the second troglobiotic species from karst caves in the Lisbon Peninsula, after the record of the bristletail Coletinia sp. in Gruta de Colaride (Reboleira et al. 2012 a). Unidentified springtails and blaniulid millipedes were also collected.