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Allium species are known as a rich source of many compounds with potential healing effects. Biofortification is recognized as an effective agrotechnical measure for raising the level of biogenic elements—especially microelements in the edible parts of these species, so Allium can be considered as a ‘natural dietary supplement’. The aim of this research was to test the effects of foliar application of Se fertilizer (Na2SeO4) in different doses (control—0, 10, 20 and 30 g per ha) on the content of macro, microelements and secondary metabolites (SMs)—free phenolics, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in the edible parts, i.e., leaves of two selected Allium species in Serbia (A. odorum and A. schoenoprasum), which grew in open field conditions over the course of two growing seasons. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF), as an indicator of the ability of plants to accumulate biogenic elements, was also determined. Although with no full regularity, the dose of 10 g of Se per ha yielded the highest content for the most biogenic elements for both alliums in the first growing season, i.e., a dose of 20 g of Se per ha for A. schoenoprasum, and a dose of 30 g of Se per ha for A. odorum in the second growing season. The obtained results justified the Se-biofortification of different alliums. The BAF values indicated the ability of both Allium species to accumulate S, K and P in their leaves during both growing seasons. The accumulation of potentially toxic elements was not recorded for either species, emphasizing the safety of the produced plant material for human consumption. Additionally, Se-treated plants had higher SM contents compared to control plants. The growing season also showed an impact on SM content; i.e., in the second season, characterized as drought-stressed, the synthesis of SMs was significantly higher compared to that in the first season. Further research should be directed towards finding the appropriate dose of Se, expanded in the sense of conducti

In these researches the plan is to look at the effect of different fertilizers on the quality of tomato seedlings made for open field production (cv. roker). Tomato nursery were grown in containers with 104 openings and saved during the seeding period with three types of fertilizes with: fitofert kristal, fitofert humisuper and slavol. They were used with different percentages, and the time of use was after sowing, with the appearance of first leaf that continued during those seven days from sprouting until the end of the seedling period. The following parameters were determined: plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, stem thickness (mm) and the weight of the plants’ above-ground parts (g). With all of the tested parameters the best results were made with continuous usage of fertilizers. In the container production of tomato seedlings, where the seedlings was being produced in small volume of substrates in short period of time, usage of mineral fertilizers gives overall better results than organic-mineral and microbiological.

The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery for rapid monitoring, water stress detection and yield prediction under different sowing periods and irrigation treatments of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L). The study used a two-factorial split-plot design, divided into subplots. There were three sowing periods (plots; I—mid April, II—end of May/beginning of June, III—third decade of June/beginning of July) and three levels of irrigation (subplots; full irrigation (F)—providing 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), deficit irrigation (R)—providing 80% of ETc, and deficit irrigation (S) providing—60% of ETc). Canopy cover (CC), leaf area index (LAI), transpiration (T) and soil moisture (Sm) were monitored in all treatments during the growth period. A multispectral camera was mounted on a drone on seven occasions during two years of research which provided raw multispectral images. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), MCARI1 (Modified Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index), NDRE (Normalized Difference Red Edge), GNDVI (Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) were computed from the images. The results indicated that NDVI, MCARI1 and GNDVI derived from the UAV are sensitive to water stress in S treatments, while mild water stress among the R treatments could not be detected. The NDVI and MCARI1 of the II-S treatment predicted yields better (r2 = 0.65, y = 4.01 tha−1; r2 = 0.70, y = 4.28 tha−1) than of III-S (r2 = 0.012, y = 3.54 tha−1; r2 = 0.020, y = 3.7 tha−1). The use of NDVI and MCARI will be able to predict common bean yields under deficit irrigation conditions. However, remote sensing methods did not reveal pest invasion, so good yield predictions require observations in the field. Generally, a low-flying UAV proved to be useful for monitoring crop status and predicting yield and water stress in different irrigati

