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The transition from germinating seeds to emerging seedlings is one of the most vulnerable plant life cycle stages. Heteromorphic diaspores (seed and fruit dispersal units) are an adaptive bet-hedging strategy to cope with spatiotemporally variable environments. While the roles and mechanisms of seedling traits have been studied in monomorphic species, which produce one type of diaspore, very little is known about seedlings in heteromorphic species. Using the dimorphic diaspore model Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae), we identified contrasting mechanisms in the germination responses to different temperatures of the mucilaginous seeds (M+ seed morphs), the dispersed indehiscent fruits (IND fruit morphs), and the bare non-mucilaginous M− seeds obtained from IND fruits by pericarp (fruit coat) removal. What follows the completion of germination is the pre-emergence seedling growth phase, which we investigated by comparative growth assays of early seedlings derived from the M+ seeds, bare M− seeds, and IND fruits. The dimorphic seedlings derived from M+ and M− seeds did not differ in their responses to ambient temperature and water potential. The phenotype of seedlings derived from IND fruits differed in that they had bent hypocotyls and their shoot and root growth was slower, but the biomechanical hypocotyl properties of 15-day-old seedlings did not differ between seedlings derived from germinated M+ seeds, M− seeds, or IND fruits. Comparison of the transcriptomes of the natural dimorphic diaspores, M+ seeds and IND fruits, identified 2,682 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during late germination. During the subsequent 3 days of seedling pre-emergence growth, the number of DEGs was reduced 10-fold to 277 root DEGs and 16-fold to 164 shoot DEGs. Among the DEGs in early seedlings were hormonal regulators, in particular for auxin, ethylene, and gibberellins. Furthermore, DEGs were identified for water and ion transporters, nitrate transporter and assimilation enzymes, and cell wall remodeling protein genes encoding enzymes targeting xyloglucan and pectin. We conclude that the transcriptomes of seedlings derived from the dimorphic diaspores, M+ seeds and IND fruits, undergo transcriptional resetting during the post-germination pre-emergence growth transition phase from germinated diaspores to growing seedlings.

Societal Impact Statement Cherimoya has been an important food source since Pre‐Columbian times in the Americas. Although it is currently considered an underutilized fruit crop, it is still important at the local level in several regions of Central and South America, and has a clear niche for expansion in regions with subtropical climates. However, the availability of genomic resources to facilitate breeding programs and improve the understanding of Annonaceae genetic diversity is limited. In this work, we provide an important resource to fill this knowledge gap, with the hope that it will ultimately increase this crop's resilience under different climate change scenarios, which will increase food security in regions with subtropical climates. Summary Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) is a perennial fruit tree crop native to the Neotropics valued since pre‐Columbian times by different native American civilizations. It belongs to the Annonaceae, the largest family of the Magnoliid clade, sister to the eudicot and monocot clades of angiosperms. Despite its excellent organoleptic and nutritive qualities, this crop remains underutilized, although it has a clear niche for expansion in regions with subtropical climates. To date, no previous significant genomic information is available for this species, which would be a key tool to optimize breeding programs and advance in the study and conservation of its extant genetic diversity. A combination of different sequencing technologies (Illumina, Pacific Biosciences) has been implemented in order to assemble a chromosome‐level reference genome of A. cherimola. The final reference genome resulted in an assembly of 1.13 Gb and N50 of 170.86 Mb, anchored into seven pseudomolecules and with a completeness of 95.6%. A total of 41,413 protein‐coding genes were identified, many of which were related to secondary metabolism, defense mechanisms, stress response, and development. The results of this study provide novel significant genomic resources not only for cherimoya and other species of the Annonaceae but also for understanding the evolution of the earlier divergent angiosperms.

