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The most important task for the sustainable development of modern agriculture is to increase the biological diversity of cultivated crops. In recent years, due to global climate change, the possibilities of using more thermophilic crops in new agro-ecological zones have expanded. The problem of increasing the biological diversity of vegetable products largely depends on the introduction of non-traditional plant species, with a simultaneous assessment of the initial material for its use in economically useful purposes and the creation of varieties and hybrids adapted to local conditions. In this regard, Nigella L. is of great interest among rare plant species. It is one of the most famous spicy-aromatic crops in the Mediterranean and Central Asia, possessing a wide range of biologically active compounds and unique medicinal properties. The review article provides information on the origin, biological characteristics and breeding of the culture. A brief review of food, medicinal and other economically useful properties is given, as well as the main elements of the technology for growing nigella are considered. It is shown that the cultivation of this culture will provide an opportunity to expand the range of non-traditional plants and be a promising renewable source of valuable plant raw materials, which will find application in various fields: in agriculture, in the food, pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industries, as well as in ornamental gardening.

Experimental studies demonstrated a positive effect of administration of Nigella sativa L. (Back cumin) and its active chemical components on cancer and tumor through the antioxidant and anti-cancer activity. This study aimed to determine the beneficial effect of the use of black cumin in patients with cancer and tumor. This systematic review includes 4 randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of the administration of black cumin in human cancer. Articles were searched in PubMed, Cochrane library, Semantic scholar and directory of open access journal (DOAJ), open grey and grey literature report databases for studies from 1983 to 2020 before May using the following keywords, Nigella sativa , black cumin, cancer, tumor, etc. The results examined that N. sativa is much effective in treating breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, brain tumor, and acute myeloid leukemia. According to the limited evidence from the study, black cumin may have favorable effects on cancer and tumor. However, more research is needed on different types of cancer to confirm and establish the above findings.

This article presents results of the chemical composition study of the seeds oils lipid complex of Nigella Sativa L. grown under various geographic conditions. The task of the comprehensive study of the chemical composition of the plant and its individual parts remains relevant due to the wide spectrum of its pharmacological activity.The aim of this work is a comparative study of the fatty acid composition, a non-saponifiable fraction and the composition of essential oils of Nigella Sativa L. seeds grown in different regions of the world.Materials and methods. The combination of chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR spectroscopy methods made it possible to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of Nigella Sativa L. lipid complex seeds. All the experiments were carried out in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia, 14th Ed, given in the corresponding general pharmacopeial monographs.Results. Profiles have been established and the content of fatty acids, sterines, triterpene alcohols, essential oils and thymoquinone found out in the lipid complex, has been estimated. The saponifiable portion of the complex is represented by triglycerides (81.7–95.3%), di(3.9–15.2%) and monoglycerides (0.7–4.1%). They mainly contain linoleic (55.8–60.6%), oleic (21.8–24.6%), palmitic (10.0–12.8%), stearic (2.4–3.2 %) and cis-11.14-eicosadiene (2.3–2.6%) acids. In the lipid complex, the contents of sterines and triterpene alcohols were 0.4–0.7%; up to 70% of the fraction was represented by β-sitosterol (22.5–29.2%), cycloartenol (20.1–36.6%) and 24 methylenecycloartanol (9.5–19.9%). In the trace amounts (up to 1.0%), cholesterol has been detected in all the samples. In the lipid complexes, the content of thymoquinone ranged from 0.7 to 2.6%.Conclusion. A comparative study of the seeds lipid complex of Nigella Sativa L. grown under various geographic conditions, has been carried out. The marker compounds as well as their content standards for determining the authenticity of raw materials (thymoquinone, para-cimen, cis-11.14-eicosadienic acid), have been identified.