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an annual, leafy crop with a short growth in cool season. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of microbiological fertilisers, genotype and growing seasons on the fresh weight (FW), concentration of nitrate and vitamin C in the rosette (head) of red lettuce. The greenhouse experiment included three cultivars ('Murai', 'Gaugin' and 'Carmesi') of red lettuce grown in fertile soil during successive growing seasons: autumn, winter and spring. Three types of microbiological fertilisers: (1) mixture of fungi and bacteria and their products, referred to as effective microorganisms (EM), (2) containing Trichoderma spp. and (3) mixture of EM and Trichoderma spp., were applied for red lettuce. Microbiological fertilisers were applied in the soil and via foliar spray before planting. Significantly higher FW of the rosette was in spring and winter than in autumn. The 'Murai' showed significantly the highest (264.7 g) FW of the rosette in spring. Trichoderma spp. fertiliser and the combination of effective microorganisms and Trichoderma spp. significantly increased FW of the rosette for the 'Murai' and 'Gaugin' grown in autumn. The highest nitrate concentration was observed for winter grown 'Carmesi' (805.2 mg kg(-1)) treated by effective microorganisms, and the lowest for spring grown 'Gaugin' (62.2 mg kg(-1)) without microbial fertilisers. Generally, the application of microbiological fertilisers contributed to a significantly higher concentration of nitrate in the rosette of red lettuce. The concentration of nitrate did not exceed maximum level for protected lettuce (EC No 563/2002). In spring, significantly the highest concentration of vitamin C (12.2 mg 100 g(-1) FW) was found in the 'Carmesi' treated with Trichoderma spp. Microbiological fertilisers contributed to significantly higher concentration of vitamin C in the 'Gaugin' and 'Carmesi' grown in winter and spring. This study indicated that genotype, treatment and growth seaso

A great number of spring garlic populations are present in Serbia. It is a very heterogeneous biological material. To date, it has been little studied. Therefore, the aim was to study its production and chemical characteristics. Eighteen populations of spring garlic were examined. Most of the production of this garlic in Serbia is based on them. They were examined in Zminjak, which is located in the central Macva (Serbia). The method of field experiments was used. The research lasted for three years. The results comprise two groups of parameters. The first group contains the results which show the most important productive characteristics (weight of bulb, number of cloves per bulb, bulb yield). The second group consists of the parameters for chemical characteristics of the investigated populations (dry matter, etheric oil, and alliin). In this case, the populations demonstrated a significant influence, and their stability was also very conspicuous. Most of the investigated populations of spring garlic can serve as a good resultant material for obtaining new cultivars. The populations can be classified as follows: SG-18, SG-25, SG-28, SG-16, SG-29 (yield), SG-21, SG-26 (technological quality) and SG-29, SG-18, SG-16 (foodstuff and pharmaceutical quality). They can remain as populations, but it would be significantly better to create new cultivars by using them.

The stability of bioactive components: vitamin C and phenols in thermally processed tomato juice for 12 months in three different storage conditions was studied. The experiment was carried out on thermally treated tomato juice made from a selected line of industrial tomatoes (SPO-109). Mashed tomato juice without skin and seeds was cooked for 7 min at 100oC. The samples were stored in the light at +20oC; in the dark at +20oC; and in the dark at +4oC. The measurement of the changes of the bioactive components parameters during 12 months of storage was performed at 2 month-intervals. Degradation of phenols was not significant for 12 months of storage. Different ambient conditions caused significant changes and loss of nutrients. Vitamin C was lost when stored in the light for the first two months of storage (30.35%), and after one year from 41.56% for storage in the dark at +20oC (24.58%), and 25.51% at +4oC. There was no difference in vitamin C content when stored in dark conditions at different temperatures, while significantly important differences were found between storing in the light and storing in the dark at + 20oC and + 4oC, respectively.

In the present research, the chemical composition of aerial parts of cultivated citral chemotype of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae), growing at different soil conditions was studied. Two plant lineages were unfertilized or treated using either nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizers at different concentration levels. Essential oil (EO) content, EO composition, and composition of hydromethanol extracts (MEs) were compared to the results obtained for wild growing plants in order to evaluate the potential of T. pannonicus for its industrial production. EO content (%, V/m) in cultivated samples varied between 0.32-0.75% and 0.62-1.05% within two examined lineages, whereas the herbs from the natural habitat contained 0.49-1.29% of EO. GC-FID/MS analysis showed that citral, i.e. mixture of isomers geranial and neral, was the most abundant constituent in all EOs (51.90-81.96%). HPLC analysis revealed that total caffeic acid derivatives, with rosmarinic acid (RA) as the most abundant compound in all extracts, as well as total apigenin glycosides contents were significantly higher in the extracts originating from the cultivated herbs (112.15-184.94 mg/g and 5.08-15.29 mg/g, respectively), in comparison to the extracts of the herbs from the natural habitats (67.61-98.75 mg/g and 1.17-1.32 mg/g). In general, the composition of cultivated herbs varied less than that of samples originating from natural habitats, indicating that controlled cultivation of citral chemotype of T. pannonicus can provide herbal drug with favourable characteristics. Only minor differences were observed between cultivated samples treated with different fertilizers.

