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Himalayan lakes of Nepal have different conservation pictures. High mountain lakes in Nepel are virgin in terms of human intervention. Lakes in mid-hill and Terai are subjected to different kinds of natural and human pressures that have impacts on degradation and loss of habitat, loss of ecological integrity, and depletion of species abundance and diversity. An alarming problem that the Himalayan lakes are facing is the threat imposed by climate change - over 26 lakes of Nepal are under threats due to GLOF. Their conservation is urgent to serve human civilization since they are sources of freshwater supply to billions of people; they are the gene pools of nationally and globally significant biodiversity; they are sternum of national economy, religioculture; and ecotourism; and the means of survival for 10 percent wetlands dependent ethnic community of Nepal. ILBM is a globally accepted management tool propounded by ILEC which NLCDC see very applicable to address the Himalayan issues. NLCDC has been implementing ILBM from the development of strategic framework of lake conservation to lake inventry and execution of lake restoration programs in Nepal. This paper explains about the Himalyan lake issues, their global significance, trans-Himalayan nature, biodiversity values and threats; and finally focus on ILBM application in Rupa lake, Pokhara. ILBM helps improving governance through strengthening policy, institution, practices, finance, information and technology. Rupa is one of the best demonstrations of ILBM integration for better lake health - better livelihoods.

Fish scale is a calcified tissue that contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone matrix, all of which are similar to those found in mammalian bone. Recently, we developed a new in vitro model system using goldfish scale. This system can detect the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts with AlkaLine Phosphatase (ALP) and Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) as the respective markers and analyze the co-relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Using this system, we indicated that osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities in the scale responded to the simulated microgravity with a three-dimensional clinostat. As these activities in the scale did not change by the stimulation with a two-dimensional clinostat, we believe that the response to simulated microgravity in the scale osteoblasts and osteoclasts is a specific phenomenon. In addition, we analyzed the bone metabolism under 2-, 4-, and 7-gravity (G) loading with a centrifuge and compared them with the control (1-G). The osteoblastic activity significantly increased under 2- and 4-G loading. This activity increased remarkably under 7-G loading. On the other hand, we found that the osteoclastic activity significantly decreased under 2-G loading. Under 4-G loading, there was no significant difference between G-loaded scales and control scales. The osteoclastic activity tended to increase under 7-G loading. These results were similar to our previous study of acceleration by vibration. With the goal of developing a drug for bone diseases, the effect of novel bromomelatonin derivatives on osteoblasts and osteoclasts was examined. All bromomelatonin derivatives had an inhibitory action on osteoclasts. In particular, 1-benzyl-2, 4, 6-tribromomelatonin (benzyl-tribromomelatonin) possessed a stronger activity than melatonin. In reference to osteoblasts, all bromomelatonin derivatives had a stimulatory action. In addition, estrogen receptor mRNA (messenger Ribonucleic Acid) expression (an osteoblastic marker) was increased in benzyl-tribromomelatonin (10(exp -7) M)-treated scales. Therefore, this chemical will be useful to treat bone diseases, such as those experienced in space flight., 資料番号: AA0063706059

In osteoclast activity during space flight, inconsistent results have been reported in an in vivo study while osteoblastic function is consistently reduced by space flight. Bone matrix is an important function in the response to physical stress. However, there is no suitable in vitro co-culture system of osteoblasts and osteoclasts including bone matrix. On the other hand, fish scale is a calcified tissue that contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone matrix, all of which are similar to those found in human bones. Recently, we developed a new in vitro model system using goldfish scale. This system can be used to simultaneously detect the activities of both scale osteoclasts and osteoblasts with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase as the respective markers and precisely analyze the co-relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In our co-culture system, osteoblasts and osteoclasts reacted sensitively to several degrees of acceleration, ultrasound stimulation, and micro-gravity of 3D clinostat. Therefore, we strongly believe that our in vitro co-culture system is suitable model for the analysis of bone metabolism under micro-gravity, such as that experienced in space flight., 資料番号: AA0063349091

第25回宇宙利用シンポジウム(2009年1月14日-15日, 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究本部相模原キャンパス), The Twenty-fifth Space Utilization Symposium (January 14-15, 2009: ISAS/JAXA Sagamihara, Japan), Fish scale is a calcified tissue that contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone matrix, all of which are similar to those found in mammalian membrane bone. Recently, we developed a new in vitro model system using goldfish scales. This system can detect the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) as respective markers and can analyze the co-relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Using this system, we previously indicated that osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities in the scales responded to simulated microgravity with a three-dimensional clinostat. As these activities in the scales were not changed by stimulation with a two-dimensional clinostat, we believe that the response to simulated microgravity in scale osteoblasts and osteoclasts is a specific phenomenon. Thus, to analyze bone metabolism in scales under microgravity conditions such as those experienced during space flights, we examined culture conditions in goldfish scales. We found that normal scales and regenerating scales treated by hypochlorous acid could be cultured in Leibovitz L-15 medium supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum for 1 week at 25 C. After these scales were kept in the above medium at 4 C, the response of hyper-gravity loading under acceleration by vibration (3 G, 10 min) was examined. The TRAP activities in the normal and regenerating scales kept at 4 C for 1 week significantly decreased, while ALP activities in these scales significantly increased. These responses in the scales kept at 4 C for 1 week were very similar to those in the untreated scales just after collection from goldfish. We concluded that fish scales are a suitable material for the analysis of bone metabolism under microgravity conditions, such as those experienced during space flights., 著者人数: 25人, 資料番号: AA0064297063