The worldwide decline in freshwater biodiversity due to rising anthropogenic pressures is of growing concern. Much evidence reveals that biodiversity loss and taxonomic homogenization results in loss of ecosystem functions. Understanding temporal and spatial patterns of biodiversity is, a major challenge in ecological conservation. Of all groups of threatened aquatic animals, freshwater mussels are responsible for critical trophic and non-trophic functions. Based on published inventories and field surveys, here we aim to evaluate whether freshwater mussel diversity, density and biomass has changed in the last 60 years, as well as the factors driving these patterns in different areas within the Poyang Lake basin, a global biodiversity hotspot in the middle reach of the Yangtze River. Results showed that alpha diversity has declined in the current period (2016–2020) as compared to diversity in the historical (1960–2003) and intermediate periods (2003–2014). Overall species richness declined by 28 % over 60 years. Density and biomass also declined by 79 % and 42 %, respectively. Population declines led to homogenization of freshwater mussel faunas. Additionally, there was a significant association between pH and alpha and beta diversity, suggesting that acidification related to intensive agriculture development may be one major factor behind mussel declines. In summary, this study provides new insights into the patterns and drivers of freshwater mussel population dynamics in the Poyang Lake basin. The results have implications for the design of freshwater protected areas to slow, and even reverse, current declines.

Abstract Background We summarize comparative ethnoornithological data for ten Mexican Indigenous communities, an initial step towards a comprehensive archive of the avian diversity conserved within Mexico’s Indigenous territories. We do so by counting highlighted species listed for bird conservation status on widely recognized “red lists” and their cultural value to build biocultural policies in Mexico for their conservation. Methods Indigenous bird names for each study site were determined to allow calculation of the “Scientific Species Recognition Ratio” (SSRR) for high cultural value birds obtained across communities. This demonstrated patterns of cultural prominence. A matrix of 1275 bird versus seven biocultural values was analysed using a correspondence analysis (InfoStat/L-v2020) to illustrate patterns of concordance between bird conservation status and cultural values. Results This paper contributes to quantitative and qualitative data on the role of ethnoornithology and ethnobiology in biocultural conservation. The areas studied provide refugia for almost 70% of the Mexican avifauna within a fraction of 1% of the national territory, that is 769 bird species recorded for all communities. The global correspondence of regions of biological and linguistic megadiversity is well established, while linguistic diversity is widely accepted as a good proxy for general cultural diversity. Our correspondence analysis explained 81.55% of the variation, indicating a strong relation between cultural importance and bird conservation status. We propose three main categories to establish a bioculturally informed public policy in Mexico for the conservation of what we described as high, medium, and bioculturally prominent bird species all include cultural value in any material or symbolic aspect. High are those species appearing on any threatened list, but also considered in any endemic status, while medium include threatened listed species. The last category included species not necessarily listed on any threat list, but with a wide range of social and cultural uses. We suggest that the concept might be extended to other species of biocultural importance. Conclusions We argue that bird conservation policies should be biocultural, that is they should recognize birds of cultural value on a par with bird species “of special interest” because they are most critical for biodiversity conservation. The desire of local people to protect their traditional community lands and livelihoods can be an effective biodiversity conservation strategy, which should be recognized in national biocultural policies.

Abstract Background Fruits are the seed-bearing structures of flowering plants and are highly diverse in terms of morphology, texture and maturation. Dehiscent fruits split open upon maturation to discharge their seeds while indehiscent fruits are dispersed as a whole. Indehiscent fruits evolved from dehiscent fruits several times independently in the crucifer family (Brassicaceae). The fruits of Lepidium appelianum, for example, are indehiscent while the fruits of the closely related L. campestre are dehiscent. Here, we investigate the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the evolutionary transition from dehiscent to indehiscent fruits using these two Lepidium species as model system. Results We have sequenced the transcriptomes and small RNAs of floral buds, flowers and fruits of L. appelianum and L. campestre and analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differently differentially expressed genes (DDEGs). DEGs are genes that show significantly different transcript levels in the same structures (buds, flowers and fruits) in different species, or in different structures in the same species. DDEGs are genes for which the change in expression level between two structures is significantly different in one species than in the other. Comparing the two species, the highest number of DEGs was found in flowers, followed by fruits and floral buds while the highest number of DDEGs was found in fruits versus flowers followed by flowers versus floral buds. Several gene ontology terms related to cell wall synthesis and degradation were overrepresented in different sets of DEGs highlighting the importance of these processes for fruit opening. Furthermore, the fruit valve identity genes FRUITFULL and YABBY3 were among the DEGs identified. Finally, the microRNA miR166 as well as the TCP transcription factors BRANCHED1 (BRC1) and TCP FAMILY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4 (TCP4) were found to be DDEGs. Conclusions Our study reveals differences in gene expression between dehiscent and indehiscent fruits and uncovers miR166, BRC1 and TCP4 as candidate genes for the evolutionary transition from dehiscent to indehiscent fruits in Lepidium.