This research aimed to determine the effects of different cover crops and application of bio-fertilizer on dynamic of nitrogen in the soil and sweet maize yield. Also, we evaluated the effect of fall-winter species (common vetch, field pea, winter oats, fodder kale) and a mixture of vetch and field pea with oats used as cover crops, as such as dead organic mulch and traditional variant, without coverage on biomass, chlorophyll and protein content in leaves and grain of main crop. Biomass production and N uptake by cover crops ranged from 4.25 to 90.20 kg ha(-1) and from 0.34 to 133.80 kg ha(-1) N, respectively, depending on cover crop type. At harvest soil nitrate content in treatments with cover crops was 50-90% lower than in the control, reducing spring N leaching risk. Residual mineral N significantly increased with application of microbiological fertilizer. The chlorophyll content of the main crop was significantly lower in treatments without cover crops. Consequently, sweet maize yield was the highest in fodder kale and field pea (7263.83 and 7177.27 kg ha(-1)) treatments, but the smallest in winter oat and common vetch (6802.47 and 6184.14 kg ha(-1)). In terms of all investigated traits, particularly grain yield, cover crops and microbiological fertilizer expressed more efficiency in the dry year. It could be concluded that N content should be controlled effectively by sowing main crops after planting of cover crops in biological farming systems in a semiarid region.

The aim of this study was to find an optimal way of tomato drying in a tunnel type dryer, in order to achieve the lowest possible losses in nutritive value of dried tomato products. Domestic variety of tomato (SP-109) was used in this research. Drying was performed in three ways, applying five temperature regimes, as follows: cocurrent system (variant 1 at 70-80 oC; variant 2 at 90-75 oC), countercurrent system (variant 1 at 55-65 oC, variant 2 at 65-75 oC) and combined system (85-55 oC and 55-65 oC). In these systems, the kinetic of changes in nutritive value of tomato fruits was monitored by measuring the content of carbohydrates, lycopene and vitamin C. Different influences of temperature regimes on nutritive value of dried tomato were observed at the level of statistical difference (LSD 0.05; 0.01) in the researched systems. Cocurrent system was statistically significant for differences in temperature modes (variant 1 and variant 2). Monitoring of the tomato drying kinetics showed that, in all variants, period of constant drying rate lasted about 3.5 h and that the total drying was the fastest in parallel cocurrent flow of non-saturated hot air and material. The content of total carbohydrates in tomato was dependent on the temperature regime of the tested drying systems. The carbohydrate content obtained in tomato samples dried at lower temperatures was higher compared to the values observed in the samples dried at higher drying temperatures. Significant losses of vitamin C were determined in all drying systems. The lycopene content under all experimental conditions generally showed a tendency to decrease slightly. Comparing its content in dry and fresh tomato fruits, the loss ranged from 4.94% to 19.98% but did not reach the significant level as the occurrence remained below 95% of cases., Cilj ove studije bio je pronalaženje optimalnog načina sušenja paradajza u tunelskom tipu sušara kako bi se smanjili gubici vrednosti nutritijenata kod sušenog proizvoda paradajza. U ovom istraživanju korišćena je domaća sorta paradajza (SP-109). Istraživanje je izvedeno u tunelskom tipu sušara na tri načina u pet temperaturnih režima. Sušenje je izvedeno u sistemu paralelnog (varijanta 1 na 70-80 oC, varijanta 2 na 90-75 oC), suprotnosmernom (varijanta 1 na 55-65 oC, varijanta 2 na 65-75 oC) i kombinovanog sistema strujanja vazduha (85-55 oC i 55- 65 oC). U ovim sistemima sušenja praćena je kinetika promena nutritivnih vrednosti ploda paradajza: sadržaj ugljenih hidrata (%), likopena i askorbinske kiseline (vitamin C). Utvrđeni su različiti uticaji temperaturnih režima na nivou statističke razlike (LSD 0.05; 0.01) ispitivanih sistema za nutritivnu vrednost sušenog paradajza. Paralelni sistem je bio statistički značajan za razlike u varijanti temperature 1 i varijanti 2. Prateći kinetiku sušenja paradajza utvrđeno je da u svim varijantama period konstantnog sušenja traje oko 3,5 časa i da je za ukupno sušenje najbrži paralelni protok toplog vazduha i materijala. Sadržaj ugljenih hidrata u uzorcima paradajza koji su sušeni na nižim temperaturama bio je veći u poređenju sa sadržajem ugljenih hidrata koji je utvpđen u uzorcima osušenim na višim temperaturama sušenja. Na nižim temperaturama njihov sadržaj je bio veći nego kod viših temperatura sušenja. Značajni gubici vitamina C određeni su u svim sistemima sušenja. Vrednost likopena u svim eksperimentalnim uslovima sušenja pokazuje tendenciju blagog smanjenja. Poredeći sadržaj u suvim i svežim plodovima paradajza, gubitak je bio od 4,94% do 19,98%, ali ne na značajnom nivou.

