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Our sensory system (nose) could predict the perceived odour intensity of various materials relatively well and in many cases the nose seems to be a better receptor of pollutants than some equipment. To test this ability with children, odour tests were performed as part of a study performed with 335 primary school children in the air quality test chamber of the SenseLab. Two similar experiments were conducted to assess the identification of potentially recognizable odours for children. The different sources of odour were placed in different containers and the children were asked how they feel about the smell and to identify the source of smell. There were statistically significant differences among children’s evaluations of different smells and it was difficult for them to identify certain sources of smell.

Natural killer (NK) cell activity is influenced by cytokines and microenvironment factors, resulting in remarkably diverse functions, by contributing to inflammatory responses or serving as rheostats of adaptive immunity. Using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we identified a TGFβ1 high CD56 bright NK cell population associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients protected from acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We further define a role for the combination of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in promoting a regulatory phenotype in NK cells. "Induced" regulatory NK cells produce high amounts of TGF-β1, inhibited T cells, could promote naive T cells differentiation into regulatory T cells, and exhibited a unique transcriptional program that includes expression of IKZF2 (HELIOS) and ZNF683 (HOBIT). This phenotype was not stable, and "induced" regulatory NK cells lost the ability to secrete TGF-β1 upon exposure to different cytokines. These findings define protective CD56 bright NK cells post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and demonstrate the combination of IL-2 and TGF-β1 promotes regulatory activity in NK cells., Competing Interests: The authors have submitted a provisional patent application# 63/353,823 with regards to effects of TGF-β1 and IL-2 on human NK cells., (© 2024 The Author(s).)