The emerging whitefly-transmitted crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) causes substantial economic losses by inducing yellow leaf disorder in tomato crops. This study explores potential resistance mechanisms by examining early-stage molecular responses to ToCV. A time-course transcriptome analysis compared naïve, mock, and ToCV-infected plants at 2, 7, and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Gene expression changes were most notable at 2 and 14 dpi, likely corresponding to whitefly feeding and viral infection. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed key genes and pathways associated with ToCV infection, including those related to plant immunity, flavonoid and steroid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. Additionally, virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsRNAs) originating from ToCV predominantly came from RNA2 and were 22 nucleotides in length. Furthermore, two genes involved in plant immunity, Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) and its co-chaperone Sgt1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of Skp1) were targeted through viral-induced gene silencing (VIGS), showing a potential contribution to basal resistance against viral infections since their reduction correlated with increased ToCV accumulation. This study provides insights into tomato plant responses to ToCV, with potential implications for developing effective disease control strategies.

The pollen tube is a key innovation of land plants that is essential for successful fertilisation. Its development and growth have been profusely studied in model organisms, but in spite of the economic impact of olive trees, little is known regarding the genome-wide events underlying pollen hydration and growth in this species. To fill this gap, triplicate mRNA samples at 0, 1, 3, and 6 h of in vitro germination of olive cultivar Picual pollen were analysed by RNA-seq. A bioinformatics R workflow called RSeqFlow was developed contemplating the best practices described in the literature, covering from expression data filtering to differential expression and clustering, to finally propose hub genes. The resulting olive pollen transcriptome consisted of 22,418 reliable transcripts, where 5364 were differentially expressed, out of which 173 have no orthologue in plants and up to 3 of them might be pollen-specific transcription factors. Functional enrichment revealed a deep transcriptional reprogramming in mature olive pollen that is also dependent on protein stability and turnover to allow pollen tube emergence, with many hub genes related to heat shock proteins and F-box-containing proteins. Reprogramming extends to the first 3 h of growth, including processes consistent with studies performed in other plant species, such as global down-regulation of biosynthetic processes, vesicle/organelle trafficking and cytoskeleton remodelling. In the last stages, growth should be maintained from persistent transcripts. Mature pollen is equipped with transcripts to successfully cope with adverse environments, even though the in vitro growth seems to induce several stress responses. Finally, pollen-specific transcription factors were proposed as probable drivers of pollen germination in olive trees, which also shows an overall increased number of pollen-specific gene isoforms relative to other plants.

The olive (Olea europaea L.) is an ancient crop of great importance in the Mediterranean basin due to the production of olive oil and table olives, which are important sources of fat and have benefits for human health. This crop is expanding and increasing its production worldwide and five olive genomes have recently been sequenced, representing a wild olive and important cultivars in terms of olive oil production, intensive agriculture, and adaptation to the East Asian climate. However, few bioinformatic and genomic resources are available to assist olive research and breeding, and there are no platforms to query olive gene expression data. Here, we present OliveAtlas, an interactive gene expression atlas for olive with multiple bioinformatics tools and visualization methods, enabling multiple gene comparison, replicate inspection, gene set enrichment, and data downloading. It contains 70 RNA-seq experiments, organized in 10 data sets representing the main olive plant organs, the pollen germination and pollen tube elongation process, and the response to a collection of biotic and abiotic stresses, among other experimental conditions. OliveAtlas is a web tool based on easyGDB with expression data based on the ‘Picual’ genome reference and gene annotation.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) (2n = 40) is a member of the Anacardiaceae family, which was domesticated at least 4000 years ago in Asia. Mangoes are delicious fruits with great nutritional value. They are one of the major fruit crops worldwide, cultivated in more than 100 countries, with a production of more than 40 million tons. Recently the genome sequences of several mango varieties have been released, but there are no bioinformatics platforms dedicated to mango genomics and breeding to host mango omics data. Here, we present MangoBase, a web portal dedicated to mango genomics, which provides multiple interactive bioinformatics tools, sequences, and annotations to analyze, visualize, and download omics data related to mango. Additionally, MangoBase includes a gene expression atlas with 12 datasets and 80 experiments representing some of the most significant mango RNA-seq experiments published to this date. These experiments study mango fruit ripening in several cultivars with different pulp firmness and sweetness or peel coloration, and other experiments also study hot water postharvest treatment, infection with C. gloeosporioides, and the main mango tree organ tissues.