The objective of this study was the determination of total antioxidant activity, contents of vitamin E, sugar and total dry matter in fresh and thermally processed (dried and juiced) tomato fruits of different selected tomato lines with the aim to establish the nutritive profile and distinguish superior genotypes in order to obtain high-quality final product with more benefit to human health. Content of vitamin E, total antioxidant activity, dry matter and total sugars, in fresh and dried fruits (dried in parallel hot air dryer at 60 °C, until the final product reached the moisture lower than 10% and in tomato juice pasteurized at 100 °C, for 7 minutes) was studied. Comparative trial with 7 genotypes: one commercial variety (SP-109) and 6 selected high inbreeding generation lines (SPP, SPSM, SPRZ, SPRM-20, S-60 and SPO), was set up. Genotype SPRZ had the highest vitamin E content and total antioxidant capacity, both in fresh fruit and after the treatments. Thermal processing by drying at 60°C and pasteurization of tomato changed the level of total sugar and dry matter content. Total antioxidant activity decreased by drying, comparing to fresh fruit while the level of vitamin E decreased in juice pasteurized at high temperature (100 °C). ., Cilj istraživanja je određivanje ukupne antioksidativne aktivnosti, sadržaja vitamina E, sadržaja šećera i ukupne suve materije u svežim i termički obrađenim (sušeni plodovi i sok) plodovima različitih selekcionih linija paradajza, sa ciljem utvrđivanja nutritivnog kvaliteta i izdvajanja superiornih genotipova, čijom preradom bi se dobio kvalitetniji krajnji proizvod sa pozitivnim dejstvom na ljudsko zdravlje. Ispitivani su sadržaj vitamina E, ukupna antioksidativna aktivnost, suva materija, i ukupni sadržaj šećera, kod svežih plodova, sušenih plodova (sušenje toplim vazduhom na 60 °C, do konačne vlage uzorka manje od 10%) i soka paradajza (pasterizacijom na 100 °C, u trajanju od 7 minuta). Izveden je komparativni ogled sa 7 genotipova, jedna komercijalna sorta (SP-109) i 6 selekcionisanih linija (SPP, SPSM, SPRZ, SPRM-20, S-60 I SPO) visokih generacija inbridinga. Termička obrada plodova paradajza (sušenjem na 60 °C) i pravljenjem soka dovodi do promene ukupnog sadržaja šećera i sadržaja ukupne suve materije. Ispitivanjem ukupne antioksidativne aktivnosti utvrđeno je da se ona gubi sušenjem u odnosu na svež plod, a sadržaj vitamina E se smanjio u soku koji je dobijen obradom na višim temperaturama (100 °C). Genotip SPRZ imao je najviše vrednosti za sadržaj vitamina E i ukupan antioksidativni kapacitet kako u svežem stanju tako i nakon primenjene obrade. Izborom superiornih genotipova i akumulacijom nutrijenata kroz oplemenjivačke programe, može se poboljšati kvalitet krajnjeg proizvoda i postići dobijanje prerađevina sa većim pozitivnim uticajem na zdravlje ljudi.