N. sativa is an interesting source of bioactive compounds commonly used for various therapeutic purposes. Associate its seeds extracts with biomaterials to improve their antimicrobial properties are highly demanded. This study aims to investigate the encapsulation of NS extracts in hydroxyapatite nanoparticle sodium silicate glass (nHap/SSG) scaffold. NS essential oil (HS) was extracted by hydrodistillation, while hexane (FH) and acetone extracts (FA) were obtained using Soxhlet extraction. (FH) was the most abundant (34%) followed by (FA) (2.02%) and (HS) (1.2%). GC-MS chromatography showed that the (HS) contained beta cymene, alpha thujene, β-pinene and thymoquinone, while (FH) had mostly fatty acids and (FA) decane, 2.9-dimethyl, benzene 1,3,3-trimethylnonyl and beta cymene. Loaded nHap/SGG scaffolds with various amount of (FH), (HS) and (FA) at 1.5, 3, and 6 wt%; were elaborated then characterized by ATR-FTIR, X-ray and SEM techniques and their antimicrobial activity was studied. Samples loaded with 1.5 wt% HE was highly active against C. albicans (19 mm), and at 3 wt% on M. luteus (20 mm) and S. aureus (20 mm). Additionally, loaded scaffolds with 1.5 wt% AE had an important activity against M. luteus (18.9 mm) and S. aureus (19 mm), while the EO had low activities on all bacterial strains. The outcome of this finding indicated that loaded scaffolds demonstrated an important antimicrobial effect that make them promising materials for a wide range of medical applications.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest from the food industry in new products that are increasingly desired by consumers because of the functional ingredients they contain. This category certainly includes fermented plant-based beverages, which combine the properties of plant substrates with the beneficial effects of fermentation on human health. In our study, two trial variants containing 20% and 30% black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed press cake (BCPC) were inoculated with kefir grain cultures and then incubated at 25 °C for 24 h. The resulting beverages were stored under refrigeration (6 °C) for 28 days. During storage, pH, total free amino acids, reducing sugars, changes in the microbial population, viscosity, textural parameters, and color were measured on days 1, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Throughout the storage period, the number of lactic acid bacteria, as well as yeasts, exceeded the recommended minimum level. Numerous changes in product parameters were observed in the tested beverages as a result of fermentation compared to non-fermented products. This study indicates the possibility of using BCPC as a valuable matrix for the production of a functional kefir-like beverage.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bu tez çalışmasında halk arasında çörekotu olarak bilinen Nigella sativa L. tohumunu süperkritik CO2 ekstraksiyonu, soğuk sıkım ekstraksiyonu, soxhlet ekstrasksiyonu ve süperkritik CO2 ekstraksiyon (Yardımcı çözgen: Etanol) yöntemleriyle elde edilen ekstraktlarının timokinon içeriği ve bazı kalite parametreleri kıyaslanmıştır. Yüzde serbest yağ asitliği, timokinon miktarı, yağ asitleri kompozisyonu ve oksidasyona karşı dayanıklığın belirlenmesi amacı indüksiyon periyodu ve 600C’de 30 gün süre ile fırın testi uygulanmış olup, depolama sürecinin farklı aşamalarında çörekotu ekstraktlarının peroksit değerleri izlenmiştir. Elde edilen ekstraktların timokinon miktarı en yüksek SK-CO2 ekstraksiyonu ile elde edilen ekstraktlarda (18.0229 mg/gr), en düşük ise SK-CO2 ekstraksiyonu (Yardımcı çözgen: Etanol) ile elde edilen ekstraktlarda (2.6314 mg/gr) tespit edilmiştir. Serbest yağ asitliği en yüksek soxhlet ekstraksiyonu örneklerinde (%46.10), en düşük ise soğuk sıkım örneklerinde (%4.43) tespit edilmiştir. Soğuk sıkım örnekleri ve soxhlet ekstraksiyonu örneklerinin indüksiyon periyodu sonuçları sırasıyla, 9.27 saat ve 6.57 saat olarak belirlenmiştir. Her iki Süperkritik CO2 yönteminde ise indüksiyon periyodu değerli ölçülememiştir. 30 günlük depolamanın (600C) ardından dört farklı yöntemle elde edilen ekstraktların peroksit değerleri incelendiğinde, her bir ekstraktın farklı karakter gösterdiği, kiminin depolama sürecinde peroksit değerinde azalma kiminin ise artma eğilimi gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre, SK-CO2 ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile elde edilen timokinon miktarının diğer ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinden elde edilen ekstraktlara göre yüksek miktarda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çörekotunun timokinon içeriği sağladığı foksiyonel özellikler açısından da dikkat çekmektedir. Timokinonun SK-CO2 ekstraksiyonu ile elde edilen ekstraktta, diğer ekstrakt yöntemlerine kıyasla daha yüksek oranda edilebildiği görülmüştür. Elde edilen verilere göre timokinon ekstraksiyonu ya da saflaştırılması amacına yönelik olarak SK-CO2 ekstraksiyonu önerilebilir., In this thesis, the thymoquinone content and some quality parameters of the extracts of Nigella sativa L. seed, known as black cumin, obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction, cold-pressed extraction, soxhlet extraction and SCO2 extraction (Co-solvent: Ethanol) methods were compared. In order to determine the percent free fatty acid, thymoquinone content, fatty acid composition and resistance to oxidation, the induction period and the oven test at 600C for 30 days were applied. The thymoquinone amount of the extracts obtained was highest in the extracts obtained by SCO2 extraction (18.0229 mg/gr), and the lowest in the extracts obtained by SCO2 extraction (Co-solvent: Ethanol) (2.6314 mg/gr). The highest free fatty acid value was found in soxhlet extraction samples (46.10%) and the lowest in cold pressed samples (4.43%). Induction period results of cold pressed samples and soxhlet extraction samples were determined as 9.27 hours and 6.57 hours, respectively. In both supercritical CO2 methods, the induction period could not be measured. When the peroxide values of the extracts obtained by four different methods after 30 days of storage (600C) were examined, it was observed that each extract showed a different character, some tended to decrease in the peroxide value during the storage period, and some showed an increasing tendency. According to the data obtained, it was determined that the amount of thymoquinone obtained by the SCO2 extraction method was higher than the extracts obtained from other extraction methods. The thymoquinone content of black cumin also draws attention in terms of the functional properties it provides. It has been observed that thymoquinone can be obtained at a higher yield in the extract obtained by SCO2 extraction compared to other extract methods. According to the data obtained, SCO2 extraction can be recommended for the purpose of thymoquinone extraction or purification.

In order to examine the influence of plant growth stimulating bacteria, which belong to the genus Streptomices sp., Paenibacillus sp. and Hymenibacter sp., on the yield and seed quality of linseed and black cumin, as well as on the morphological characteristics of these plants, a two-year field experiments were conducted. Soil treatment with a mixed culture of bacteria of different concentrations was applied during the sowing of plants. Before sowing, the influence of individual strains on the germination index of linseed and black cumin was examined. Based on the results presented in the paper, the strains CKS1 - Paenybacillus chitinolyticus, CKS3 - Hymenobacter sp., and CKS7 - Streptomyces fulvissimus, gave germination index values GI over 100% in linseed, within all tested concentrations, while in black cumin, such an effect was shown only by strain CKS7. The positive effect of the bacterial preparation in both examined plant species was recorded by measuring the yield of seeds per hectare treated with a lower concentration of the bacterial preparation compared to the corresponding untreated samples (control sample). A significant difference was recorded by measuring the number of cocoons in samples of treated linseed compared to untreated ones, as well as the mass of roots of both treated plant species. Also, the highest overall germination compared to the control was achieved by the linseed variant L2 in the treatment with a lower concentration of bacteria of 98.3±1.4%.

The deodorant activity of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed, a spice used to flavor curry and vegetable foods in Southwest Asia, against garlic (Allium sativum L.) organosulfur compounds related to human malodor was evaluated. Black cumin seed essential oil showed remarkable deodorant activity against garlic essential oil. The mode of action of this deodorant activity was presumed to be that black cumin seed essential oil covalently reacted with the organosulfur compounds in garlic. Therefore, thymoquinone, which is a major constituent in black cumin seed essential oil, and allyl mercaptan, which is one of the organosulfur compounds produced by cutting garlic, were reacted in vitro, and the products were purified and elucidated using spectroscopic data. As a result, these substances were identified as different allyl mercaptan adducts to dihydrothymoquinone. This chemical reaction was presumed to play a key role in the deodorant activity of black cumin seed essential oil.