PURPOSEThe LUME-Lung 1 study has brought consistent evidence of the effective use of nintedanib in lung adenocarcinoma as a second line of treatment; however, differences among ethnicities have been found in some studies.METHODSThis was a retrospective review among 21 medical centers of 150 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma, included in a compassionate use program of nintedanib from March 2014 to September 2015. The current study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of nintedanib in combination with docetaxel in the Mexican population, using progression-free survival rate and the best objective response to treatment by RECIST 1.1 as a surrogate of effectiveness. In addition, we examined the toxicity profile of our study population as a secondary end point.RESULTSAfter exclusion criteria, only 99 patients met the criteria for enrollment in the current study. From the total study population, 53 patients (53.5%) were male and 46 (46.5%) were female, with an average age of 60 years and stage IV as the most prevalent clinical stage at the beginning of the compassionate use program. A total of 48 patients (48.5%) had partial response; 26 (26.3%), stable disease; 4 (4%), complete response; and 16 (16.2%), progression; and 5 (5%) were nonevaluable. We found a median progression-free survival of 5 months (95% CI, 4.3 to 5.7 months). The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions were fatigue (14%) and diarrhea (13%).CONCLUSIONNintedanib, as part of a chemotherapy regimen, is an effective option with an acceptable toxicity profile for advanced lung adenocarcinoma after first-line treatment progression.

Vadym Gnatkovsky,1 Alessandro Cattalini,1 Alessandro Antonini,2 Laura Spreafico,2 Matteo Saini,2 Francesco Noè,1 Camilla Alessi,1 Laura Librizzi,1 Laura Uva,1 Carlo Efisio Marras,3 Marco de Curtis,1 Sandro Ferrari2 1Unit of Epileptology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy; 2WISE Srl, Cologno Monzese, Milano, Italy; 3Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Roma, ItalyCorrespondence: Vadym GnatkovskyUnit of Epileptology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo, 42, Milano 20133, ItalyTel +39 0223944518Email Vadym.Gnatkovsky@istituto-besta.itBackground: Multielectrodes are implanted in central and peripheral nervous systems for rehabilitation and diagnostic purposes. The physical resistance of intracranial devices to mechanical stress is critical and fractures or electrode displacement may occur. We describe here a new recording device with stretchable properties based on Supersonic Cluster Beam Implantation (SCBI) technology with high mechanical adaptability to displacement and movement.Results: The capability of SCBI-based multichannel electrodes to record brain electrical activity was compared to glass/silicon microelectrodes in acute in vitro experiments on the isolated guinea pig brain preparation. Field potentials and power frequency analysis demonstrated equal recording features for SCBI and standard electrodes. Chronic in vivo epidural implantation of the SCBI electrodes confirmed excellent long-term recording properties in comparison to standard EEG metal electrodes. Tissue biocompatibility was demonstrated by neuropathological evaluation of the brain tissue 2 months after the implantation of the devices in the subarachnoid space.Conclusion: We confirm the biocompatibility of novel SCBI-based stretchable electrode devices and demonstrate their suitability for recording electrical brain activity in pre-clinical settings.Keywords: brain, field potentials, recording electrodes, supersonic cluster beam implantation