The applicability of the FAO AquaCrop model to simulate sweet pepper growth with and without plastic film mulching under different water supply and weather conditions is assessed. Pepper yield and biomass are simulated using the results of a two-year (2012 and 2013) field experiment conducted in Stara Pazova and a three-year (2011, 2012 and 2013) field experiment in Sombor, both in Serbia. The year 2012 was much warmer and drier than the two other years. At the Stara Pazova site, black plastic mulch was used and three different irrigation treatments applied: 1) full irrigation (F), at 100% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration); 2) deficit irrigation (R), at 80% of ETc; and 3) deficit irrigation (S), at 70% of ETc. In Sombor, only full irrigation (F*) was applied and there was no mulching. Two different cultivars (cv. Elephant Ear and Misina) were grown in Stara Pazova and Sombor, respectively. The model was calibrated using data from the F-treatment in 2012 at Stara Pazova and F*-treatment in 2011 at Sombor, given that the highest yields were recorded in these two cases. The difference between the measured and simulated values was 2.9% and 7.5% for yield and 7.6% and -14.3% for biomass, in Stara Pazova and Sombor, respectively. The calibration results showed a very good agreement between the measured and simulated values. The deviation of simulated yields from the measured values in the validation data set depended on weather and soil conditions. Namely, the match was very good in the case of well-watered pepper grown without plastic film mulching in the average year at Sombor (1.2%), and was the worst in the extremely warm year (-45.2%). Similar differences were noted in biomass. Based on statistical indicators, the coefficient of determination (R-2) of pepper yield at Stara Pazova and Sombor was 0.61 and 1.00 and the Willmott index of agreement (d), 0.79 and 0.89, respectively. Thus the AquaCrop model simulates the yield of pepper grown with and without plastic film mu

The success in growing agricultural plants depends on genotype grown, environment and growing technology applied. The impacts of these factors should not be studied separately. Interaction among genotypes and environment was crucial for breeding work and improvement of variety characteristics. Very often in production practice it happens that when comparing the same varieties in different soil and weather conditions they are ranked differently. One of the key aims set at the breeders is breeding for the traits of wide adaptability and calculating of the complex components of genetic variance which is the main condition for successful breeding program such as breeding for increased yield and yield components. Trial was set up at random block system in five repetitions. Ten onion genotypes from the Institute for Vegetable Crops germplasm were used in this trial. After choosing the most stabile genotypes, they were crossed by applying full diallel without reciprocals. Then, a field trial was set up with parents and hybrids of F-1 and F-2 generation. The experiment has been set up at the trial field of the Institute for Vegetable Crops in Smederevska Palanka, for three years. The best adaptability in the experiment, for mass of the onion bulb had genotypes Makoi bronzi and Holandski zuti, while for average yield, it was Jasenicki crveni. Also, components of genetic variance in both progeny generations were calculated for mass, yield and height of fresh bulb. The most common heredity mode for mass and yield of the bulb was super-domination and domination of a better parent.

Field experiments were conducted to study green garlic response to the following plant densities: 300,000; 450,000; 600,000; 750,000 and 900,000 plants/ha. The experiment lasted for two years. Plant measurements started 40 days after planting (DAP) and were performed at ten-day intervals. Eight measurements per year were made in total and the following traits were measured: leaf number per plant, leaf surface area and leaf area index (LAI). These parameters were used to determine the effects of stand density on the photosynthetic apparatus of the garlic plant. These effects were found to be present, but to varying degrees. Stand density had the strongest effect on LAI and the smallest on leaf area. The data collected during the experiment and the appearance of the garlic plants themselves showed that the crop performed best at moderate stand densities (600,000 and 750,000 plants/ha). At such densities, garlic developed a powerful photosynthetic apparatus and the bulbs were large and uniform.

The aim was to test the late maturing cabbage cultivars. The following seed quantities were used for sowing: 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6g/m2. Nursery plants were weighed on day 38 (following germination). The following data were recorded: plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area and leaf weight. A smaller amount of seeds contributed to a more favourable quality of nursery plants but tended to decrease the number of plants per m2. Moderate seed amounts (3-5g/m2) were the most favourable. Five-leaf cabbage nursery plants were the most convenient for planting., Ispitan je rasad koji nalazi primenu u kasnoj proizvodnji kupusa. Korišćene su sledeće količine semena: 2, 3, 4, 5 i 6g/m2 zemljišta. Za merenje rasada iz ogleda su uzimani odgovarajući uzorci. Dobijeni su podaci za visinu biljke, broj i površinu listova po biljci, te masu biljke (nadzemni deo). Manje količine semena dale su kvalitetniji rasad, ali su smanjile broj biljaka po jedinici površine (m2). Najbolje su umerene količine semena (3-5g/m2). Rasadni period je trajao 38 dana.

