352 results on '"Nest building -- Research"'
Search Results
2. A New Picture of Dinosaur Nesting Ecology: From colorful eggs to Arctic babies, a flurry of recent discoveries is providing unprecedented insights into dinosaur reproduction
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Ksepka, Daniel T.
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Dinosaurs -- Behavior -- Environmental aspects ,Ecological research ,Eggs, Fossil -- Discovery and exploration ,Nest building -- Research ,Science and technology - Abstract
A long-standing mystery in paleontology is why we have discovered thousands of eggs from some types of dinosaurs, such as the duck-billed hadrosaurs, but none at all from other types [...]
- Published
- 2023
Catalog
3. Putting Eggs in Many Baskets
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Eadie, John M., Lyon, Bruce E., and Bridge, Eli S.
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Zoological research ,Nest building -- Research ,Ducks -- Behavior ,Science and technology - Abstract
Some wood duck hens lay eggs in nests that aren't theirs, while others stay at home. The behavior isn't simply cooperative or a con job. It's complicated in the duck [...]
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- 2022
4. Social parasitism as an alternative reproductive tactic in a cooperatively breeding cuckoo
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Riehl, Christina and Strong, Meghan J.
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Behavior ,Research ,Cuckoos -- Behavior ,Parasitism -- Research ,Biological research ,Nest building -- Research ,Eggs (Food) ,Birds - Abstract
Author(s): Christina Riehl [sup.1] , Meghan J. Strong [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA Main Conspecific brood parasitism--in which a female lays [...], Cooperatively nesting birds are vulnerable to social parasites that lay their eggs in host nests but provide no parental care.sup.1-4. Most previous research has focused on the co-evolutionary arms race between host defences and the parasites that attempt to circumvent them.sup.5-9, but it remains unclear why females sometimes cooperate and sometimes parasitize, and how parasitic tactics arise in cooperative systems.sup.10-12. Here we show that cooperative and parasitic reproductive strategies result in approximately equal fitness pay-offs in the greater ani (Crotophaga major), a long-lived tropical cuckoo, using an 11-year dataset and comprehensive genetic data that enable comparisons of the life-histories of individual females. We found that most females in the population nested cooperatively at the beginning of the breeding season; however, of those birds that had their first nests destroyed, a minority subsequently acted as reproductive parasites. The tendency to parasitize was highly repeatable, which indicates individual specialization. Across years, the fitness pay-offs of the two strategies were approximately equal: females who never parasitized (a 'pure cooperative' strategy) laid larger clutches and fledged more young from their own nests than did birds that both nested and parasitized (a 'mixed' strategy). Our results suggest that the success of parasites is constrained by reproductive trade-offs as well as by host defences, and illustrate how cooperative and parasitic tactics can coexist stably in the same population. Mixed-effects logistic regression modelling of a dataset of individual reproductive behaviours shows fitness pay-offs of cooperative versus mixed cooperative and parasitic reproductive strategies are approximately equal in female greater anis (Crotophaga major). more...
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Nesting activity of Kittlitz's Murrelet in the Kakagrak Hills, Northwestern Alaska
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Kissling, Michelle L. and Lewis, Stephen B.
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Nest building -- Research ,Ornithological research ,Murrelets -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Regional focus/area studies - Abstract
ABSTRACT. The Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) is a broadly distributed but uncommon seabird species endemic to coastal Alaska and eastern Russia. Although northern Alaska constitutes a large portion of this [...] more...
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- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Nesting by Canada Geese on Baffin Island, Nunavut
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Jantunen, Jukka, MacLeod, Anne C., Leafloor, James O., and Scribner, Kim T.
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Baffin Island -- Environmental aspects ,Canada goose -- Research ,Arctic research ,Nest building -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Regional focus/area studies - Abstract
ABSTRACT. Outside of northern Quebec, there is little evidence to confirm reports of nesting by Canada Geese in Arctic habitats of North America, but they nest regularly in the Arctic [...]
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- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Behavioral observations of Ospreys breeding at Fort Wainwright, Alaska
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Ajmi, Amal R.
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Fort Wainwright, Alaska -- Environmental aspects ,Osprey -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Breeding colonies -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Regional focus/area studies - Abstract
ABSTRACT. This study documents observations of breeding behavior at two Osprey Pandion haliaetus carolinensis nest sites discovered at Fort Wainwright, Alaska. We developed Osprey location criteria and behavior and activity [...] more...
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- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. First nesting information on the enigmatic Black Bushbird (neoctantes niger)
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David, Santiago and Londono, Gustavo A.
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Nest building -- Research ,Ornithological research ,Antbirds -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We present the first nesting information for the Black Bushbird (Neoctantes niger), an enigmatic and poorly known member of the family Thamnophilidae. A hanging bulky cup nest was found in September 2011, in the buffer zone of Manu National Park, Peru. The nest contained a single white egg with scattered dark maroon spots and light streaks and was being attended by a male. The general shape of the nest resembled the deep pouch-shaped nests of other ant-birds (e.g., Hypocnemis, Myrmotherula) but with clear differences in overall dimensions, thickness and amount of nesting material. More information is needed on nest architecture and breeding behavior for the Black Bushbird and all of its possible close relatives. Received 24 April 2013. Accepted 23 August 2013. Key words: Black Bushbird, egg, Neoctantes niger, nest, nesting biology, tropical., The Black Bushbird (Neoctantes niger) is an enigmatic and poorly known member of the antbird family (Thamnophilidae). One of its most distinctive morphological traits is the bill shape with an [...] more...
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- 2013
9. Clutch sizes, fledging success, and nest-site characteristics of sharp-shinned hawks in Kentucky
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Rankin, Tyler E. and Ritchison, Gary
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Nest building -- Research ,Ornithological research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Because Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) are among the most secretive of North America's forest-breeding raptors, little is known about their breeding biology, including the characteristics of their nesting habitat. In 2009 and 2010, we searched forest stands in Kentucky and located 11 nests, all in pines (Pinus spp.). Nests were at a mean height of 18.6 [+ or -] 1.4 m in trees with a mean height of 23.7 m. Comparison of the characteristics of nest sites and randomly selected unused sites revealed significant differences (P = 0.021). Discriminant analysis revealed that six variables (foliage cover, mean tree height, basal area, percent deciduous canopy cover, distance from edge, and distance from road) permitted the best discrimination between used and random sites. Sharp-shinned Hawks nested in areas closer to edges and in areas with denser stands of taller conifers and denser understory. All nests were in stands of young (~25-50 years), even-aged conifers about 18-25 m in height. Nest sites were also closer to edges where stands of dense pines transitioned into areas with more, shorter deciduous trees and less foliage cover than nest sites. These adjacent areas may provide better foraging habitat for nesting Sharp-shinned Hawks because small birds, their primary prey, are more abundant in mixed stands than in dense stands of conifers where they nested. Received 19 January 2013. Accepted 22 June 2013. Key words: Accipiter striatus, canopy cover, even-aged stands, foliage cover, foraging habitat, nest success., Populations of Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) in North America are thought to be relatively stable (Sauer et al. 2008), but little is known about their population status in specific portions [...] more...