Abstract Background RNA-sequencing analysis is increasingly utilized to study gene expression in non-model organisms without sequenced genomes. Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae) exhibits seed dimorphism as a bet-hedging strategy – producing both a less dormant mucilaginous (M+) seed morph and a more dormant non-mucilaginous (NM) seed morph. Here, we compared de novo and reference-genome based transcriptome assemblies to investigate Ae. arabicum seed dimorphism and to evaluate the reference-free versus -dependent approach for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Results A de novo transcriptome assembly was generated using sequences from M+ and NM Ae. arabicum dry seed morphs. The transcripts of the de novo assembly contained 63.1% complete Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) compared to 90.9% for the transcripts of the reference genome. DEG detection used the strict consensus of three methods (DESeq2, edgeR and NOISeq). Only 37% of 1533 differentially expressed de novo assembled transcripts paired with 1876 genome-derived DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) terms distinguished the seed morphs: the terms translation and nucleosome assembly were overrepresented in DEGs higher in abundance in M+ dry seeds, whereas terms related to mRNA processing and transcription were overrepresented in DEGs higher in abundance in NM dry seeds. DEGs amongst these GO terms included ribosomal proteins and histones (higher in M+), RNA polymerase II subunits and related transcription and elongation factors (higher in NM). Expression of the inferred DEGs and other genes associated with seed maturation (e.g. those encoding late embryogenesis abundant proteins and transcription factors regulating seed development and maturation such as ABI3, FUS3, LEC1 and WRI1 homologs) were put in context with Arabidopsis thaliana seed maturation and indicated that M+ seeds may desiccate and mature faster than NM. The 1901 transcriptomic DEG set GO-terms had almost 90% overlap with the 2191 genome-derived DEG GO-terms. Conclusions Whilst there was only modest overlap of DEGs identified in reference-free versus -dependent approaches, the resulting GO analysis was concordant in both approaches. The identified differences in dry seed transcriptomes suggest mechanisms underpinning previously identified contrasts between morphology and germination behaviour of M+ and NM seeds.

'Mexical' scrubland is a sclerophyllous evergreen Mediterranean-like vegetation occurring in the leeward slopes of the main Mexican mountain ranges, under tropical climate. This biome occupies an elevational range approximately from 1900 to 2600 meters above sea level, which frequently is the upper-most part of the mountains range. This puts it at risk of extinction in a scenario of global warming in which an upward retraction of this type of vegetation is expected. The Mexical remains one of the least studied ecosystems in Mexico. For instance, nothing is known about pollinator fauna of this vegetation. Our main objective is to make a first insight into the taxonomic identity of the bee fauna that inhabits this biome, and to study how it is distributed along the elevational gradient that it occupies. Our results highlight that elevation gradient negatively affects bee species richness and that this relationship is strongly mediated by temperature. Bee abundance had no significant pattern along elevational gradient, but shows a significant relationship with flower density. Interestingly, and contrary to previous works, we obtained a different pattern for bee richness and bee abundance. Bee community composition changed strongly along elevation gradient, mainly in relation to temperature and flower density. In a global warming scenario, as temperatures increases, species with cold preferences, occupying the highest part of the elevation gradient, are likely to suffer negative consequences (even extinction risk), if they are not flexible enough to adjust their physiology and/or some life-story traits to warmer conditions. Species occupying mid and lower elevations are likely to extend their range of elevational distribution towards higher ranges. This will foreseeably cause a new composition of species and a new scenario of interactions, the adjustment of which still leaves many unknowns to solve.

The freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea s.l. is an edible freshwater bivalve of economic value in Asia. The species has been particularly well studied in the invaded range. However, there is a lack of knowledge in its native range where it supports an increasing commercial harvest pressure. Among Asiatic countries, China accounts for 70% of known commercial harvest and aquaculture production. We aim to characterize here wild C. fluminea s.l populations exposed to commercial harvest pressure in Poyang Lake Basin. We found higher biomass, density and genetic diversity in lake populations compared to peripheral populations (i.e., lake tributaries). Given that lake habitats support more intense harvest pressure than peripheral habitats, we suggest that demographic and genetic differentiation among subpopulations may be influenced in some degree by different harvest pressure. In this regard, additional demographic and/or genetic changes related to increasing harvest pressure may place population at a higher risk of extirpation. Altogether, these results are especially relevant for maintaining populations at or above viable levels and must be considered in order to ensure the sustainability of the resource.

