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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health concern with increasing prevalence and associated complications. Obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders have been linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD), although the evidence is still inconsistent. To investigate the relationship between different obesity phenotypes and the risk of CKD, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis., Method: We conducted a comprehensive search of databases for all relevant studies up to February 2024, without imposing a specific start date, for observational studies assessing the relationship between obesity phenotypes and incident kidney dysfunction. We used fixed and random effects models for the meta-analysis, subgroup analyses were carried out to explore heterogeneity, and Egger's and Begg's tests were used to assess publication bias., Result: This meta-analysis included 13 eligible observational studies with 492,829 participants. Pooling the studies regardless of the effect measure showed that individuals with metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) (ES = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.43-1.76), metabolically healthy obese (MHO) (ES = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.06-1.34), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) (ES = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.63-2.20) phenotypes had a significantly increased risk for kidney dysfunction (KD) events. On the other hand, MUOW individuals did not significantly correlate with risk of CKD (ES = 1.63, 95% CI = 0.97-2.23) compared to the MHNW phenotype., Conclusion: Healthy overweight and obese individuals had higher risk for the incident KD events; refuting the notion that metabolically healthy overweight and obese phenotypes are benign conditions., Level of Evidence: III Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or cross-sectional studies., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Childhood and adolescent obesity pose significant challenges to global health, with escalating prevalence and associated short- and long-term health consequences. This longitudinal study leveraged data from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) to investigate the trends of obesity among Tehranian children and adolescents over a 21-year period., Methods: Utilizing data from TLGS phases I to VII (1999-2021), we included 3845 participants aged 3-18 years at the beginning of phase I. Anthropometric measures, including height and weight, were collected, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Childhood obesity (2-19 years) was defined as BMI-for-age > 2SD based on World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and adult obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30. Descriptive statistics, trend analysis, prevalence calculations, odds ratios, and interaction analyses were employed for data interpretation., Results: The mean BMI increased from 18.46 ± 4.37 kg/m² at Phase I to 26.36 ± 5.03 kg/m² at Phase VII. Boys exhibited a greater increase in BMI than girls, and age at study entry influenced BMI trajectories. The prevalence of obesity rose from 6.4% at Phase I to 21.5% at Phase VII, with a more pronounced increase in boys. Odds ratios for obesity steadily increased across phases, indicating a growing risk. Interaction analyses revealed age-specific dynamics, with older participants demonstrating lower odds ratios initially but higher odds ratios in later phases., Conclusion: Our study shows a worrisome increase in childhood obesity among Tehranian children and adolescents over 21 years. Sex- and age-specific trends emphasize the necessity for targeted interventions, informing policymakers, healthcare practitioners, and educators regarding public health strategies and interventions against the obesity epidemic., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: The global population is undergoing rapid aging, and the consequential decline in skeletal muscle mass with age presents substantial health risks, underscoring the importance of precise identification and gender-specific measurements. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of low muscle mass among individuals aged > 60 years and identifying potential risk factors., Methods: This study, conducted within the framework of Phase VII of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), included 860 participants selected through meticulous inclusion and exclusion criteria, focusing on good health. Various demographic, anthropometric, and metabolic measurements were collected, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was employed for skeletal muscle mass assessment. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate associations between low muscle mass and various factors., Results: The prevalence of low skeletal muscle mass was 16.4% (CI: 14.06-19.03), with gender-based variations (20.24% (CI: 16.66-24.36) in males vs. 12.73% (CI: 9.92-16.19) in females). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed associations between low muscle mass and increasing age, male gender, smoking, low physical activity, and higher HDL levels ( P  < 0.05). Protective effects were observed with higher BMI, weight, height, waist and hip circumference, and serum triglyceride levels ( P  < 0.05)., Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and related factors of low skeletal muscle mass among older adults. Addressing modifiable risk factors and promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors are crucial steps in preventing and managing sarcopenia. Further longitudinal research is recommended to explore causal pathways and inform targeted interventions for optimizing muscle health across the lifespan., Competing Interests: Competing interestsNone., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Background and Aims: Fragmented QRS (fQRS), which is associated with rhythm disturbances, can predispose the heart to fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Recently, accumulating studies indicates that fQRS is associated with poor prognosis in various types of cardiomyopathies. Therefore, we assessed the association between fQRS with all-cause mortality and major arrhythmic events (MAEs) in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, in this systematic review and meta-analysis study., Methods: We performed a comprehensive search in databases of PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science from the beginning to December 31, 2022. Published observational studies (cohorts, case-control, or analytical cross-sectional studies) were included that report the prognostic value of fQRS in patients with different types of nonischemic cardiomyopathies for MAEs (sudden cardiac death, sudden cardiac arrest, sustained ventricular tachycardia [VT], ventricular fibrillation [VF], and appropriate shock) and all-cause mortality. We pooled risk ratios (RRs) through raw data and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) using "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis" software, Version 2.0., Results: Nineteen cohort and three analytical cross-sectional studies were included in this meta-analysis involving a total of 4318 subjects with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (1279 with fQRS and 3039 without fQRS). FQRS was significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (pooled RR: 1.920; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.388-2.656, p  < 0.0001/pooled HR: 1.729; 95% CI: 1.327-2.251, p  < 0.0001). Also, the risk of developing MAEs in the presence of fQRS was significantly increased (pooled RR: 2.041; 95% CI: 1.644-2.533, p  < 0.0001/pooled HR: 3.626; 95% CI: 2.119-6.204, p  < 0.0001). In the subgroup analysis, the strongest association between fQRS presence and increased MAEs was observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (pooled RR: 3.44; 95% CI: 2.07-5.71, p  < 0.0001/pooled HR: 3.21; 95% CI: 2.04-5.06, p  < 0.0001)., Conclusion: Fragmented QRS could be a prognostic marker for all-cause mortality and MAEs in patients with various types of nonischemic cardiomyopathies, particularly HCM., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: It has not been established whether vitamin D deficiency is associated with anthropometric state; therefore, this systematic review examined the relationship between serum vitamin D levels with anthropometrics and adiposity across different ages., Methods: Studies that examined vitamin D deficiency with adiposity measures in different age groups were searched in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases until November 2023. Two investigators independently reviewed titles and abstracts, examined full-text articles, extracted data, and rated the quality in accordance with the Newcastle-Ottawa criteria., Results: Seventy-two studies, with a total of 59,430 subjects, were included. Of these studies, 27 cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study (with 25,615 participants) evaluated the possible link between 25(OH)D serum concentrations and anthropometric/adiposity indices in the pediatric population. Forty-two cross-sectional studies and two cohort investigations (with 33,815 participants) investigated the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and adiposity measures in adults and/or the elderly population. There is evidence supporting links between vitamin D deficiency and obesity, and revealed an inverse association between vitamin D and adiposity indicators, specifically in female subjects. However, the effects of several confounding factors should also be considered., Conclusion: Most published studies, most of which were cross-sectional, reported a negative association between vitamin D and female adiposity indicators. Therefore, serum vitamin D levels should be monitored in overweight/obese individuals.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health concern with increasing prevalence and associated complications. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been linked to CKD, but the evidence remains inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between MetS and kidney dysfunction., Method: We conducted a comprehensive search of databases until December 2022 for cohort studies assessing the association between MetS and incident kidney dysfunction. Meta-analysis was performed using fixed and random effects models. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's and Begg's tests., Result: A total of 24 eligible studies, involving 6,573,911 participants, were included in this meta-analysis. MetS was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing CKD (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28, 1.57), albuminuria or proteinuria (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.10, 1.86), and rapid decline in kidney function (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.07, 1.47). Subgroup analyses showed a stronger association as the number of MetS components increased. However, gender-specific subgroups demonstrated varying associations., Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is a significant risk factor for kidney dysfunction, requiring close renal monitoring. Lifestyle changes and targeted interventions may help reduce CKD burden. Further research is needed to understand the connection fully and assess intervention efficacy., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01348-5., Competing Interests: Competing interestsNone., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)