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- 2013
10. Geographical differences in nesting habitats of Terek sandpiper (Xenus cinereus)
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Meissner, Wlodzimierz, Golovatin, Mikhail, and Paskhalny, Sergey
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Scolopacidae -- Research ,Sandpipers -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Ornithological research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Data concerning 303 nests of the Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus) from 58 breeding sites in different parts of Russia and Ukraine were analyzed. Among them 196 were found in the western and 107 in the eastern part of this species' breeding range. In the eastern part, 61% of nests were placed in forests or within bushes, while in the western part only 8% of them had such location. Moreover, in the eastern part the species seems to avoid natural open habitats in spite of their availability, whereas in the western part of the breeding area nests were built mostly in open habitats, like meadows, pastures, or sandbanks dominated by sparse and low vegetation. Therefore, western and eastern populations of the Terek Sandpiper differ in nesting habitat selection. This is an exception among related species of the family Scolopacidae, for which different nesting habitats were reported only occasionally. Received 19 November 2012. Accepted 4 May 2013. Key words: ecological plasticity, Eurasia, habitats, nest, Scolopacidae., Breeding area of the Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus) covers a vast territory from the Baltic Sea coasts to the Chukotka Peninsula (Golovatin et al. 2010). The population is roughly estimated [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
11. Nesting of the white-throated Woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes Albicollis
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Cockle, Kristina L. and Bodrati, Alejandro
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Parental behavior in animals -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Ornithological research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We report on the breeding biology of the White-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes albicollis), a species endemic to the Atlantic forest of South America, based on 16 nesting attempts in 11 cavities (9 natural tree cavities and 2 nest boxes) in Misiones, northeastern Argentina. Natural cavities were 3.3-8.3 cm in diameter and 46-103 cm in depth, and generated by decay processes (not woodpeckers) at heights of 3-17 m in live trees 29-106 cm in diameter at breast height. White-throated Woodcreepers laid 2-4 eggs on alternate days, on a bed comprised of bark flakes, leaf fragments and seed pods. Incubation bouts (n = 3) were more than 1 hr 40 rains. Incubation lasted 17 days and the nestling period 18-22 days, shorter than the congeneric Great Rufous Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes major). Both adults brought nest material, incubated the eggs, fed the nestlings, and removed fecal sacs; however, we suspect that the male contributed more to fecal sac removal. Both adults roosted in the cavity a few nights before eggs were laid, but only one adult did so during the incubation and nestling periods. Nestlings were fed arthropods and small vertebrates at an average rate of 3 visits/hr with no change in delivery rate over the nestling period. Adults defended their nests from four bird species but shared one cavity with a roosting female Helmeted Woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus) throughout their incubation period. We confirm that the White-throated Woodcreeper exhibits biparental care like the Great Rufous Woodcreeper, the Dendrocolaptes and the Lepidocolaptes, but in contrast to Sittasomus, Dendrocincla and Xiphorhynchus. We recommend studies with banded individuals to determine the relative contribution of each parent. Received 5 March 2013. Accepted 22 June 2013. Key words: Atlantic forest, cavity-nesting bird, incubation, nestling, parental care, White-throated Woodcreeper, Xiphocolaptes albicollis., The woodcreepers (Furnariidae: Dendrocolaptinae) are a subfamily of Neotropical birds, all of which appear to nest in tree cavities (Marantz et al. 2003). Despite being widespread and often common inhabitants [...] more...
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- 2013
12. Among-individual variation in vigilance at the nest in colonial cliff swallows
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Roche, Erin A. and Brown, Charles R.
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Cliff swallows -- Research ,Alarm reaction -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Ornithological research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Enhanced vigilance against predation is often an advantage of living in groups, but most studies have not examined individual-specific variation in the propensity to be vigilant among the animals within a group. We studied vigilance at the nest in colonially nesting Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska in 2011 and 2012, and asked whether differences among individuals were consistent over time, whether vigilance varied among different colonies, and whether there were positive or negative fitness consequences of different levels of vigilance. We found significant among-individual variation in extent of vigilance and some variation among different colony sites. Vigilance also varied with date and nesting stage, but other phenotypic characteristics of a bird had no effect on vigilance. Differences among individuals in vigilance were not strongly related to their reproductive success that season, but more vigilant individuals were more likely to attempt intrusions into their neighbors' nests. Vigilance at the nest may be partly directed at monitoring conspecifics' activities in neighboring nests. This study is among the few that have investigated individual variation in vigilance behavior, a possible index of personality for Cliff Swallows, and the first to measure variation in vigilance for a colonial bird while breeding. Received 31 December 2012. Accepted 2 March 2013. Key words: coloniality, personality, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, reproductive success, social behavior, vigilance., One major challenge facing most animals is allocating time between predator-directed vigilance and mutually incompatible activities such as foraging, courting, or caring for offspring. Many studies have examined correlates associated [...] more...
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- 2013
13. Breeding biology of Atlantic population Canada Geese in Nunavik, Northern Quebec
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Cotter, Richard C., Hughes, R. John, May, Peter, Novalinga, Paulusi, Johannes, Jimmy, Hindman, Larry J., and Padding, Paul I.
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Canada goose -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Earth sciences ,Regional focus/area studies - Abstract
ABSTRACT. The Atlantic population of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis interior) experienced a sharp decline in numbers in the late 1980s. Management agencies in Canada and the United States responded by [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
14. Notes on the nesting behavior of the Half-collared Gnatwren (Microbates cinereiventris) in southeastern Peru
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Garizabal, Jaime A. and Londono, Gustavo A.
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Gnatcatchers -- Behavior ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Microbates cinereiventris is a polytypic and widely distributed species. Its reproductive behavior is only known based on the description of a single nest. Here, we present the first description of the eggs and nest of the subspecies M. cinereiventris peruvianus and the first description of the nestlings, feeding, and incubation behavior for the species. M. cinereiventris peruvianus has an open nest, primarily made of dry plant fibers and green moss. Nest attentiveness was 92.31 ± 0.20%, and a total of eight trips were recorded during the last 2 days of incubation. Nestlings hatched naked, were fed 1.58 ± 0.89 times per hour by both parents, and grew at a rate of 0.83 g per day during the first 5 days. M. cinereiventris share nesting characteristics with closely related species (M. collaris and Ramphocaenus melanurus). Received 26 September 2012. Accepted 20 March 2013. Key words: Half-Collared Gnatwren, Microbates cinereiventris, nesting behavior, southeastern Peru., Microbates cinereiventris is a widely distributed species in the Neotropics from Costa Rica to southeastern Peru and western Bolivia, mostly below 750 m (Hilty and Brown 1986, Atwood and Lerman [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
15. Nest-site selection, nest survival, productivity, and survival of Spruce Grouse in Wisconsin
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Anich, Nicholas M., Worland, Mike, and Martin, Karl J.
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Grouse -- Behavior -- Environmental aspects ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Spruce Grouse (Falcipennis canadensis) are listed as threatened in Wisconsin, and the boreal habitats in which they occur are likely to be threatened by changing climatic conditions. However, the limited information available on Spruce Grouse in the Upper Great Lakes region makes it unclear which habitat features are important for Spruce Grouse nesting in Wisconsin. We radiotracked 30 female Spruce Grouse in northern Wisconsin from 2007-2012 and located 25 nests. Eighteen of 25 nests were beneath black spruce (Picea mariana) trees. Only three nests were in upland, and only one in a stand of jack pines (Pinus banksiana), in contrast to studies from Michigan and Ontario. Overall concealment was a good predictor of nest sites for Spruce Grouse, but not a good predictor of nest survival. Nest survival was associated with moderately dense and uniform 0-0.5 m lateral vegetation cover. Seventeen of 25 nests were successful, with a daily survival rate of 0.985, overall productivity of 1.0 young/female, and 1.9 young/successful nest. Annual survival of adult males was estimated at 54%, adult females at 40%, and juvenile survival at 14% and 24% by two different methods. Estimates of λ of 0.65 and 0.67 suggest a declining population, but the upper confidence limit exceeds 1, not ruling out a stable or slightly increasing population. Protecting black spruce swamps will protect important nesting habitat for Spruce Grouse in Wisconsin. Received 18 October 2012. Accepted 3 May 2013. Key words: black spruce, concealment, Falcipennis canadensis, jack pine, nest survival, nest-site selection, Spruce Grouse, survival., Nesting is a critical part of the annual cycle, and nest success is often an important component of population dynamics. Poor nest success can severely limit annual fecundity (Walankiewicz 2002, [...] more...
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- 2013
16. Nestling provisioning by hairy and white-headed woodpeckers in managed ponderosa pine forests
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Kozma, Jeffrey M. and Kroll, Andrew J.