International audience; The use of Nigella seeds in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic fields is common, since the iniquity and the virtues of these plants are directly related to their characteristic phytochemical composition. This investigation focused on the comparative study of the botanical aspect, phenolic profile, and in vitro and in vivo biological activities of Nigella sativa L. (NS) and Nigella damascena L. (ND) seeds. The macro- and micro-morphological properties of these seeds were studied, and the key dissimilarities between them were clearly illustrated. The phytochemical contents and phenolic profiles were determined, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using four methods. The in vivo antioxidant and biochemical parameters of the blood of supplemented mice were determined. The results of the macro- and micro-structure analysis revealed differences between the two plants. Here, ND is characterized by higher phytochemical contents and the best antioxidant activities. The HPLC analysis indicated the presence of nine compounds, namely seven phenolic acids, particularly hydroxybenzoic and caffeic acids, and two flavonoids. The administration of ND extract to mice for 21 days at a concentration of 500 mg/kg allowed a substantial amelioration of plasma antioxidant properties. In addition, the extracts ameliorate blood parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, and urea). Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of extracts demonstrated their effects on Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. Nigella seeds, in particular ND, expressed considerable in vitro antioxidant properties and demonstrated significant amelioration of mice blood properties. Consequently, these species can serve as a valuable source of compounds with various applications.

Objective:Metabolic disorders (MD) can disturb intracellular metabolic processes. A metabolic disorder can be resulted from enzyme deficits or disturbances in function of various organs including the liver, kidneys, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and endocrine system. Some herbs were used traditionally for spices, food additives, dietary, and medicinal purposes. Medicinal plants possess biological active compounds that enhance human health. We aimed to provide evidence about therapeutic effects of some medicinal herbs on MD.Data Sources:PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were explored for publications linked to MD until February 2021. The most literature reports that were published in the last 10 years were used. All types of studies such as animal studies, clinical trials, andin vitrostudies were included. The keywords included “Metabolic disorders,” “Nigella sativaL.,” “Thymoquinone,” “White tea”OR “Camellia sinensisL.” “catechin,” and “Allium sativumL.” OR “garlic” were searched.Results:Based on the results of scientific studies, the considered medicinal plants and their active components in this review have been able to exert the beneficial therapeutic effects on obesity, diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Conclusions:These effects are obvious by inhibition of lipid peroxidation, suppression of inflammatory reactions, adjustment of lipid profile, reduction of adipogenesis and regulation of blood glucose level.

Nigella sativahas been widely used in traditional Turkish medicine for several treatments, specially wounds and diabet disorders. However, the effects of this plant essential oil on wound healing have not yet been clearly explained. Thus study is required to develop new and effective treatment methods to deal with this subject. This present study was focused on utilization ofNigella sativaL. essential oil (NSE) on topical agent for diabetic wound treatment. A total of 72, Sprague–Dawley male rats were used in the present study. The rats were divided into nine groups (n=8). Streptozotocin (STZ) was given at single dose of 60 mg/kg/i.p. The animals showing diabetes (Blood glucose level >250 mg/dL) will be selected for wound groups. Wounds were created by punch (5 mm on dorsal region of each rat). On the 3th, 10th and 14th post-wounding day, the rats were sacrificed and dissected wound tissues. The results of this study showed that lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress significantly increased after STZ application. MDA and GSH levels, GPx, SOD and CAT activities were measured in plasma and wound tissues of the diabetic and treatment groups. While GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT levels in the plasma and wound tissues of the rats were decreased while MDA level was increased compared to the control group in the diabetes group. GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT levels were increased in theNigella sativaL. essential oil treatments compared to the diabetes group while MDA level was decreased. All changes in biochemical parameters were directly proportionaled with histopathological changes of the wound tissues. NSE can be a play role of reducing of the lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and associated complications and plays a beneficial role in the treatment of diabetic wound.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome is one the most common disorders of reproductive age and despite its high prevalence and its importance, the exact cause and the appropriate treatment for it are not well defined. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Nigella sativa seeds capsules on the severity of physical symptoms in People with Premenstrual Syndrome. Methods: Double blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 84 students with symptoms of premenstrual syndrome residing in girlschr('39') dormitories in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 1396. The subjects were divided randomly into two groups of 42 intervention and control groups. The intervention group received, oral capsule containing 500 mg of Nigella sativa seeds, three times a day from 7 days before the onset of menstrual bleeding to the first 3 days of menstrual bleeding for 2 cycles and the control group received placebo capsules in the same conditions. The severity of the symptoms was compared the end of the first and second months of the intervention with before intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23 and Chi-square, Fisher exact, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon. The significance level was considered as P

Objective: Metabolic disorders (MD) can disturb intracellular metabolic processes. A metabolic disorder can be resulted from enzyme deficits or disturbances in function of various organs including the liver, kidneys, pancreas, cardiovascular system, and endocrine system. Some herbs were used traditionally for spices, food additives, dietary, and medicinal purposes. Medicinal plants possess biological active compounds that enhance human health. We aimed to provide evidence about therapeutic effects of some medicinal herbs on MD. Data Sources: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were explored for publications linked to MD until February 2021. The most literature reports that were published in the last 10 years were used. All types of studies such as animal studies, clinical trials, and in vitro studies were included. The keywords included “Metabolic disorders,” “Nigella sativa L.,” “Thymoquinone,” “White tea”OR “Camellia sinensis L.” “catechin,” and “Allium sativum L.” OR “garlic” were searched. Results: Based on the results of scientific studies, the considered medicinal plants and their active components in this review have been able to exert the beneficial therapeutic effects on obesity, diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions: These effects are obvious by inhibition of lipid peroxidation, suppression of inflammatory reactions, adjustment of lipid profile, reduction of adipogenesis and regulation of blood glucose level.

Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), commonly referred to as black seeds or black cumin, is used in popular medicine (herbal) all over the world for the treatment and prevention of several diseases, including diabetes. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of N. sativa extracts and fractions against the activities of intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase in vitro, and to explain the inhibitory effect of these fractions against these enzymes by identifying their active compounds responsible for this effect and determine their modes of inhibition. To do so, N. sativa hexane and acetone extracts were prepared and analyzed by GC–MS and HPLC–DAD, respectively. The hexane extract was further fractioned into eight different fractions, while the acetone extract generated eleven fractions. The extracts as well as the resulting fractions were characterized and evaluated for their potential in vitro antidiabetic activity using intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory assays in vitro. Hexane extract and fractions were less active than acetone extract and fractions. In the case of intestinal α-glucosidase activity, the acetone fraction SA3 had a high inhibitory effect on intestinal α-glucosidase activity with 72.26 ± 1.42%, comparable to the effect of acarbose (70.90 ± 1.12%). For the pancreatic α-amylase enzymatic inhibitory assay, the acetone fractions showed an inhibitory capacity close to that for acarbose. In particular, the SA2 fraction had an inhibitory effect of 67.70 ± 0.58% and was rich in apigenin and gallic acid. From these fractions, apigenin, (−)-catechin, and gallic acid were further characterized for their inhibitory actions. IC50 and inhibition mode were determined by analyzing enzyme kinetic parameters and by molecular modeling. Interestingly, (−)-catechin showed a possible synergistic effect with acarbose toward α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, whereas apigenin showed an additive effect with acarbose toward α-amylase enzymatic inhibition. Furthermore, we studied the toxicity of N. sativa hexane and acetone extracts as well as that of acetone fractions. The result of acute toxicity evaluation demonstrated that N. sativa extracts were nontoxic up to a concentration of 10 g/kg, except for fraction SA3. Taken together, these results indicate that N. sativa extracts and/or derived compounds could constitute promising nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), commonly referred to as black seeds or black cumin, is used in popular medicine (herbal) all over the world for the treatment and prevention of several diseases, including diabetes. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of N. sativa extracts and fractions against the activities of intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase in vitro, and to explain the inhibitory effect of these fractions against these enzymes by identifying their active compounds responsible for this effect and determine their modes of inhibition. To do so, N. sativa hexane and acetone extracts were prepared and analyzed by GC–MS and HPLC–DAD, respectively. The hexane extract was further fractioned into eight different fractions, while the acetone extract generated eleven fractions. The extracts as well as the resulting fractions were characterized and evaluated for their potential in vitro antidiabetic activity using intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory assays in vitro. Hexane extract and fractions were less active than acetone extract and fractions. In the case of intestinal α-glucosidase activity, the acetone fraction SA3 had a high inhibitory effect on intestinal α-glucosidase activity with 72.26 ± 1.42%, comparable to the effect of acarbose (70.90 ± 1.12%). For the pancreatic α-amylase enzymatic inhibitory assay, the acetone fractions showed an inhibitory capacity close to that for acarbose. In particular, the SA2 fraction had an inhibitory effect of 67.70 ± 0.58% and was rich in apigenin and gallic acid. From these fractions, apigenin, (−)-catechin, and gallic acid were further characterized for their inhibitory actions. IC50 and inhibition mode were determined by analyzing enzyme kinetic parameters and by molecular modeling. Interestingly, (−)-catechin showed a possible synergistic effect with acarbose toward α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, whereas apigenin showed an additive effect with acarbose toward α-amylase enzymatic inhibition. Furthermore, we studied the toxicity of N. sativa hexane and acetone extracts as well as that of acetone fractions. The result of acute toxicity evaluation demonstrated that N. sativa extracts were nontoxic up to a concentration of 10 g/kg, except for fraction SA3. Taken together, these results indicate that N. sativa extracts and/or derived compounds could constitute promising nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The seeds of two medicinal plants from Ranunculaceae family – Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood (Syn. Сonsolida ajacis Schur, ajacsova consolida, larkspur) and Nigella sativa L. (black cumin) cultivated in Uzbekistan was analyzed. Free and bound lipids were isolated from the seeds, the fatty acid composition of their neutral, glyco- and phospholipids was established. It was revealed that unsaturated components dominate among the ordinary fatty acids of seed lipids – oleic (C. ambigua) and linoleic (N. sativa). Their rare homologues – 11(Z)-eicosaenoic (C. ambigua) and 11,14(Z,Z)-eicosadienoic (Nigella sativa) acids were esterified mainly in the triacylglycerol molecules, and were found as free fatty acids of the studied oils. The major compounds among the 26 constituents of the essential oil of N. sativa seeds were p-cymene, terpinolene, β-pinene, limonene and sabinene., Проведены исследования семян двух лекарственных растений семейства Ranunculaceae (лютиковые) – Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood (Syn. Сonsolida ajacis Schur, консолида аяксова, живокость) и Nigella sativa L. (черный тмин, чернушка посевная), определены содержание и состав основных классов липидов, жирных кислот и липофильных веществ. Из семян растений, культивируемых в Узбекистане, были выделены свободные и связанные липиды, установлен жирнокислотный состав их нейтральных, глико- и фосфолипидов. Выявлено, что среди типичных жирных кислот липидов семян доминируют ненасыщенные компоненты – олеиновая (С. ambigua) и линолевая (N. sativa). Редко встречающиеся их гомологи – 11(Z)-эйкозаеновая (С. ambigua) и 11,14(Z,Z)-эйкозадиеновая (Nigella sativa) кислоты этерифицированы восновном в молекулах триацилглицеринов и обнаружены в составе свободных жирных кислот изученных масел. Мажорными соединениями среди 26 составляющих эфирного масла семян N. sativa были пара-цимен, терпинолен, β-пинен, лимонен и сабинен.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions are the pathological mechanisms for most degenerative diseases. The black cumin seed oil (BCSO) contains compounds that can act as antioxidants and immunomodulators. Consuming BCSO is thought to improve antioxidant and immunomodulatory parameters in obese people. This study investigated the effect of BCSO consumption on antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity in healthy volunteers. We conducted a quasi-experimental study on 12 healthy volunteers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. We asked the volunteers to consume BCSO for twenty days. We measured blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), malondialdehyde (MDA) level, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity, CD4Th, and IFN-γ expression before and after consuming BCSO. We carried out the average difference test of the parameters before and after consumption of BCSO by dependent t-test. The results showed that 3x1 BCSO preparation for 20 days reduced MDA levels and increased CDTh and IFN-γ. Consuming BCSO for 20 days potentially improve the adaptive cellular immune response parameters.

