1. Ultrasound measurement of the cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle in the horse: an assessment of the reliability, reproducibility and repeatability of the technique
- Author
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Symonds, Nicolle Emily
- Subjects
ultrasound ,back pain ,multifidus ,repeatability ,equine - Abstract
Background Measuring the cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle using ultrasonography has been described for assessing and monitoring back pain in horses. This technique is extrapolated from human research but has not been validated in the horse. Objective To assess the intra-operator and inter-operator repeatability, reliability and reproducibility for the ultrasound technique. Method Ultrasound images were acquired of the multifidus muscle in the ‘short’ and the ‘long’ view at T15, T18, L2 and L5 on both sides. Study 1, part 1 assessed intra-operator reproducibility with 10 horses at two different time points. Study 1, part 2 assessed intra-operator reproducibility at a single time point. Study 2 compared the Philips EpiQ and MyLab ultrasound machines. Study 3 repeated measurements performed on a single static image using external software OsiriX. Study 4 compared inter-operator reproducibility with two operators imaging ten horses. Study 5 compared an additional third operator who is a specialist in diagnostic imaging. Limit of agreement estimates, repeatability coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated for each study. Results Intra-operator repeatability was moderate for repeat images in the same scanning session and excellent for repeat measuring of the images. There was poor intra-operator reproducibility for images taken at two different time points and poor-moderate when using two different machines. Inter-operator reproducibility was poor. Images were most reproducible in the short view cranially and the long view caudally. Conclusion The operator, machine, side of acquisition and anatomic location all affected reproducibility. Measurement of the multifidus muscle in horses is more suitable for use in research settings or as a once off measurement.
- Published
- 2020