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Woodpeckers -- Behavior ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Parental rotes in nestling provisioning and composition of prey brought to nestlings are not well-studied for North American woodpeckers (Picidae). We studied nestling diets and the role of adult Hairy (Picoides villosus) and White-headed woodpeckers (Picoides albolarvatus) in provisioning nestlings and nest sanitation during 2009-2011 in managed ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests, Cascade Range, Washington, USA. Male White-headed Woodpeckers removed fecal material from cavities more frequently than females; a difference we did not observe between sexes in Hairy Woodpeckers. Male and female White-headed Woodpeckers, and female Hairy Woodpeckers. fed significantly more small (beak closed when holding prey) than large prey (beak unable to close when holding prey) to nestlings. We did not find differences in provisioning rates by sex of the parent, by nestling age, or by date of provisioning trip for either species. Morisita's Index (C) of diet overlap showed a large similarity in the nestling diets of Hairy and White-headed woodpeckers (C = 0.81), and dietary niche breadth was low for both species. Of the prey we identified, larvae of wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) were most frequently red to nestlings by both species. White-headed Woodpeckers fed caterpillars (Lepidoptera) and winged prey to nestlings more often than Hairy Woodpeckers. The diet of Hairy Woodpecker nestlings did not change appreciably over the nesting season, with wood-boring beetle larvae having the highest relative frequency for most of the breeding period. In contrast, relative frequency of wood-boring beetle larvae in the diet of White-headed Woodpecker nestlings declined toward the end of the breeding period as the relative frequency of caterpillars increased. Our results suggest that both sexes of these woodpeckers contribute equally to nestling provisioning. Received 11 December 2012. Accepted 8 March 2013. Key words: Hairy Woodpecker, nest sanitation, nestling provisioning, Picoides, ponderosa pine, White-headed Woodpecker, woodpecker., Evaluating rates of nestling provisioning by adult birds provides insight into foraging strategies and reproductive effort (Barba et al. 2009). In most biparental avian species, both males and females provision [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
17. A novel behavior in an endangered species: black-capped vireos reuse a nest after brood parasitism and depredation
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Boves, T.J., Kutylowski, J.A., Sperry, J.H., and Cimprich, D.A.
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Nest building -- Research ,Phenotypic plasticity -- Research ,Biological sciences ,Earth sciences - Abstract
Reuse of ephemeral open cup nests by passerines is an uncommon behavior. We report the first case of nest reuse by federally endangered black-capped vireos (Vireo atricapilla). The initial use of the nest was unsuccessful because the clutch was parasitized by a brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) during egg laying and then depredated during incubation. During reuse, apparently by the same pair of vireos, the nest escaped parasitism but was depredated when the nestlings were 7 d old. Although rare, this behavior may be an example of phenotypic plasticity in black-capped vireo nesting strategies. Despite failure in this instance, nest reuse may be adaptive flit reduces the risk of brood parasitism but could be maladaptive if it increases the risk of nest predation., INTRODUCTION Reuse of ephemeral open cup nests by passerines is uncommon and may be avoided because of several ultimate and proximate factors. Nest reuse may increase the likelihood of predation [...] more...
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- 2013
18. Nesting ecology of wild turkeys in a bottomland hardwood forest
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Byrne, Michael E. and Chamberlain, Michael J.
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Habitat selection -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Wild turkeys -- Research ,Biological sciences ,Earth sciences - Abstract
Although extensively studied in upland landscapes, little has been published regarding Eastern Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) nest site selection and reproductive ecology in bottomland systems. Wild Turkeys in these systems face unique conditions, such as persistent flooding, so facets of nesting ecology observed in primarily upland landscapes may not apply directly to Wild Turkeys in bottomland systems. We studied nesting ecology of radio-marked female Wild Turkeys during six nesting seasons (2002-2004, 2008-2010) in a bottomland hardwood system in south-central Louisiana. We studied landscape level nest site selection at three spatial scales (200 m, 400 m, and 800 m) and found Wild Turkeys selected nesting locations in areas that offered greater proportions of nonflooded bottomland forests and higher forest edge density than generally available across the study site at all scales. At smaller spatial scales, forest openings were also important to nest site selection, while at large scales, nest location was negatively related to landscape diversity. All nests were located in dry higher elevation forests (n = 35) or forest openings (n = 6). These habitats were likely selected because they offered protection from flood-related nest mortality and access to brood-rearing habitat. At the micro habitat scale, ground level cover was important to nest site selection, and likely provided protection from ground predators. Nests were often associated with small recent breaks in the canopy, presumably as a response to the resulting growth in understory cover. Wild Turkeys avoided nesting in managed forest stands with large areas of open canopy, likely because rapid successional growth in these areas made understory growth too dense. Nest predation was the greatest cause of nest failure (55%). Nesting rates (60%) and female success rates (24%) were among the lowest reported for the species, whereas nest success (39%) was near the range wide average. Reproductive performance may have been hampered by a scarcity of quality nesting habitat due to flooding and generally sparse understory vegetation, which left nests vulnerable to predation. Despite low nesting rates and female success, there was no evidence of a declining population on our study area. We suspect this may be a result of either high poult survival due to high quality brood-rearing habitat or because high female survival rates allow individual birds multiple chances to successfully reproduce., INTRODUCTION Reproductive success is an important parameter influencing Eastern Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) population dynamics (Vangilder, 1992; Roberts and Porter, 1996). Wild Turkey reproduction has been widely studied in [...] more...
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- 2013
19. Nest success and nest site selection of red-headed woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) in East-central Illinois
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Hudson, Nathan C. and Bollinger, Eric K.
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Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences ,Earth sciences - Abstract
We examined nest success and nest site selection of red-headed woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) in east-central Illinois. Overall nest success, estimated from a constant survival logistic-exposure model, was 56%. Cavities at greater height had greater success and daily survival rates increased with nest age. We also compared habitat variables at nest and random sites. Red-headed woodpeckers nested more frequently in snags than expected and habitat surrounding nest cavity trees had more cavities than habitat surrounding random trees, which were generally taller than nest cavity trees. Thus, the immediate preservation or creation of large diameter snags and snags high above the ground will likely improve nesting habitat and nest success of red-headed woodpeckers., INTRODUCTION The red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus; hereafter, RHWO) is an iconic cavity nesting species of oak/hickory (Quercus-Carya spp.) savannas, woodlands, and forest edge habitats of eastern North America. This species [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
20. Effect of introduced Japanese Weasels (Mustela itatsi) on the nest height of Japanese Bush Warblers (Horornis diphone) on Miyake-jima Island, Japan
- Author
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Hamao, Shoji and Higuchi, Hiroyoshi
- Subjects
Weasels -- Research ,Predation (Biology) -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Japanese weasels (Mustela itatsi) artificially introduced to Miyake-jima Island, a peripheral island of Japan, in the early 1980s increased predation on bird nests. We investigated the breeding biology of Japanese Bush Warblers (Horornis diphone) before and after the weasel introduction. Nest height was higher after than before the introduction, while clutch size did not differ significantly between the periods. These results suggest that introduced carnivores affect not only nest predation but also the nest site selection of birds. Received 13 November 2012. Accepted 15 January. 2013. Key words: artificial introduction, carnivorous mammal, clutch size, nest height, nest predation, nest site selection., Risk of nest predation affects the nest site selection and breeding biology of birds. For example, nest height from the ground increases with the risk of nest predation (Forstmeier and [...] more...
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- 2013
21. First nest description and notes on parental care of Lawrence's thrush (Turdus lawrencii)
- Author
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Lind, Emily K. and Woodward, Catherine L.
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Thrushes -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We present the first nest description for the Lawrence's Thrush (Turdus lawrencii), found on 9 February 2011 in the lowland tropical forest at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana province, Ecuador. The nest was situated 1.6 m off the ground, tucked in the hollow end of a broken dead tree. The open-cup nest conformed to the shape of the depression in which it was built, and averaged 13.0 cm in diameter and 6.6 cm in depth. The inner cup diameter averaged 8 cm and the maximum depth was 4 cm. The nest was constructed of moss, leafy liverworts, and fungal rhizoids held together with mud. During 6.5 hrs of observation on 13 and 14 February 2011, we observed the female feeding the nestlings while the male remained in the vicinity of the nest. We conclude that the nest composition of Lawrence's Thrush is typical of other thrush species, and based on our limited behavioral data we also conclude parental care is comparable to other Turdus species. Received 12 July 2012. Accepted 31 December 2012. Key words: components, material, nest, parental care, thrush, Turdus., The genus Turdus (family Turdidae) is comprised of about 65 species with representatives in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia (Clement 2001). The Lawrence's Thrush (Turdus lawrencii) is an [...] more...
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- 2013
22. Nesting ecology of Mckay's Buntings on St. Matthew Island, Alaska
- Author
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Johnson, James A., DeCicco, Lucas H., Matsuoka, Steven M., and Sowls, Arthur L.