Applications of chemical synthetic methods for the preparation of metal nanoparticles involve toxic reagents, which are hazardous to both humans and the environment. On the other hand, ecofriendly plant-based techniques offer rapid, non-toxic, and suitable alternatives to the traditional methods. Herein, we report an eco-friendly method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using two different aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Nigella sativa L. seeds (black cumin). Successful preparation of Ag NPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet&ndash, visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that Nigella sativa L. seed extract (NSE) produced a smaller size of NPs (~8 nm), whereas the ginger extract (GE) led to the formation of slightly larger Ag NPs (~12 nm). In addition, to study the effect of concentration of the extract on the quality of resulting NPs, two different samples were prepared from each extract by increasing the concentrations of the extracts while using a fixed amount of precursor (AgNO3). In both cases, a high concentration of extract delivered less agglomerated and smaller-sized Ag NPs. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of as-prepared Ag NPs were tested against different bacterial strains. Notably, despite the slightly better quality of Ag NPs obtained from NSE (NSE-Ag), NPs prepared by using GE (GE-Ag) demonstrated superior antibacterial properties. In case of the plant-extract-based synthesis of nanoparticles, it is widely reported that during the preparation, the residual phytomolecules remain on the surface of resulting NPs as stabilizing agents. Therefore, in this case, the high antibacterial properties of GE-Ag can be attributed to the contributing or synergetic effect of residual phytomolecules of GE extract on the surface of Ag NPs, since the aqueous extract of GE has been known to possess higher intrinsic bactericidal properties when compared to the aqueous NSE extract.

Bu çalışma, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsünde Oya Kaçar'ın danışmanlığında Faruk Özdemirel tarafından yazılan "Farklı kökenli çörek otu (Nigella sativa L.) genotiplerinin Bursa ekolojik koşullarında verim ve bazı kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi " adlı yüksek lisans tezine dayanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu araştırma 2016 ve 2017 yıllarında Bursa ekolojik koşullarında farklı kaynaklı çörek otu (Nigella sativa L.) genotiplerinin tarımsal özellikleri ve sabit yağ oranlarının belirlenmesi amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırma Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarımsal Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi deneme alanlarında Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Deseni’ne göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Denemede bitki materyali olarak 1’i tescilli çeşit (Çameli), 12’si farklı kaynaklardan (Mısır, Hindistan, Yunanistan, Denizli, Keles-Basak, Keles-Avdan, Keles-Yazıbaşı, Harmancık, Dereyalak, Ankara, Gaziantep, Mardin) temin edilmiş toplam 13 çörek otu genotipi kullanılmıştır. Birleştirilmiş veriler değerlendirildiğinde incelenen özelliklerden bitki boyu 25.58-50.50 cm, bitkide dal sayısı 3.53-4.31 adet, bitkide kapsül sayısı 5.36-8.05 adet, kapsülde tohum sayısı 60.66-89.25 adet, kapsülde tohum ağırlığı 0.178-0.251 g, bitkide tohum sayısı 250.76-439.48 adet, tohum verimi 38.75-89.08 kg da-1, 1000 tane ağırlığı 2.23-3.42 g, sabit yağ oranı % 29.14-32.98 ve sabit yağ verimi 12.13-27.27 kg da-1 arasında değişmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda özellikle tohum verimi ve sabit yağ oranı göz önüne alındığında Harmancık, Denizli, Keles-Basak, Keles-Yazıbaşı, Ankara ve Çameli genotiplerinin Bursa ve benzer ekolojilerde yetiştirilebileceği sonucuna varılmış ve bu genotipler gelecekteki çalışmalar için ümitvar olarak kabul edilmişlerdir. This research was conducted to determine the agricultural properties and fixed oil ratios of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) genotypes in 2016 and 2017 year in Bursa ecological conditions. The field trials were established in Agricultural Application and Research Center, Agricultural Faculty, Bursa Uludağ University with three replications according to randomized complete block design. A total of 13 genotypes, 1 registered variety (Çameli) and 12 of them from different sources (Mısır, Hindistan, Yunanistan, Denizli, Keles-Basak, Keles-Avdan, Keles-Yazıbaşı, Harmancık, Dereyalak, Ankara, Gaziantep, Mardin) were used as plant material in the experiment. When combined data were evaluated, plant height, number of branches, number of capsules, number of seeds in capsules, seed weight in capsule, number of seeds in plant, seed yield, 1000 seed weight, fixed oil ratio and fixed oil yield were determined between 25.58-50.50 cm, 3.53-4.31 unit/plant, 5.36-8.05 unit/plant, 60.66-89.25 unit, 0.178-0.251 g, 250.76-439.48 unit/plant, 38.75-89.08 kg da-1, 2.23-3.42 g, 29.14-32.98 % and 12.13-27.27 kg da-1 respectively. As a result of this research, especially when seed yield and fixed oil ratio are taken into consideration it was concluded that Harmancık, Denizli, Keles-Basak, Keles-Yazıbaşı, Ankara and Çameli genotypes could be grown in Bursa and similar ecologies and these genotypes could be accepted as promising for future studies.