Introduction:Physcomitrium patens (Hedw.) Mitten (previously known as Physcomitrella patens) was collected by H.L.K. Whitehouse in Gransden Wood (Huntingdonshire, United Kingdom) in 1962 and distributed across the globe starting in 1974. Hence, the Gransden accession has been cultured in vitro in laboratories for half a century. Today, there are more than 13 different pedigrees derived from the original accession. Additionally, accessions from other sites worldwide were collected during the last decades.Methods and Results: In this study, 250 high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) samples and 25 gDNA samples were used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Analyses were performed using five different P. patens accessions and 13 different Gransden pedigrees. SNPs were overlaid with metadata and known phenotypic variations. Unique SNPs defining Gransden pedigrees and accessions were identified and experimentally confirmed. They can be successfully employed for PCR-based identification.Conclusion: We show independent mutations in different Gransden laboratory pedigrees, demonstrating that somatic mutations occur and accumulate during in vitro culture. The frequency of such mutations is similar to those observed in naturally occurring populations. We present evidence that vegetative propagation leads to accumulation of deleterious mutations, and that sexual reproduction purges those. Unique SNP sets for five different P. patens accessions were isolated and can be used to determine individual accessions as well as Gransden pedigrees. Based on that, laboratory methods to easily determine P. patens accessions and Gransden pedigrees are presented.

Cell-type transcriptome profiling greatly elucidate organismal development. Here, the authors report a spatiotemporally resolved comprehensive transcriptome analysis of tomato fruit ontogeny and suggest a new model of fruit maturation which initiates in internal tissues then radiates outwards.

Context: Sport training enhances the ability to use somatosensory and otolithic information, which improves postural capabilities. Postural changes are different according to the sport practiced, but few authors have analyzed subjects' postural performances to discriminate the expertise level among highly skilled athletes within a specific discipline.Objective: To compare the postural performance and the postural strategy between soccer players at different levels of competition (national and regional).Design: Repeated measures with 1 between-groups factor (level of competition: national or regional) and 1 within-groups factor (vision: eyes open or eyes closed). Dependent variables were center-of-pressure surface area and velocity; total spectral energy; and percentage of low-, medium-, and high-frequency band. Setting: Sports performance laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen national male soccer players (age = 24 +/- 3 years, height = 179 +/- 5 cm, mass = 72 +/- 3 kg) and 15 regional male soccer players (age = 23 +/- 3 years, height = 174!- 4 cm, mass = 68 +/- 5 kg) participated in the study.Intervention(s): The subjects performed posturographic tests with eyes open and closed.Main Outcome Measure(s): While subjects performed static and dynamic posturographic tests, we measured the center of foot pressure on a force platform. Spatiotemporal center-ofpressure measurements were used to evaluate the postural performance, and a frequency analysis of the center-of-pressure excursions (fast Fourier transform) was conducted to estimate the postural strategy.Results: Within a laboratory task, national soccer players produced better postural performances than regional players and had a different postural strategy. The national players were more stable than the regional players and used proprioception and vision information differently.Conclusions: In the test conditions specific to playing soccer, level of playing experience influenced postural control performance measures and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pti1 kinase was identified from a reverse genetic screen as contributing to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). The tomato genome has two Pti1 genes, referred to as Pti1a and Pti1b. A hairpin-Pti1 (hpPti1) construct was developed and was used to generate two independent stable transgenic tomato lines that had reduced transcript abundance of both genes. In response to P. syringae pv. tomato inoculation, these hpPti1 plants developed more severe disease symptoms, supported higher bacterial populations, and had reduced transcript accumulation of PTI-associated genes, as compared with wild-type plants. In response to two flagellin-derived peptides, the hpPti1 plants produced lesser amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but showed no difference in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Synthetic Pti1a and Pti1b genes designed to avoid silencing were transiently expressed in the hpPti1 plants and restored the ability of the plants to produce wild-type levels of ROS. Our results identify a new component of PTI in tomato that, because it affects ROS production but not MAPK signaling, appears to act early in the immune response.