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Nest building -- Research ,Emberiza -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
The McKay's Bunting (Plectrophenax hyperboreus) is one of the rarest passerine species in North America and breeds solely on St. Matthew and Hall islands in the remote Bering Sea, Alaska. We examined the nesting ecology of this poorly studied species on St. Matthew Island in 1982, 1983, and 2003. We found that the high breeding density of the McKay's Bunting may account for the lower clutch size and number of young fledged per successful nest compared to its sister species, the Snow Bunting (P. nivalis. The proportion of eggs that successfully hatched was higher for McKay's Buntings than Snow Buntings breeding at other Arctic locations in North America. Daily nest survival declined during egg-laying and incubation and increased throughout the nestling period. Nesting chronology was earlier in 2003 compared to the 1980s; however, daily nest survival was similar between decades. To assess how McKay's Buntings are responding to climate-mediated changes to physical and biotic conditions, we recommend monitoring the species' reproductive rates and population size. Received 17 August 2012. Accepted 12 December 2012. Key words: McKay's Bunting, nesting ecology, Plectrophenax hyperboreus, Plectrophenax nivalis, St. Matthew Island, Snow Bunting., McKay's Bunting (Plectrophenax hyperboreus) is the only passerine species endemic to Alaska (Matsuoka and Johnson 2008). It breeds solely on the remote St. Matthew and Hall islands (Ridgway 1886, Townsend [...] more...
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- 2013
23. Breeding biology of the tawny-bellied seedeater (Sporophila hypoxantha) in Southern Brazilian upland grasslands
- Author
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Franz, Ismael and Fontana, Carla S.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We present detailed information on the breeding biology of a migratory population of the Tawny-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila hypoxantha), a typical member of the 'capuchinos' group. Data were collected for 69 nests from 2007-2010 in areas of hilly dry grasslands in southern Brazil. Breeding begins in early November, a week after the seedeaters arrive, peaks in late November, and lasts until late February, when individuals migrate north. Females build small open-cup nests in small shrubs (mainly Vernonia chamaedo's and Eupatorium polystachyum), 41.9 ± 0.8 cm (range 27-50 cm, n = 38) above the ground. Clutch size is two (91%) or three eggs (n = 43), which measure 16.22 ± 0.51 mm by 11.93 ± 0.28 mm (n = 10), and incubation, which is performed by the female, lasts 12 days. Average nest attentiveness during incubation was 60 ± 5% (n = 5) with 20-31 rain on-bouts. Males help feed the nestlings beginning on the fifth day after hatching. Provisioning visits/hr averaged 4.6 ± 0.7 01 = 6) and females brooded after feeding the young in 48% of the visits when nestlings were 1-4 days old. When nestlings were 6-9 days old, the average visits/hr increased (8.95 ± 1.8, 17 = 11; z = -2.5, P = 0.012), with brooding after feeding in 14% of the visits. Nestlings fledged after 9-10 days. The basic reproductive characteristics of the migratory population are very similar to those found in the resident population in the Formosa region, Argentina, but the breeding season, time spent building the nest, and length of visits to the nest during the nestling stage were shorter. Received 9 April 2012. Accepted 28 September 2012. Key words: life history, migratory population, nest, nesting biology, parental care, reproductive biology, seedeaters., In the Neotropics, one of the best represented genera of the family Thraupidae is Sporophila, with roughly 35 species of small, finch-like birds with conical bills that almost exclusively inhabit [...] more...
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- 2013
24. Nest-site characteristics of Bachman's Sparrows and their relationship to plant succession following prescribed burns
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Jones, Clark D., Cox, James A., Toriani-Moura, Emily, and Cooper, Robert J.
- Subjects
Prescribed burning -- Research ,Plant-animal interactions -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Prescribed fire is a frequently applied land-management tool for the preservation and maintenance of southern pine woodlands. Many avian species benefit from the use of prescribed fire in pine woodlands; however, the effect fire has on nesting site characteristics is not well understood for many disturbance-dependent species. We located nests of Bachman's Sparrows (Peucaea aestivalis) in mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests managed using frequent prescribed fires (return intervals [less than or equal to] 2 years). Vegetation characteristics were measured at each nest (n = 37), within a 0.04ha area immediately adjacent to nests, and at different time intervals following burns within a larger 20-ha area surrounding nests. We examined vegetation characteristics within the 20-ha area 2, 6, 12, and 18 months after prescribed burns to compare post-fire plant succession with site characteristics associated with nest sites. Nest sites had lower amounts of grass standing crop, grass ground cover, and higher amounts of woody vegetation than found in the 0.04-ha area immediately surrounding nests. Vegetation structure at nests sites was similar to the structure measured across the 20-ha area Key words: Bachman's Sparrow, longleaf pine, nest site, Peucaea aestivalis, prescribed fire., Prescribed fire is essential for maintaining longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests of the southeastern U.S. Prescribed fires remove hardwood shrubs, promote grasses and forbs, and create open ground-level conditions that [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
25. Breeding biology of Spectacled Tyrant (Hymenops perspicillatus) in the Southeastern Pampas Region, Argentina
- Author
-
Pretelli, Matias G. and Isacch, Juan P.
- Subjects
Tyrant flycatchers -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
The Spectacled Tyrant (Hymenops perspicillatus) is a flycatcher that inhabits open lands, grassy areas near water bodies, marshes, fields and pastures in southern South America. Our aim was to describe the breeding biology of Spectacled Tyrants in native tall grasslands, specifically by studying their reproductive phenology and breeding success. The study was developed in the southeastern Pampas region, Argentina. We conducted nest searching and monitoring during the 2010-2011 and 2011 2012 breeding seasons. We found 88 nests. The breeding season was from mid-October to late January. Clutch size was 2-3 eggs, mode = 2. Incubation and nestling periods were 15.8 [+ or -] 0.7 days and 14.7 [+ or -] 0.6 days, respectively. Nest predation was higher during the incubation period than during laying and nestling periods. The probability of nest success from egg-laying to fledging was 0.24. This species shows life-history traits in accordance with other South American temperate birds. Received 29 August 2012. Accepted 10 November 2012. Key words: grasslands, Hymenops perspicillatus, incubation, nest predation, nesting success, nestling period, Spectacled Tyrant., The Spectacled Tyrant (Hymenops perspicillatus) is a member of the family Tyrannidae that inhabits open lands, grassy areas near water bodies, marshes, and fields and pastures (Fitzpatrick 2004). The Spectacled [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
26. Nesting of the Yellow-breasted warbling-antbird (Hypocnemis subflava) with notes on the nesting biology of the Hypocnemis cantator complex
- Author
-
David, Santiago and Londono, Gustavo A.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We provide the first detailed nesting biology information for the Yellow-breasted Warbling-Antbird (Hypocnemis subflava), a member of the recently split Warbling Antbird complex. We found seven pouch-shaped nests with two eggs or nestlings within Manu National Park, SE Peru. Long incubation sessions (93.7 ± 7.78 minutes, range = 4-480 minutes, n = 18 days) were untaken by both parents and high diurnal nest attentiveness (% of time on the nest) averaged 85.8 ± 1.4% (n = 16) as a result of taking fewer short foraging trips (6.3 ± 0.6 trips/day, range = 3-11; n = 14) that lasted 16.19 ± 1.78 min (range = 1-91; n = 18). Incubation behavior produced an average inner nest temperature of 32.3 [+ or -] 0.24 °C (n = 15 days) and average egg temperature of 36.4 ± 0.09 °C (12 = 3). Individual nests at different elevations exhibit differences in incubation behavior. The nestling period was 11 days (n = l) and both parents brooded and fed the nestlings. Nest shape, location, and composition were similar to other species in the complex, but egg coloration was variable among species. Received 9 July 2012. Accepted 26 January 2013. Key words: breeding biology, eggs, Hypocnemis subflava, incubation behavior, nest, Warbling-Antbird., The Warbling Antbird (Hypocnemis cantator) was considered a widespread polytypic species (Zimmer and Isler 2003), but recently it has been split into six different species based on genetic, vocal, and [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
27. Breeding biology of an Afrotropical forest understory bird community in Northeastern Tanzania
- Author
-
Mkongewa, Victor J., Newmark, William D., and Stanley, Thomas R.