Alloxan causes the formation of reactive oxygen through the reduction process of alloxan (dialuric acid) in the β cells of pancreas. Free radicals cause damage and decrease catalase enzyme activity. Black cumin seeds extract which contain carotenoids, thymoquinone, carvacrol, 4-terpineol, t-anethole, and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) has antioxidant activity that is expected to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is expected to increase pancreatic catalase activity. This study used 24 male Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups:1)group of rats fed with standard food, 2)group of rats induced by alloxan 125mg/kg /BB intraperitoneally on day 1, 3)groups of rats induced by alloxan 125mg/kg/BB intraperitoneally on day 1 and were given by black cumin seed extract 2500mg/kg/BB orally on day 4 until 17. On the 18th day of all rats were sacrificed and pancreatic tissue catalase activity were measured by the spectrophotometric method. The results of One-Way ANOVA showed significant difference (p=0.003) pancreatic tissue catalase activity of groups of rats fed with standard food (1696,96U/g±414,10U/g) compared with group of rats induced by alloxan (1287,58U/g±88,45U/g). There was significant difference (p=0.001) of pancreatic tissue catalase activity of groups of rats induced by alloxan (1287,58U/g±88,45U/g) with a group of rats induced by alloxan and given with black cumin seed extract (1764,83U/g±199,69U/g). The conclusion of this study showed that the administration of alloxan significantly decreased pancreatic tissue catalase activity of rat and black cumin seed extract significantly increased catalase activity because cumin extract has antioxidant effects.

Развитие пищевой промышленности, повышение качества и пищевой ценности продуктов питания, создание новых видов продуктов обусловливает потребность в широком ассортименте пряно-ароматического сырья. Ассортимент может быть расширен за счет использования нигеллы – ценной лекарственной, эфирномасличной и пряно-ароматической культуры семейства лютиковые. Возделывание сортов нигеллы посевной предоставит возможность расширить ассортимент нетрадиционных видов растений в Беларуси и быть перспективным возобновляемым источником растительного сырья и материала, который найдет применение в сельском хозяйстве, в пищевой, фармацевтической, парфюмерной и косметологической промышленности, а также в декоративном садоводстве. Большое значение имеет также использование этой малораспространенной культуры в области импортозамещения и ее высокий экспортный потенциал. Сорт "Беларускi духмяны" нигеллы посевной создан методом внутривидовой гибридизации и индивидуального отбора по хозяйственно ценным признакам. Отличается поздним цветением и сроком созревания семян, высокой семенной продуктивностью в условиях северо-восточной зоны Беларуси. Высота растения – до 80 см. Количество дней от появления всходов до массового цветения составляет 76 дней, начала созревания семян – около 106 дней. Урожайность – 314,0 г/м{2} при схеме посева 0,45х0,02 м. Отличается высоким содержанием аргинина (16,0 мг/кг), сырого жира (34 %), сырой клетчатки (13,8 %), сырого протеина (21,5 %), цинка (33,8 мг/кг). Содержание олеиновой кислоты (30,7 %), линолевой кислоты (48,6 %), п-цимена (63,7 %). Является перспективным исходным материалом для ведения дальнейшей селекционной работы/ по признакам семенной продуктивности и масличности.

Traditional medicine has a long history of serving peoples all over the world. In Iran, because of the geographical location and climatic conditions, the large area of cultural and biological properties, there is a suitable environment for various medicine plants growth. The aim of this study was evaluate some phytochemical properties of three common medicinal plants from northwest of Iran. Standard methods were used to determine the protein percentage, oil content, essential oil percentage, total phenol and flavonoid contents. In Trigonella foenum graecum L. seeds showed statistically significant differences in protein and total phenol contents according to regions. In Nigella sativa L. seeds, protein, oil, essential oil and total phenol contents were obtained significant differences between studied regions. In total phenol and total flavonoid contents of Lallemantia iberica Fisch. et C.A. Mey. seeds were found significant differences according to regions. Different climate changes significantly affect the phytochemical composition of the plants that should be attended in medical studies. Identification and introducing of medicinal plants flora and traditional uses of these plants, provide useful information concerning the distribution and medicinal plants usage in the region and causes to various pharmacological activities in connection with this matter.

Background and objective: The purpose of the current investigation was to study the influences, preventive and diuretic, of Nigella sativa L. seeds oil (NSSO) on calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis induced in Wistar male rats. Methodology: Seeds of Nigella sativa L. (N.S) were analysed for the evaluation of the concentration of oxalate and calcium. Nigella sativa L. seeds oil is obtained by hydrodistillation and HPTLC densitometric method was adopted to determine the amount of thymoquinone (TQ) present. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (N=6). Group I, negative control, drank tap water. The other groups were II Positive control, III, IV and V received a treatment model inducing calcium oxalate urolithiasis for 28 days, using an aqueous solution involve 0.75% (EG) ethylene glycol and 1.0 % (AC) chloride ammonium. Rats in group III received in addition, 750 mg/kg Cystone from the beginning to the end of calculi induction experimentation. However, rats in Groups IV and V received (NSSO) at 5 ml/kg b.w by gavage on days 1st to 28th and 15th to 28th days, respectively. On days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28, body weights were measured and the 24-hour urine samples were accumulated and analysed for biochemical elements. On the 28th day, blood samples were collected for the estimation of serum parameters including creatinine, BUN and uric acid. All animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and the kidneys were detached for histopathological examination. Results: Administration of (NSSO) at 5 ml/kg body weight/dose/day for 28 days exerts a protective effect by reducing significantly (p

Nigella sativa L. is considered to be an alternative crop offering innovative and high-quality products. A case study was implemented on an existing farm to determine the prospects of N. sativa production in Greece and to assess the economic outcomes of the cultivation of this crop under organic and conventional cropping systems. The total production cost of organic N. sativa seeds was 6.09 €/kg, while the cost of conventional seeds was 4.77 €/kg. The organic and conventional N. sativa seed selling prices were 17.04 and 12.01 €/kg, respectively. Moreover, the financial performance of farm is better after the introduction of N. sativa crop under organic cropping system, where the net profit increased by 63.8% compared to the initial profit of the farm, while the increase in the conventional was less at 49.2%. N