Molecular characterisation was performed on phytoplasma strains collected in Semberia region of Bosnia and Herzegovina from symptomatic maize, pepper and celery and resulted infected with 'Ca. P. solani', by a multigene RFLP and sequencing study. The RFLP analyses on tuf, secY, vmp1 and stamp genes allow to differentiate 8 lineages in the 13 positive samples obtained, indicating the presence of different 'Ca. P. solani' lineages. Three lineages were detected in the seven samples of maize, each of the four pepper samples was infected by a different lineage, and one of these was also found in one of the two celery samples. The phyto-plasmas in the other celery sample represent a further lineage. The identification of a number of lineages in these crops compared to the 4 detected in grapevine in previous surveys, allow to speculate about the presence of insect vectors that could be different in the case of these crops from those reported for grapevine or of possible increasing of phytoplasma biodiversity by their possible seed transmission.

The aim of the study was to analyze pepper seedling growth on five substrates containing soil and lubricum. Soil content in the substrates ranged from 50 to 90%. Lubricum content ranged from 10 to 50%. The content of the control substrate was entirely soil. The following parameters were monitored: plant height, number of leaves per plant and plant weight. The average seedling plant height was 20.82 cm. Lubricum content in the substrate contributed to a significant increase of both seedling plant height (by 5.63 cm) and plant weight (by 2.73 g). On average plant weight was 6.60 g. Lubricum had no effect on leaf number per plant. The average number of leaves was 7.23. The effect of lubricum content in the substrate on seedling plants was significant., Rasad je ispitan na supstratima (smešama) koji su se sastojali od zemlje i glistenjaka. Sadržaj zemlje u supstratima kretao se od 50 do 90%, a sadržaj glistenjaka se kretao od 10 do 50%. Kao kontrola poslužio je supstrat u kome se nalazila samo zemlja. Uzeti su podaci za visinu biljke, broj listova po biljci i masu biljke. Glistenjak je uticao na dva parametra, a to su visina i masa biljke. One su povećane. Visina je povećana za 5,63 cm, a masa za 2,73 g. Prosečna vrednost za visinu biljke dostigla je 20,82 cm, dok je za masu dostigla 6,60 g. Broj listova po biljci nije se menjao. Rasad je bio dosta ujednačen, a samo je na zemlji (kontrola) i na supstratu zemlja 90% + glistenjak 10% bio nešto lošiji. Zbog toga udeo glistenjaka u supstratu ne treba da iznosi više od 20%.

One of the most important traits of onion bulb is its bulb fresh weight. Also, this trait is in a group of morphological markers that, together with RAPD, represent the parameter of the most precise identification of onion genotype. For the purpose of this study, the chosen genotypes were: Makoi bronzi, Piroska, AC 101, Jasenicki crveni, Bukino beo. Also, they were of a different geographical origin. Method of full diallel without reciprocals was applied in order to obtain F1 and F2 generation. Field trial with parents and hybrids F1 and F2 generation was set in a random block system with five replications at the Institute for Vegetable Crops, Smederevska Palanka, Serbia. Considering all crossing combinations, super-domination and domination are the modes of inheritance for bulb fresh weight. The best general combiner was the line Makoi bronzi. The highest level of SCA in F1 and F2 generation was found in hybrid combination Makoi bronzi x Piroska. Also, this hybrid combination had the highest values of heterosis., Među najbitnije proizvodne osobine lukovice crnog luka ubraja se njena masa. Zatim, ova osobina spada u grupu morfoloških markera koja zajedno sa primenom molekularnih markera (RAPD), služi kao parametar za najtačniju identifikaciju genotipova crnog luka. U cilju ispitivanja načina nasleđivanja ove osobine izvršeno je ukrštanje između pet divergentnih genotipova crnog luka, različitog geografskog porekla. Primenjen je metod punog dialela bez recipročnih ukrštanja, radi dobijanja potomstva F1 i F2 generacije. Poljski ogled sa roditeljima i hibridima F1 i F2 generacije postavljen je po slučajnom blok sistemu u pet ponavljanja u Institutu za povrtarstvo, Smederevska Palanka. Uzevši u obzir sve kombinacije ukrštanja, može se zaključiti da superdominacija i dominacija predstavljaju način nasleđivanja mase lukovice. Najbolji opšti kombinator bila je linija Makoi bronzi. Najvišu vrednost za SCA u F1 i F2 generaciji imao je hibrid nastao ukrštanjem linija Makoi bronzi x Piroška. Takođe, ova hibridna kombinacija imala je i najveće izračunate vrednosti za heterozis.