- Subjects
Breeding colonies -- Research ,Bird populations -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Many aspects of the breeding biology of Afrotropical forest birds are poorly known. Here we provide a description based on the monitoring of 1461 active nests over eight breeding seasons about one or more aspects of the breeding biology for 28 coexisting understory bird species on the Amani Plateau in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Mean nest height and mean distance of nest from forest edge varied widely among species with most species constructing nests across a broad vertical and forest edge to interior gradient. However, there were important exceptions with all sunbird species and several dove and waxbill species constructing nests in close proximity to the forest edge. For 17 common species for which we recorded two or more active nests, mean clutch size across species was 1.9 eggs per clutch, the lowest site-specific mean clutch size yet reported for a tropical forest bird community. For nine bird species, a subset of the 17 common species, length of breeding season, defined as the difference between the earliest and latest recorded incubation onset date, ranged from 88-139 days. Most of these nine species displayed a unimodal distribution in incubation onset dates across a breeding season which extended from the end of August through middle January. In summary, a wide variation exists in most aspects of the breeding biology within an understory forest bird community in the East Usambara Mountains. Received 15 August 2012. Accepted 24 October 2012. Key words: Afrotropical understory forest bird community, breeding season duration, clutch size, distance of nest from edge, egg mass, nest dimensions, nest height., Although nearly two-thirds of all bird species worldwide are endemic to the tropics (Tscharntke et al. 2008), our understanding of the breeding biology of many tropical forest bird species is [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
28. Nestling diets and provisioning rates of sympatric golden-fronted and ladder-backed woodpeckers
- Author
-
Schroeder, Evonne L., Boal, Clint W., and Glasscock, Selma N.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We examined comparative food use and provisioning of Golden-fronted (Melanerpes aurifrons) and Ladder-backed (Picoides scalaris) woodpeckers at the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation Refuge, in San Patricio County, Texas. We combined video surveillance and direct observations to monitor provisioning rates and identify items delivered by adult woodpeckers to nestlings. We collected 328 hours of data at Ladder-backed Woodpecker nest cavities and 230 hours of data at Golden-fronted Woodpecker nest cavities. Ladder-backed Woodpecker nestling diets consisted of 100% animal matter, comprised of invertebrate larvae (99%) and invertebrate adults ( Key words: diet, food habits, Golden-fronted Woodpecker, Ladder-backed Woodpecker, nesting, sympatric, Texas., The Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes aurifrons) occurs only in Texas and parts of Oklahoma (Sauer et al. 2011). They are sympatric with the more widely-distributed Ladder-backed Woodpecker (Picoides scalaris), which also [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
29. Breeding biology of the straight-billed Woodcreeper
- Author
-
Majewska, Ania A. and Oteyza, Juan C.
- Subjects
Birds -- Breeding ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We studied the breeding biology of the Straight-billed Woodcreeper (Dendroplex picus) (Dendrocolaptinae) from eight nests in Hato Masaguaral, Venezuela and reviewed current literature for all woodcreeper species. Straight-billed Woodcreepers nested in PVC nest-boxes (n = 6) and in wooden fence posts (n = 2). Mean ± SE clutch size was 2.50 ± 0.19 eggs (n = 8) and egg mass was 5.41 ± 0.12 g (n = 17). Egg mass and clutch mass represented 12.4% and 31% of adult mass, respectively. Both males and females incubated, but average incubation nest attentiveness (percent of time on the nest) was only 63.2 ± 8.2% (n = 8). The relatively low nest attentiveness was associated with an incubation period of 17 days (n = l). The nestling period was 17-18 days (n = 2), and both parents provisioned the young. Nestling growth rate constants (K) for mass, tarsus, and wing chord were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.34 ± 0.03, and 0.27 ± 0.02, respectively. Three of eight nests were successful and five were lost to predation. Comparisons with other woodcreepers for many traits are difficult because of limited information. The available information indicates female-only and biparental incubation exists within the Dendrocolaptinae. Our observations of the Straight-billed Woodcreeper add Dendroplex to the genera with biparental incubation. Key words: biparental care, breeding biology, growth rate, Venezuela, woodcreeper., Little is known about the life history traits, in particular reproductive traits, of most tropical passerines (Martin 1996). Life history data for tropical passerines that nest in cavities are particularly [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
30. Exploitation of reedbeds by specialist passerines: Reed Parrotbill and Oriental Reed Warbler
- Author
-
Xiong, Li-Hu and Lu, Jian-Jian
- Subjects
Timaliidae -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Wood warblers -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We studied exploitation of reedbeds by two specialist passerines, Reed Parrotbill (Paradoxornis heudei, listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN) and Oriental Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus orientalis), nesting in a tidal reedbed in the Changjiang River Estuary. Reed Parrotbills have significantly shorter, wider, and deeper bills than Oriental Reed Warblers. We distinguished > 12 nest material categories in four groups (Phragmites, Zizania, artificial, and other) in nests of the two species. Reed Parrotbills used significantly fewer nest material categories, and had lower nest material diversity and a narrower nest material niche than Oriental Reed Warblers. More than 89% of the nest mass of Reed Parrotbills was Phragmites and was obtained from within the nesting habitat. More than 71% of the nest mass of Oriental Reed Warblers was Zizania from outside the nesting habitat. Most Phragmites material used by Reed Parrotbills was living tissue from reed leaf sheathes and stems. The large bill of the Reed Parrotbill facilitates exploitation of tissues from living reed shoots for nest materials, while the relatively long and slender bill of the Oriental Reed Warbler constrains it to use living reed shoots and exploit nest material from outside of nesting habitats. This is similar to their exploitation of food resources in reedbeds: Reed Parrotbills extract concealed insects within reed shoots while Oriental Reed Warblers glean exposed arthropods on a variety of plants. We confirm that food resource exploitation by Reed Parrotbills and Oriental Reed Warblers demonstrates a relationship between bill morphology and feeding as well as nest building. Key words: bill morphology, habitat specialist, life history characteristic, nest material, resource exploitation, tidal marsh., Habitat specialists are taxa or individuals that occupy a restricted range of habitats (Futuyma and Moreno 1988). These specialists often have weak dispersal ability and are constrained to their preferred [...] more...
- Published
- 2013
31. Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae) infestations of nestling Red-shouldered Hawks in Southern Ohio
- Author
-
Dykstra, Cheryl R., Hays, Jeffrey L., Simon, Melinda M., and Wegman, Ann R.
- Subjects
Hawks -- Behavior ,Nest building -- Research ,Parasitism -- Research ,Blowflies -- Environmental aspects ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We examined nestling Red-shouldered Hawks (Buteo lineatus) in 56 nests ( 147 nestlings) in suburban southwestern Ohio and in 25 nests (67 nestlings) in rural forested Hocking Hills in south-central Ohio, ~180 km east of southwestern Ohio. Fifteen of 25 nests in Hocking Hills had Protocalliphora avium larvae on one or more nestlings and/or pupae in the nest material. Nineteen nestlings had larvae in one or both ears, an additional 14 had evidence of larvae outside the ears, 32 were not visibly parasitized, and two were not examined or their status was not reported; in contrast, no nests and no nestlings were parasitized in southwestern Ohio. Reproductive rate (young fledged/nest) did not differ between southwestern Ohio and Hocking Hills (2.4 [+or -] 0.1 young/nest at southwestern Ohio vs. 2.7 [+or -]0.2 at Hocking Hills; P = 0.214). Parasitized nests at Hocking Hills were no more likely to have been used in the previous breeding season than non-parasitized nests ([chi square] = 0.903, P = 0.342, n = 22). Similarly, number of young fledged/nest at parasitized nests did not differ from that at non-parasitized nests within Hocking Hills (U = 75.0, P = 1.00, n = 25; mean ([+or -] SE) number of young = 2.7 [+or -] 0.3 vs. 2.7 [+or -] 0.3 at parasitized and non-parasitized nests, respectively). The Protocalliphora loads we observed did not appear to have a negative effect on the fledging rate of nestling Red-shouldered Hawks; however, we did not assess any other potential effects of parasitism., Many raptor species are infested by one or more species of ectoparasitic Proto'alliphora flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), commonly called bird blow flies (Sabrosky et al. 1989, Bennett and Whitworth 1992). Adults [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
32. Introduced species dominate the diet of breeding urban Cooper's Hawks in British Columbia
- Author
-
Cava, Jenna A., Stewart, Andrew C., and Rosenfield, Robert N.