Background : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydroethanolic Nigella sativa L. extract on skin wound healing in diabetic male rats. Methods : This experimental study was conducted on 49 male Wistar rats weighing 220–250 g divided into 7 groups of 7 each: control (nondiabetic untreated), sham (nondiabetic eucerin‑treated), nondiabetic phenytoin (1%)‑treated, diabetic untreated, and three diabetic groups treated independently with phenytoin 1%, hydroethanolic N . sativa extracts 20% or 40%. Diabetes was induced with 60 mg/kg streptozosin in one administration. After anesthesia, 2 × 1 cm 2 wounds were made on the rats’ backs and each group was administered with its own respective treatment until the wounds were healed completely. Tissue specimens were prepared for histological examinations. The areas of the wounds were measured every 3 days. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s post‑hoc test. Results : The mean duration of wound healing was 27 and 24 days for diabetic untreated and diabetic phenytoin‑treated groups, respectively. Wounds were healed completely in nondiabetic untreated, sham, and nondiabetic phenytoin‑treated groups on days 23, 24, and 21, respectively. The shortest duration of wound healing was seen in diabetic N . sativa extract (40%)‑treated group (15 days) followed by diabetic N . sativa (20%)‑treated group (18 days). These two groups were found to have the lowest mean wound area during the study with a signifcant difference from mean wound area in the controls ( P < 0.05). Conclusions : N . sativa extract signifcantly promoted wound healing in diabetic rats in comparison with control groups. Although the benefcial mechanism of the promotion of wound healing was not specifcally studied, it is believed that the anti‑inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of N . sativa would contribute to this enhanced wound healing. Keywords : Diabetes, Nigella sativa L., rat, skin wound

Nigella Sativa ve Equisetum Arvense Bitki Ekstraktlarının Ratlarda Deneysel Olarak Oluşturulan Yaraların İyileşmesi Üzerindeki EtkileriAmaç: Yara iyileşmesi cerrahi operasyonlarda önemli bir basamaktır ve başarıda ana kriterlerden biridir. Fitoterapi son yıllarda cerrahide hem yumuşak hem de kemik doku iyileşmesine destek olabilecek bir alan haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada ratlarda deneysel olarak oluşturulmuş mukoza ve kemik yara dokusuna uygulanan EA ve NS ekstraktlarının iyileşmeye olan etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve Metod: Çalışmada 84 adet erkek rat (Sprague Dawley) kullanılmıştır. Ratların sağ mandibulasına cerrahi frezle defektler oluşturulmuştur. Defekt bölgesine EA ve NS'nin etanolle elde edilen ekstraktları konularak primer kapatılmıştır. Kontrol grubunda defekte ekstrakt konulmadan bölge süture edilmiştir. Ratlar 1., 3. ve 5. haftalarda sakrifiye edilerek oluşturulan defektlerin iyileşmesi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada histopatolojik, immunohistokimyasal (BALP ve kemik sialoprotein) ve biyokimyasal (osteokalsin, NTX ve TOS/TAS) yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Biyokimyasal incelemeler ratların sol ventrikülünden alınan kan örnekleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar istatistiksel yöntemlerle değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: EA ve NS ekstraktlarının kombine şekilde uygulandığı gruplarda, HKİS skorları, BALP, kemik sialoprotein ve osteokalsin düzeyleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık göstermiştir (EA+NS 3. hafta HKİS: 7.00±0.46, EA+NS 5. hafta HKİS: 8.00±0.54). Biyokimyasal biyo-belirteç verilerinde ise BALP ve sialoprotein ekspresyonlarında olduğu gibi korele bir artış izlenmemiştir. Sonuç: Defekt bölgesine uygulanan ekstraktların akut enflamasyon sürecini kısalttığı, fibröz kallus formasyonuna geçişi hızlandırdığı ve osteoblastik aktiviteye katkıda bulunduğu saptandı. Tüm haftalarda ekstrakt uygulanan gruplarda kontrol grubuna kıyasla daha iyi iyileşme skorları elde edilmiştir. Kemik doku iyileşmesinde EA ve NS'nin kombine kullanımının iyileşme sürecini hızlandırdığı gözlenmiştir. Bu bitki ekstraktlarının cerrahi tedavilerde etkili bir uygulama yöntemi olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Mevcut ekstraktların kemik doku iyileşmesinin remodelasyon safhasına olan etkilerinin izlenebilmesi için uzun dönem takip içeren çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Equisetum arvense, kemik doku iyileşmesi, nigella sativa, bitki ekstraktı, yumuşak doku iyileşmesi The Effects of Nigella Sativa and Equisetum Arvense Plant Extracts on Experimentally Performed Wounds in RatsAim: Wound healing is an important step in surgical procedures and is one of the main criteria for success. In recent years, phytotherapy has become a treatment of choice which can support both soft and bone tissue healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EA and NS extracts applied to experimentally performed bone defects.Material and Method: 84 male rats (Sprague Dawley) were used in the present study. Surgical defects were performed on the right mandible. Groups were divided into four as; control, EA,NS,EA+NS (combined). Extracts were applied to the defect area in all experimental groups. In control group, bone defect was closed without any application. Rats were sacrificed in the 1.,3. and 5. weeks and the healing scores of the defects were examined histopathologically. Biochemical (osteocalcin, NTX and TOS/TAS), immunohistochemical (BALP, bone sialoprotein) parameters were determined. The results were evaluated by statistical methods.Results: In the combined theraphy group HPBS, BALP, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin levels were significantly different (EA+NS 3.week HKIS:7.00±0.46, EA+NS 5.week HKIS:8.00±0.54). There was no increase reported in biochemical marker scores as in the BALP and sialoprotein expression.Conclusion: The extracts applied to the defect area reduced the process of acute inflammation and accelerated formation of fibrous callus and contributed to osteoblastic activity. Combined therapy was accelerated the healing process in all weeks compared to control group. Plant extracts can be used as an effective method in surgical treatment. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to evaluate the remodeling process of bone healing.Key Words: Bone healing, equisetum arvense, nigella sativa, plant extract, wound healing 153