Basil nursery plants (Ocimum basilicum L.) was produced in containers. Viva, Actiwave and Radifarm were the biostimuli added in nursery plants production, in the concentrations of 0,20 and 0,40%. The experiment included seven versions. Biostimulators Viva were used to water the planting each 10 days, while Actiwave and Radifarm was used for the same purpose each 15 days. Research results indicate considerable, positive effect of the use of natural biostimulators in the production of basil nursery plants. The best quality of nursery plants was achieved when Actiwave biostimulators was used in concentrations of 0,40%., U savremenoj biljnoj proizvodnji prisutni su različiti biostimulatori koji utiču na razvoj biljaka. Rasad bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum L.) je proizveden u kontejnerima. Prilikom proizvodnje rasada dodavani su sledeći biostimulatori: Viva, Actiwave i Radifarm u koncentracijama od 0,20% i 0,40%. Ogled se sastojao od sedam varijanti. Rasad je zalivan biostimulatorom Viva na svakih 10 dana, a biostimulatorima Actiwave i Radifarm na svakih 15 dana. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na značajan, pozitivan, efekat upotrebe prirodnih biostimulatora u proizvodnji rasada bosiljka. Najbolji kvalitet rasada postignut je upotrebom biostimulatora Actiwave i to u koncentraciji od 0,40%.

The Republic of Serbia is known as a producer of wide range honey varieties. The Vlasina plateau in the south part of Serbia covers the area of 12740.90 ha. According to the Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Serbia ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 30/06) Vlasina area is protected as a landscape of outstanding features and categorized as a natural resource of great importance for the Republic. The diversity and specificity of biotopes Vlasina areas have caused a high diversity of flora, vegetation, fauna and ecosystems that are characterized by high degree of origins and authenticity of natural features. The area is habitat for a number of natural rarities, as well as natural phenomena. Beekeepers in the area mainly deal with stationed beekeeping in beekeeping directly at Vlasina plateau. The aim of this paper was to find out whether producers of Vlasina honey are familiar with geographical indications (GIs) and to determine their perception and attitudes about these indications. The article presents the results of a research that shows that only a small part of producers are familiar with GIs. This group believes that GIs would have positive effect on honey competitiveness and especially on marketing, increasing sales prices and reduce a black market. The results suggest that there is a need of better information regarding GIs.

Traditional and typical agri-food products in the Republic Serbia have an important place in consumption. These products, especially from the Pester region in the South-Western of the Republic of Serbia where the Sjenica cheese is produced, have a good image in the Serbian market. From the market side there are no difficulties for commercialisation of traditional and typical agri-food products. However, only some of them are protected properly, while for the majority there is no protection of any kind and many of them are at risk to be lost from the market and therefore the agrifood potential would be not valorised. Evidence from other countries, especially from the EU, showed that Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) could ensure proper valorisation of agri-food potential and improve marketing. The objective of this paper was to analyse how PGI of Sjenica Cheese could allow preserving and valorising of resources of Pester region.

Basil (Ocimum spp. L, family Lamiaceae) has been grown traditionally in Serbia for decorative, medicinal, and as a spice used in cooking. In Orthodoxy it is used in religious services, and in India and Pakistan basil it is an herb dedicated to the Goddess Tulsa. Secondary metabolites from Ocimum species possess an exceptional biological activity and have: bactericide, fungicide, repellent, antiinflammatory, antioxidative, antidiarrheic, chemopreventive and radioprotective effects. The antioxidant potential of different genotypes was examined of Basil from Serbia according to their anti-radical capacity (Free Scavenging Capacity - RSC).The analyzed genotypes included: Genovese, Lattuga, Fino Verde, HolanDanin, Compact, Lime, Cinnamon, Siam Queen, Blu Spice, Purple Ruffles, Purple Opal, Osmin and Holy Red. The DPPH assay was used to measure stable free radicals. The analysis of these genotypes indicate that Purple Opal has the highest antioxidant potential of IC50=0,14 mg/ml.