- Subjects
Birds -- Breeding ,Cooper's Hawk -- Behavior ,Invasive species ,Nest building -- Research ,Urban ecology -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We used collection of prey remains, direct observations of hawks with prey, and video cameras at two nests to assess frequency of occurrence and biomass of prey species taken by breeding Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada during 1995-2010. Small ([less than or equal to] 27 g) to medium-size (28-91 g) bird species contributed the majority (79-94%) of prey recorded from collection of 3,231 prey remains, 437 direct observations, and 783 video items at 87 nest sites. Avian prey contributed over half of prey biomass recorded in direct observations and video data (67% and 93%, respectively). One native and two introduced species provided most (> 85%) prey recorded in all samples in which birds were identified to species: American Robin (Turdus migratorius), European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), and House Sparrow (Passer domesticus). Introduced species were an important component of the diet, contributing over half of items identified in all samples. There was a temporal shift in age of prey used: the early-season diet (Mar-Apr) was comprised of adult birds and subadult mammals, while avian young of the year dominated the diet from late May until the end of the breeding season (70-100% of identifiable items). Mammals were inconsequential in terms of frequency and biomass except at nests (6 of 87) on or near the University of Victoria campus where nearly all European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) prey was recorded., Urbanization is a major force in changes of global land-use (Ortega-Alvarez and MacGregor-Fors 2011). Urban environments are relatively new habitats for Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) and other birds of prey [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
33. First description of the reproductive biology of the Grey-bellied Hawk (Accipiter poliogaster)
- Author
-
Boesing, Andrea Larissa, Menq, Willian, and Dos Anjos, Luiz
- Subjects
Birds -- Breeding ,Hawks -- Environmental aspects -- Behavior ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We observed an active nest of the Grey-bellied Hawk (Accipiter poliogaster) in the mixed rainforest of southern Brazil during the 2011 breeding season. The nest was a platform built in the branches of the upper part of a Parana pine (Araucaria angustifolia). The clutch size was two eggs, but only a single nestling survived and left the nest, ~49 days post-hatching. The fledgling was fed by adults at the nest for at least 90 days post-hatching. Only the adult female incubated the eggs and brooded the nestlings. Both female and male provided nest defense, the former up to 50 m from the nest and the latter at 50 to 200 m. Only the male hunted and only the female fed the nestlings. The identified prey brought to the nest by the male included eight birds and one young armadillo. Five voice types were identified: one alarm call, three foodrelated calls (performed by adults), and one food-begging call (performed by the fledgling). The type of habitat where the nest occurred suggested this poorly known species can possibly survive in disturbed areas. It seems to be naturally rare and its' shy behavior contributes to its low detection., The Grey-bellied Hawk (Accipiter poliogaster) is a poorly known species occurring over a large area in South America. This species inhabits lowland tropical forest, humid secondary growth and other dense [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
34. First description of the nest and eggs of the island-endemic Cozumel Vireo, Vireo bairdi
- Author
-
Lapergola, Joshua B., Hipolito, Jesus Gustavo Marina, Martinez-Gomez, Juan E., and Curry, Robert L.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Vireos -- Behavior -- Environmental aspects ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We report the first description of the nest, eggs, and nesting phenology of the Cozumel Vireo (Vireo bairdi), a passerine species endemic to Isla Cozumel, Mexico. We discovered three nests of this species in 2009. These open-cup nests were woven onto branches and hung beneath forks. Clutch size was 2-3 eggs, and eggs were ovate and had a white ground color with reddish-brown flecks. These characteristics of nests and eggs are similar to those of most other Vireo spp., including other West Indian members of the Vireo subgenus. Breeding activities, including egg-laying, incubation, and nestling and post-fledging provisioning occurred from May to July 2009. We estimated the length of incubation to be ~14 days and length of the nestling stage to be 11-12 days. Much of the Cozumel Vireo's breeding biology remains unknown and further study of this single-island endemic is needed., The vireos (Vireonidae) comprise 52 species that range from North to South America, including many islands (Brewer and Orenstein 2010). Vireo, largest of the family' s four genera, contains 31 [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
35. Nesting of the Thorn-tailed Rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda) in a pine plantation in southcentral Chile
- Author
-
Quilodran, Claudio S., Vasquez, Rodrigo A., and Estades, Cristian F.
- Subjects
Plantations -- Environmental aspects ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We installed nest boxes for Thorn-tailed Rayaditos (Aphrastrura spinicauda) and monitored their use in a Monterrey pine (Pinus radiata) plantation in the Maule Region, southcentral Chile. Thirty-four breeding pairs built nests in boxes, of which 75% began laying eggs. Nest establishment began in early September and construction lasted 12.8 ± 4.9 days (n = 23). Rayaditos used mainly pine needles, together with mosses, epiphytes, herbs, and animal hair in their nests. Clutch size ranged from two to four eggs (mode = 3) that were incubated for 15.8 ± 1.2 days. Brood size negatively affected mass of nestlings, but was positively related to mass of the parents. Adults had higher body mass and built larger nests than those reported previously for the species on Chiloe Island, where broods are larger and the incubation period is shorter. The provision of artificial cavities allowed Thorn-tailed Rayaditos to nest in the pine plantation. Nest boxes combined with other management tools, such as maintaining snags and understory enhancement, may be important factors in mitigation of negative effects of pine plantations on secondary cavity-nesting birds., The Furnariidae consists of a large variety of species that have colonized a wide diversity of habitats from tropical rainforests to savannas and deserts (Fjeldsa et al. 2005). They are [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
36. Nesting ecology of Swainson's Warblers in a South Carolina bottomland forest
- Author
-
Bishop, Jennifer Thompson, Gerwin, John A., and Lancia, Richard A.
- Subjects
Animal ecology -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We studied the nesting ecology of Swainson's Warblers (Limnothvlpis swainsonii) in Britton's Neck, South Carolina, USA and found 144 nests of which 78 were active. Nest initiations followed a bimodal distribution. Clutches averaged (± SE) 3.19 ± 0.20 eggs and 2.50 ± 0.33 fledglings per nest. The Mayfield nest success estimate for a 23-day cycle was 50%. Logistic exposure models indicate nest success to be most impacted by Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) nest parasitism, nest age, and distance to the nearest swamp. Unparasitized nests that were younger in age and further from a swamp had the highest daily survival rates. Ten percent of nests were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds with a 26% reduction in Swainson's Warbler hatching and an 89% reduction in fledgling production. Multiple brooding was observed in 21% of 2000 and 2001 Swainson's Warbler nests. Vines, such as greenbrier (Smilax spp.), were the most common substrate used for nesting, although two-thirds of the nests contained cane (Arundinaria tecta and A. gigantea) within a 5-m radius., Southeastern United States bottomland forests are one of the most rapidly diminishing wetland ecosystems (Gosselink et al. 1990). Sixty-nine percent of bottomland hardwood forests in the lower 48 states have [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
37. Simultaneous multiple nests of Calliope Hummingbird and Rufous Hummingbird
- Author
-
Batchelder, Ned, Batchelder, Gigi, Livezey, Dale A., and Marks, Jeffrey S.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Hummingbirds -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We report the first cases of simultaneous double brooding known for Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope) and Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) from observations of two females in Montana. Each female laid two eggs and started incubating while feeding large young in a nearby nest, and each successfully fledged young from both nesting attempts. Simultaneous multiple nests have been documented for five other hummingbird species that breed north of Mexico, suggesting the behavior is widespread in the family outside the tropics. Factors that might allow rapid renesting in temperate species include young that begin to feed themselves within a week after fledging, and longer day length that allows more time for females to forage than would be available in the tropics. Received 5 February 2012. Accepted 2 April 2012., Reports of female hummingbirds simultaneously caring for eggs and young from successive nesting attempts date to the mid-1930s when Skutch (1935:258) watched a female White-eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis) feed a [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
38. Eastern Screech-Owl responses to suburban sprawl, warmer climate, and additional avian food in Central Texas
- Author
-
Gehlbach, Frederick R.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Effects of suburban development (sprawl), concurrent climate and increasing avian food on a population of Eastern Screech-Owls (Megascops asio) were studied for three decades using nest boxes and natural tree-cavity nests in residential yards and adjoining natural forest in central Texas. The suburban climate was warmer by 5.7[degrees]C associated with suburbia's heat-island effect by the last decade of study. Nesting started earlier by an average of 4.5 days annually and fledgling productivity increased by 31.4%. Avian prey increased and contributed to 93% successful annual nests in a more stable population. Bird feeders and bird baths were likely enhancing factors at residences, where owls obtained prey and used bird-bath water for drinking and bathing. Received 13 September 2011. Accepted 6 March 2012., Suburban-nesting Eastern Screech-Owls (Megascops asio) differ from rural populations in central Texas by living in a warmer climate, nesting earlier, and producing more fledglings (Gehlbach 2008). The effects of warming [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
39. Nesting biology of the Yellow-Olive Flatbill (Tyrannidae, elaninae) in Atlantic Forest fragments in Brazil
- Author
-