Kanser, dünya çapında önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Kolon kanseri, gelişmişülkelerde kadınlarda ve erkeklerde sırasıyla 2 ve 3. sırada yer alan en yaygın görülenkanser türlerinden biridir. Kolon kanserinde rutin tedavi olan 5-Fluorouracil'in (5-FU)%30 başarısı alternatif tedavi yöntemleri arayışına neden olmuştur. Son yıllardabitkisel kaynaklı doğal etken maddelerin kanser tedavisi üzerinde etkileri yanındakonvansiyonel tedavilerle kombine edilmesi ile ilgili araştırmalar yoğunlaşaraksürmektedir.Bu çalışmada amacımız, rutin tedavide kullanılan 5-FU ile Nigella sativa'nın etkenmaddesi Timokinon'nun (TQ) kolon kanseri üzerine kombine tedavisinin sitotoksik,genotoksik, apoptotik ve anti-kanser etkilerinin in vitro ve in vivo yöntemlerlearaştırılması ve olası etki mekanizmaların aydınlatılmasıdır.Kolon kanser hücrelerine (LoVo) ilk olarak transfeksiyon ile Lusiferaz geni transfekteedildikten sonra hücre kültürü ortamında farklı konsantrasyonlarda TQ, 5-FU vekombinasyonlarına maruz bırakıldı. 24 saat inkübasyondan sonra ATP yöntemiyleluminometrik olarak sitotoksisite, comet assay yöntemi ile DNA hasarı, luminometrikyöntem ile hücre içi glutatyon düzeyi, florometrik yöntem ile mitokondriyal membranpotansiyeli, akridin turuncusu/etidyum bromür boyası ile floresans mikroskoptaapoptoz, annexin V-FITC boyası ile akış sitometrisinde apoptoz, pro-apoptotik ve anti-apoptotik proteinlerin ekspresyonu western blot yöntemiyle çalışıldı. Kontrol, TQ, 5-FU ve kombine olmak üzere beş grup nude fareye transfekte LoVo hücreleri zenograftyöntem ile subkutan olarak enjekte edildi. 3 hafta sonra oluşturulan tümörlerintedavisine geçilip, yalnız TQ, yalnız 5-FU ve kombine gruplarına 3 hafta boyuncatedavi uygulandı. Tedavi sonucunda in vivo canlı hayvan görüntüleme sistemi vekumpasla tümör boyutları ölçüldü. Ayrıca tedavi bitiminde alınan kanlarda oksidatifstres ve enflamasyon belirteçleri incelendi. Alınan doku örneklerinde de büyümefaktörleri ve vaskülerizasyon belirteçleri incelendi.In vitro ortamda LoVo hücreleri üzerinde TQ ve 5-FU ile yapılan tekli terapiye görekombine terapilerin, tekli tedaviye göre düşük dozlarının sitotoksisiteyi, DNAhasarını, apoptozu ve hücre içi reaktif oksijen türlerinin düzeylerini arttırırken,mitokondriyal membran potansiyelini ve glutatyon düzeylerini düşürdüğü tespitedilmiştir. Ayrıca anti-apoptotik protein olan Bcl-2 ekspresyonu düşerken apoptotikproteinler Bax, Kaspaz-3, Kaspaz-9, P-53 ve P-21'in protein ekspresyonu artmıştır.Zenografik yöntemle oluşturulan in vivo kolon kanserinde ise kombine tedavinin tekliterapilere göre daha etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Tümör boyutu küçülürken, dokudaTGFβ1 düzeyi ve vaskülerizasyon belirteci VEGF düzeyleri azalmıştır. Tedavi sonrasıalınan plazmalarda pozitif kontrole göre oksidatif stres düzeyleri düşmüştür.Elde ettiğimiz veriler, rutin tedavide kullanılan 5-FU yanında bitkisel kökenli TQ'nunkombine kullanımının hem in vitro hem de in vivo oluşturulan kolon kanserinde anti-tümör etkilerini arttırdığını ve tedaviye bağlı yan etkileri azalttığını göstermektedir. Cancer is a major public health issue worldwide. In developed countries, colon canceris the 2nd most common observed type of cancer in women and the 3rd most commonin men. The 30% success of 5-FU, which is a routine treatment for colon cancer, hasled the researchers to seek different treatment modalities. Therefore, plant-derivednatural substances have become the target of a significant amount of attention. Inrecent years, increasing efforts have been made to discover the effects of combinedplant-derived substances with conventional therapy methods on cancer.This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic, and anti-cancereffects of thymoquinone – the active ingredient of Nigella sativa – and 5-Fluorouracilin combination against in vitro and in vivo colon cancer while illuminating possibleaction mechanisms.Initially, Luciferase transfection was performed in LoVo colon cancer cells to whichTQ, 5-FU, and combinations of different concentrations were given, and they wereincubated for 24 hours. Luminometric cytotoxicity by ATP method, DNA damage bycomet assay, luminometric intracellular glutathione level, fluorometric mitochondrialmembrane potential, apoptosis by fluorescence microscopy with acridineorange/ethidium bromide dye, apoptosis in flow cytometry by annexin V-FITC dye,expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins with western blot method havebeen investigated. Transfected LoVo cells have been injected subcutaneously to fivegroups of nude mice for the following: control, TQ, 5-FU, and combined. 3 weeks oftreatment with TQ, 5-FU, and combined therapy have been initiated 3 weeks after theinjection. At the end of this period, tumor size was measured with the IVIS device andcaliper. Also, oxidative stress and inflammation markers were examined in blood andgrowth factors, and vascularization markers were examined in tissue samples at theend of the treatment.Compared to the monotherapy with TQ and 5-FU on colon cancer, combined treatmenthas been found in low doses to increase cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis andintracellular reactive oxygen species in the cell culture studies, while decreasingmitochondrial membrane potential and glutathione levels. Also, the expression ofapoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, p53, and p21 increased while the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression decreased. Combination therapy was found to bemore effective than mono therapies in vivo colon cancer, which was formed by thexenographic method. While tumor size decreased, TGFβ1 levels and VEGF levels – avascularization indicator – were decreased in the tissue. In the plasma taken aftertreatment, oxidative stress levels decreased compared to the positive control group.According to the data obtained through this study, in colon cancer TQ has been foundto increase the anti-tumor properties of the routine therapy of 5-FU in vitro and in vivowhile diminishing the side effects profile. 206