Inúmeras aplicações na ciência e na tecnologia têm mostrado a utilidade da transformada de Laplace como ferramenta que auxilia na resolução dos modelos matemáticos correspondentes. Contudo, em diversas situações práticas, surge a necessidade de abordagens numéricas na inversão desta transformada por causa da dificuldade em se calcular analiticamente a integral de Bromwich que a define. No entanto, não existe nenhum método universal para a inversão numérica que funcione satisfatoriamente em todas as situações. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um estudo comparativo do desempenho de três algoritmos de inversão numérica da transformada de Laplace, a saber, o algoritmo Talbot Fixo de Abate e Valkó, o de Stehfest, e o de Zakian.

Los Bosques Mesófilos de Montaña (BMM) son parte de la gran diversidad de comunidades vegetales que se desarrollan en México, albergan cerca de 10 % de la diversidad existente en el país, en 5 % del territorio nacional. Dentro de los BMM, Quercus es uno de los géneros arbóreos más representativos, abundantes e importantes por los servicios ecosistémicos que proporciona. A pesar de su importancia, se han realizado pocos estudios enfocados en conocer su estado fitosanitario en BMM. En el 2017, se realizó un muestreo por cuotas, en las temporadas seca y de lluvias, en tres sitios con dicho tipo de vegetación y diferente grado de conservación: perturbado, intermedio y conservado. Se midió la altura del árbol, el diámetro a la altura del pecho y se recolectaron tres ramas por individuo para analizar los organismos existentes en las hojas, las cuales se contaron y clasificaron con una escala de daño. El análisis de correspondencia mostró que las variables bosque y grados de infección están significativamente asociadas (x2 p

Bisulfite sequencing is a widely used technique for determining DNA methylation and its relationship with epigenetics, genetics, and environmental parameters. Various techniques were implemented for epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) to reveal meaningful associations; however, there are only very few plant studies available to date. Here, we developed the EpiDiverse EWAS pipeline and tested it using two plant datasets, from P. abies (Norway spruce) and Q. lobata (valley oak). Hence, we present an EWAS implementation tested for non-model plant species and describe its use.

La competitividad empresarial ha sido objeto de estudio y debate dentro de la literatura económica, estableciendo diferentes factores determinantes para el desarrollo empresarial. En este trabajo, desde el enfoque de la Economía Industrial, la Nueva Economía Industrial y la Teoría de Recursos y Capacidades, se elabora un modelo econométrico de panel con 2 671 microempresas mexicanas a lo largo de cuatro periodos, que detalla la relación de ventajas competitivas de la microempresa con factores externos e internos como la estructura sectorial y los activos tangibles e intangibles de la unidad económica. Los principales resultados encontrados sugieren que la generación de las sinergias adecuadas para el desenvolvimiento del sector productivo de pequeña escala se logra principalmente a partir de las capacidades intangibles.

Este texto tem por objetivo analisar os debates acerca da anistia e os usos do passado na Assembleia Constituinte de 1987/88. A partir de tais debates podemos perceber como o passado foi posto em negociação, reinterpretado e difundido em meio a um processo de transição política que visava à passagem de um regime discricionário para a consolidação de um regime democrático. Por meio das negociações em torno da anistia o jogo entre a lembrança e o esquecimento aparece como estratégia política para aqueles homens envolvidos na construção de um novo regime político no país. Dessa forma, o passado ditatorial foi negociado a partir dos embates políticos e embates de memória que foram travados no contexto da transição e culminaram no plenário da Constituinte. Dentro desse quadro, a partir dos diários e anais das Assembleia Constituinte, bem como de periódicos e obras memorialísticas, pretende-se avaliar, por intermédio dos debates acerca da anistia, as estratégias e negociações em torno do passado, e de sua interpretação, no período. Assim, analisamos os usos do passado: os embates políticos, os silêncios e ruídos que deixaram marcas, cicatrizes e questões que ainda hoje aguardam respostas. Interlocução complexa que se situa entre o terreno da memória e da história.

O artigo tem por objetivo analisar as negociações em torno da anistia no ocaso do Estado Novo (1937-1945). Acreditamos que a anistia de 1945 representou um instrumento central nas negociações acerca do passado ditatorial. Assim, a análise de tais negociações pode nos dar pistas para a compreensão do processo de gestão da memória do Estado Novo.