Anciaes, Marina, Aguilar, Thais Maya, Leite, Lemuel Olivio, Andrade, Renata Dornelas, and Marini, Miguel Angelo
- Subjects
Tyrant flycatchers -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
The Yellow-olive Flatbill (Tolmomyias sulphurescens) is a small insectivorous passerine inhabiting Neotropic forests. Its breeding biology is poorly known despite its abundance and conspicuousness. We describe the nesting biology of Yellow-olive Flatbills from Atlantic Forest fragments in Belo Horizonte County, Minas Gerais State, southeastem Brazil. Eighty nests were monitored every 3-5 days from August to January between 1995 and 2000. Active nests were found from mid-September through late December with a peak from mid October through late November. First clutches were usually laid during the first rains, but prior to the main peak in annual rainfall. The Yellow-olive Flatbill builds closed, pencile nests on tree branches along streams or roads, principally of dark fungal (Marasmius sp.) fibers. Clutch size ranged from two to four white eggs. Incubation was irregular and hatching was asynchronous. Incubation and nestling periods were 20 and 23 days, respectively. Nesting success across all 5 years was 29% (mean among years = 31%, CI = 25-37%), and nest predation was the main cause of nest failure (49%). Mayfield estimates of nest survival were low (mean = 26%, CI = 17-36%), and the probability of an egg to produce a fledgling was only 10%. Fledging success was 0.8 fledglings per breeding pair, and chicks fledged at 107% (CI = 106-108%) of mean adult body mass. Our results do not support the purported pattern of long breeding seasons for tropical birds. The Yellow-olive Flatbill laid unusually large clutches, had lower nest survival, and greater fledgling productivity compared with other tropical passerines. Received 28 April 2009. Accepted 23 March 2012., Studies of avian nesting biology are crucial for understanding many concepts in population biology, are relevant to evolutionary theory, and have many applications in conservation biology (Reed et al. 1998, [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
40. Breeding biology of the Red-Bellied Grackle (Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster): a cooperative breeder of the Colombian Andes
- Author
-
Ocampo, David, Estrada-F., M. Camila, Munoz, Jenny M., Londono, Laura V., David, Santiago, Valencia, Giovanny, Morales, Paula A., Garizabal, Jaime A., and Cuervo, Andres M.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We document the breeding behavior of the Red-bellied Grackle (Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster: Icteridae) from monitoring seven breeding groups during 4 consecutive years (2006-2009) in the central cordillera of the Colombian Andes. All nests were attended by three to seven individuals, representing family groups composed of adult males and females, as well as immatures from previous generations. Clutch size ranged from two to four eggs and was positively correlated with family group size. The incubation period was 15-17 days and nestlings left the nest when 16-18 days of age. Nestling success was relatively low (0.39), and mortality was caused by predation and harsh environmental events; however, groups attempted to breed after nest failures. The Red-bellied Grackle has a cooperative breeding system and individuals delay dispersal by remaining in natal territories. Received 15 July 2011. Accepted 14 April 2012., About 9% of bird species scattered across the avian evolutionary tree, from rheas (Rhea spp.) to passerines (Skutch 1987, Hatchwell 2009, Cornwallis et al. 2010), are now thought to exhibit [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
41. First nesting information for the Orange-eared Tanager (Chlorochrysa calliparea)
- Author
-
Martinez, Manuel A. Sanchez and Londono, Gustavo A.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
The Orange-eared Tanager (Chlorochrysa calliparea) occurs from southern Colombia to northern Bolivia between 900 and 2,000 m elevation. We describe for the first time the nest of the genus Chlorochrysa, based on five nests of C. calliparea, and provide information on incubation and nestling growth from August through December 2009 and 2010 in Manu National Park, Cusco, Peru. The Orange-eared Tanager has a distinct and unique nest location in clumps of moss banging from horizontal branches, previously unknown among tanagers. The nest structure, however, was similar to that of most tanagers. We observed use of a nest-like structure as a dormitory, not previously reported for the Thraupidae. Clutch size was one egg and the nestling period was 21 days. The female made an average of 8.8 foraging trips/day from the nest which lasted on average 33.1 min with nest attentiveness of 58.9%. The small clutch suggests close affinity with mountain tanagers. Received 24 February 2011. Accepted 31 October 2011., The tanager genus Chlorochrysa (Thraupidae) is considered to be sister to the clade comprising Stephanophorus, Diuca, Neothraupis, Lophospingus, Cissopis, Schistoclamys, and Paroaria. The Chlorochrysa and Stephanophorus--Paroaria clade is in turn [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
42. Does nest-box size impact clutch size of house sparrows?
- Author
-
Lowther, Peter E.
- Subjects
English sparrow -- Physiological aspects -- Behavior ,Animal breeding -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
I monitored the breeding biology of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) in a suburban colony in Cook County, Illinois, USA. 1 found a significant statistical correlation between clutch size and the base area of the nest box (r = 0.592, P < 0.0029) with mean clutch size varying from 4.49 eggs (in a 'small' nest box, 112 [cm.sup.2] basal area) to 4.77 eggs (in a 'large' nest box, 221 [cm.sup.2] basal area). Other measures of breeding success (hatching and fledging success, mean egg mass, and nestling condition) had no statistically significant relationship with nest-box size. Measures of nest site preferences, as suggested by earlier date of first egg of season or by greater number of broods per season, also show no statistically significant correlation with nest-box size. Received 28 September 2011. Accepted 12 December 2011., The 'natural' non-cavity nest of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) is a globular structure placed in trees, ~20-25 cm diameter and 15-20 cm height; however, House Sparrows have a close association [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
43. Nesting ecology of the Black-capped Vireo in southwest Texas
- Author
-
Smith, Kathryn N., Cain, III, James W., Morrison, Michael L., and Wilkins, R. Neal
- Subjects
Population biology -- Research ,Bird populations -- Physiological aspects -- Behavior -- Distribution ,Nest building -- Research ,Company distribution practices ,Biological sciences - Abstract
There is little information about nesting ecology of the federally endangered Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapilla) in the southern and western region of its breeding range, which is characterized by xeric thornscrub and patchy low-growing vegetation. We mapped territories and monitored 119 Black-capped Vireo nests across seven study sites in 2009 and 2010 in Val Verde County, Texas in the Devil's River region on the western edge of the Edwards Plateau. We observed 69 nests with cameras to identify nest predators. Clutch size was significantly smaller in 2009 (3.4 ± 0.82) than in 2010 (3.8 ± 0.43). Both nest depredation and parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were > 10% higher in 2009 than in 2010. There was a large diversity of nest predators identified including Brown-headed Cowbird (n = 4), snakes (n = 4), and Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) (n = 3). Species identified that have not been previously observed as Black-capped Vireo nest predators were bobcat (Lynx rufus), common raccoon (Procyon lotor), Greater Roadrunner, and the greater arid-land katydid (Neobarrettia spinosa). Productivity of Black-capped Vireos in the Devil's River area appeared to be heavily influenced by weather, particularly precipitation during the breeding season. Received 13 August 2011. Accepted 15 December 2011., The Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapilla) is a federally endangered migratory songbird (Ratzlaff 1987) with a current known breeding range extending from central Oklahoma south through Texas to the Mexican states [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
44. Nesting of the Cinereous Warbling Finch (Poospiza cinerea) in Southeastern Brazil
- Author
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Wischhoff, Uschi, Marques-Santos, Fernando, and Rodrigues, Marcos
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We describe a nest and nesting activity of the Cinereous Warbling Finch (Poospiza cinerea) in Paredao da Serra do Curral City Park, State of Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil. Little is known about the reproductive biology of this globally vulnerable species. The nest was built with fragments of grass spikes in an Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia). The clutch consisted of three eggs. We describe courtship feeding behavior of the Cinereous Warbling Finch and brood parasitism of the nest by the Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis)., The genus Poospiza (Emberizidae) is wide-spread across South America and the Andes Mountains (Ridgely and Tudor 1989); it includes two endangered Andean species and one vulnerable species in Brazil (BirdLife [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
45. Nesting performance of Peregrine Falcons in Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming, 2005-2009
- Author
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Enderson, James H., Oakleaf, Robert J., Rogers, Ralph R., and Sumner, Jay S.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Peregrine falcon -- Behavior ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We monitored 256 Peregrine Falcon (Falco perigrinus) nest-sites, accumulating 852 site-years in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana during 2005-2009. The sites included 42 selected by the U.S. Fish and WiLdlife Service for its monitoring program in 2006 and 2009. Annual nest occupancy rates ranged from 75 to 100% and varied as much as 10% among years in each state, and 25% among states. Nest success was 77% overall (n = 687), but differed as much as 25% among states in 2009. Reproduction rate was 1.8 young/pair for 687 nesting attempts where outcome was known, and annual state averages ranged from 1.2 to 2.2 young/pair. We discovered or were alerted to 77 pairs at new locations, suggesting that future searches will be successful. Overall, 353 nesting locations in the three states combined had been recorded at the end of the 2009. Wide variations among years in occupancy, nest success, and reproduction underscore the necessity of long-term monitoring of Peregrine Falcons on a regional, rather than a state, perspective., The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming declined to seven known pairs on territory (all in Colorado) in 1974-1976 and, despite annual searches of historical sites, only [...] more...
- Published
- 2012
46. Breeding success and nest site selection by a Caribbean population of Wilson's Plovers
- Author
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Brown, Adam C. and Brindock, Kevin
- Subjects
Breeding colonies -- Research ,Plovers -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We report breeding success of Wilson's Plovers (Charadrius wilsonia) on St. Martin in the Lesser Antilles during 2004. We located 35 nests among six wetlands and apparent nest success was 37.1%. Nest initiation on St. Martin was earlier than in the United States and breeding success was higher earlier in the season than later in the season. There were two distinct peaks in nest initiation; the second peak coincided with peak fledging of chicks from the first nest initiation. Nests on St. Martin were associated with bare ground and were much closer together than in previous studies reported elsewhere. Ten nests were predated by feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and three nests were crushed by vehicles. Received 12 December 2010. Accepted 15 April 2011., Wilson's Plover (Charadrius wilsonia) is distributed along coastal habitats extending from North America to South America including the West Indies (Corbat and Bergstrom 2000). Populations of the Caribbean race (C. [...] more...
- Published
- 2011
47. Nesting of the Pectoral Sparrow (Arremon taciturnus) in Southeastern Peru
- Author
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Valdez-Juarez, Simon O. and Londono, Gustavo A.
- Subjects
Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We report the first detailed account of the breeding biology of the Pectoral Sparrow (Arremon taciturnus). We found 15 dome nests, each containing two eggs in a spherical interior chamber. Eggs were variable in color, ranging from immaculate glossy white to white heavily spotted with brown. Incubation patterns were obtained for six nests for time spans that ranged from 1 to 15 days for a total of 28 days across nests. Incubation in all nests was solely by the female, spending an average of 57% (range = 20-65%) of daylight incubating, leaving the nest an average of 7.4 times per day (range = 4-7) with an average trip length of 46.4 min (range = 6-263 min.). Nest temperature averaged 29.2 ± 2.64° C when the female was incubating and decreased to 26.6 ± 2.43° C during incubation recess. Eggs in only two nests hatched and were monitored for 2 and 9 days. The male provided the young with 75% of the food. Nestlings gained an average of 2.53 g per day. Incubation, provisioning behavior, and egg coloration were similar to other species of Arremon; however, nest shape, location, and materials differ among species. Received 17 January 2011. Accepted 3 June 2011., The genus Arremon is composed of 10 species, eight of which have published nest descriptions (Skutch 1954, Haverschmidt 1968, Tye and Tye 1992, Auer et al. 2007); four only have [...] more...
- Published
- 2011
48. Nesting record and population phenology of the Flammulated Flycatcher (Deltarhynchus flammulatus)
- Author
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Rivera, Jorge H. Vega, Campos-Cerda, Felipe, and Meiners, Manfred
- Subjects
Tyrant flycatchers -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We used mist netting in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve to assess the population phenology of the Flammulated Flycatcher (Deltarhynchus flammulatus), a poorly-known dry forest endemic of the Mexican Pacific Slope. We captured 135 birds (first records only) during 23,515 net hrs over a period of several years which suggests this flycatcher is common at the reserve. Monthly averages of captures (including monthly recaptures) differed between seasons with a peak (71%) during May to August (end of dry season to middle of wet season) and fewer (29%) captures during the rest of the year. Flammulated Flycatchers in breeding condition (n = 38) were captured in June and July. Hatching year birds (n = 8) were captured from 10 July through 11 December. We found an active nest in a cavity on 29 June 2010. We observed pieces of snake skin lining the nest, which may indicate a closer relationship with Myiarchus. Additional knowledge on the ecology and breeding biology of the Flammulated Flycatcher is urgently needed for development of effective conservation plans. Received 25 January 2011. Accepted 22 May 2011., The Flammulated Flycatcher (Deltarhynchus flammulatus) is a little known, monotypic species endemic to the Mexican Pacific Region. Its habitat has been described as open thorn woodland dominated by mesquite (Prosopis [...] more...
- Published
- 2011
49. Breeding ecology of the Emei Shan Liocichla (Liocichla omeiensis)
- Author
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Fu, Yi-Qiang, Dowell, Simon D., and Zhang, Zheng-Wang
- Subjects
Breeding colonies -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Biological sciences - Abstract
We studied the breeding ecology of the Emei Shan Liocichla (Liocichla omeiensis) in two nature reserves (Laojunshan and Wawushan) in Sichuan, China from March to August 2009 and April to August 2010. The breeding density (mean ± SE) was between 1.20 ± 0.46 and 1.55 ± 0.56 males/[km-.sup.2], and the breeding season was from late April to mid-August and from mid-May to late August in Laojunshan Nature Reserve in 2009 and 2010, respectively. This species used the edges of or gaps within natural broadleaf forest between elevations of 1,450 and 2,150 m for nesting. Vegetation around nests was mainly bamboo (Chimonobambusa szechuanensis), small shrubs, and lianes with few large trees. Nests were cup-shaped with a mean height of 137.5 ±4.6 cm above the ground. Nests were mainly in C. szechuanensis. Females laid one egg per day in the morning and the mean (± SE) clutch size was 2.9 ± 0.2 eggs. Incubation started after the last egg was laid. Both males and females were observed participating in incubation, provisioning, and brooding the nestlings. Hatching success, fledging success, and nest success were 58.6, 70.8, and 27.5%, respectively. Nest predation and human disturbances were the two main factors affecting breeding success of Emei Shan Liocichlas. Received 13 January, 2011. Accepted 22 May 2011., The genus Liocichla represents a group of Old World babblers found in Asia from India to China, including Red-faced Liocichla (Liocichla phoenicea), Scarlet-faced Liocichla (L. ripponi), Steere's Liocichla (L. steerii), [...] more...
- Published
- 2011
50. Nest reuse by the Scintillant Hummingbird (Selasphorus scintilla)
- Author
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Triana, Emilia and Sandoval, Luis
- Subjects
Animal behavior -- Research ,Nest building -- Research ,Hummingbirds -- Research -- Behavior ,Biological sciences - Abstract
Nest reuse behavior in birds is rare because nests are ephemeral structures. We describe the first record of multi-season nest reuse by the Scintillant Hummingbird (Selasphorus scintilla). The nest was a multi-cup of four nests with newer nests placed on top of older nests. The nest was under the eave of a roof, which may have reduced nest disintegration and facilitated nest reuse. Received 19 November 2010. Accepted 19 March 2011., Reuse of nests is an uncommon behavior by birds mainly because the nest structure remains intact only for a short period of time after the bird leaves the breeding area [...] more...
- Published
- 2011
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