Protein kinase–driven phosphorylation constitutes the core of cellular signaling. Kinase components of signal transduction pathways are often targeted for inactivation by pathogens. The study of kinases and immune signal transduction in the model crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) would benefit from the availability of community-wide resources for large scale and systems-level experimentation. Here, we defined the tomato kinome and performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of the tomato kinome and 15 other plant species. We constructed a tomato kinase library (TOKN 1.0) of over 300 full-length open reading frames (ORF) cloned into a recombination-based vector. We developed a high-throughput pipeline to isolate and transform tomato protoplasts. A subset of the TOKN 1.0 library kinases were expressed in planta, were purified, and were used to generate a functional tomato protein microarray. All resources created were utilized to test known and novel associations between tomato kinases and Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 effectors in a large-scale format. Bsk7 was identified as a component of the plant immune response and a candidate effector target. These resources will enable comprehensive investigations of signaling pathways and host-pathogen interactions in tomato and other Solanaceae spp.

Este artigo propõe identificar um modelo explicativo para a escrita da história de Goiás no século XIX. Este modelo implicava numa relação ambîgua em relação ao passado, revelando uma consciência histórica marcada pelo reforço do vínculo com a nação, pela negativação do período colonial e pela adoção de um critério moral para julgar o passado. Ao dialogar intensamente com a memória regional quase ao ponto de fundir-se com ela, a escrita da história de Goiás conclamava o Estado a participar da construção, não da Nação, já esboçada nos escritos do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB), mas da região, na esperança de reconstruir os seus vínculos identitários.

El objetivo del estudio es estimar la matriz de insumo-producto para el sector vitivinícola (MIPVino) del estado de Baja California, México. Además, analizar el impacto que tiene en el empleo, un aumento de un millón de pesos en la producción del sector. Los resultados encontrados muestran que en el sector vitivinícola el multiplicador del empleo para la actividad vitícola (sector primario) es dos veces superior al de la actividad vinícola (sector industrial) debido a que genera empleo “nuevo”.

In spite of the biological and economic importance of plants, relatively few plant species have been sequenced. Only the genome sequence of plants with relatively small genomes, most of them angiosperms, in particular eudicots, has been determined. The arrival of next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed the rapid and efficient development of new genomic resources for non-model or orphan plant species. But the sequencing pace of plants is far from that of animals and microorganisms. This review focuses on the typical challenges of plant genomes that can explain why plant genomics is less developed than animal genomics. Explanations about the impact of some confounding factors emerging from the nature of plant genomes are given. As a result of these challenges and confounding factors, the correct assembly and annotation of plant genomes is hindered, genome drafts are produced, and advances in plant genomics are delayed.

Introduction Trypanosoma evansi was first identified in the Canary Islands in 1997, and is still present in a small area of the Archipelago. To date, the disease has exclusively affected camel herds, and has not been detected in any other animal hosts. However potential vectors of Trypanosoma evansi must be identified. Methods One Nzi trap was placed on a camel farm located in the infected area for a period of one year. Results Two thousand five hundred and five insects were trapped, of which Stomoxys calcitrans was the sole hematophagous vector captured. Conclusions Stomoxys calcitrans could be exclusively responsible for the transmission of Trypanosoma evansi among camels in the surveyed area, as other species do not seem to be infected by S. calcitrans in the presence of camels.

Costa Rego foi um dos mais respeitados jornalistas do seu tempo, atuando no principal jornal do país, o Correio da Manhã. Neste artigo acompanho detidamente a análise do jornalista sobre a atuação da Constituinte de 1934 e seus desdobramentos. O jornalista contestou, com obstinação, a anulação de sua própria experiência como homem público, ao defender o projeto liberal como opção política para o Brasil, após a revolução de 1930.Costa Rego was one of the most respected journalists of his time. He wrote for the main newspaper of the country, the Correio da Manhã. In this article I carefully observe Rego's analysis of the actuation of the '1934 Constituent' and its implications. The richness of his point of view comes out of the accurate look he provides of that revolutionary moment. This journalist contested, with obstinacy, the destruction of his own experience as a public personality, defending the liberal project as a political option for Brazil, after the Revolution of 1930.