The goal of this work was to apply peat from Gaj and to estimate its suitability as a supstrate component for the lemon balm nursery production. Peat was improved by adding different ratios of manure and water soluble mineral fertilizer. Twelve substrates were tested. Control variants were: pure peat (100%) and a commercial substrate. Manure amounts of 10-15 vol% were added to the remaining variants. Water soluble mineral fertilizer formulations 20:20:20+ trace elements at the following rates 1.3, 1.9, 2.5, 3.1 and 3.7 g/l were added to peat. Obtained results show that the best lemon balm nursery quality was obtained in a case of the production in the substrate containing peat from Gaj and manure at the ratio of 70% : 30%. Among different dosages of used water soluble fertilizers, the 1.9 g L-1 dose had the best effect on quality of the lemon balm nursery production. The obtained results are significant for the application and improvement of local peat as the main component in the nursery production of medicinal, aromatic and seasoning herbs in Serbia., Cilj ovog rada bila je primena domaćeg treseta iz Gaja i ocena njegove pogodnosti kao komponente supstrata u proizvodnji rasada matičnjaka. Treset je oplemenjen dodavanjem stajnjaka i vodorastvorljivog mineralnog đubriva u različitim odnosima. Ispitano je ukupno 12 supstrata. Kontrolne varijante su predstavljale: čist treset (100%) i komercijalni supstrat. U ostalim varijantama dodavan je stajnjak u količini od 10-50 vol%. Tresetu je dodavano i vodorastvorljivo mineralno đubrivo formulacije 20:20:20 + mikroelementi u dozama od 1,3, 1,9, 2,5, 3,1 i 3,7 g/l. Ispitivanja su pokazala da se najbolji kvalitet rasada matičnjaka dobija proizvodnjom na supstratu koji se sastoji od treseta i stajnjaka u odnosu 70%:30%. Od upotrebljenih količina vodorastvorljivog đubriva, doza od 1,9 g/l ostvarila je nabolji efekat na kvalitet rasada matičnjaka. Dobijeni rezultati istraživanja imaju značaj u primeni i promociji domaćeg treseta kao glavne komponente supstrata namenjenih proizvodnji rasada lekovitog, aromatičnog i začinskog bilja u Srbiji.

In Serbia, basil has been grown traditionally as a decorative, medicinal, seasoning and ritual herb, and there is a variety of different populations of basil. Basil is considered to have been brought to Serbia in the 12th century by monks returning from their pilgrimages. Essential oils isolated from herb of ten basil populations traditionally grown on the territory of the Republic of Serbia have been analyzed. The selected populations have been designated under codes from T-1 to T-10 and deposited in the Plant Genes Bank of Serbia and at the Institute for Crop Sciences of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade. Essential oils of all tested basil populations were light yellow and had a specific aromatic scent. The composition of essential oil in the dry herb of the tested populations ranged from 0.87 to 1.84%. The results of gas chromatographic analysis of essential oils in tested basil populations pointed to their complex chemical composition and to the fact that they belong to the most appreciated European chemotype. In total, 33 components have been identified in the essential oils. The most common fraction of components in all tested oils was terpenoides. The predominant component in all essential oils is monoterpen linalol, ranging from 51.52 to 74.73%. Phenylpropranoid methylchavicol ranged from 2.49 to 18.97%. Essential oils of populations T-6, T-7, T-8 and T-10 were characterized by elevated 1.8-cineol (4.44, 3.70, 4.01 and 3.43%, respectively). Populations T-3 and T-4 in essential oil contained higher percent of geraniol (4.27 and 3.31%, respectively). In all ten essential oils sesquiterpen fraction consisted of greater number of components, with germacrene having special significance as it was found in high percentage in all populations. The highest content of germacrene was registered in population T-9 (4.30%), T-10 (4.18%), while in others it ranged from 2.17 to 3.69%. Basil populations traditionally grown in Serbia have exceptional quality., Analizirano je etarsko ulje izolovano iz herbe deset populacija bosiljka koje se tradicionalno gaje na teritoriji Republike Srbije. Sadržaj etarskog ulja u suvoj herbi ispitivanih populacija se kretao od 0,87 do 1,84%. Rezultati gasnohromatografske analize etarskih ulja ispitivanih populacija bosiljka ukazuju na njihov složen hemijski sastav i da pripadaju najcenjenijem evropskom hemotipu. Dominantna komponenta kod svih deset etarskih ulja je monoterpen linalol i kreće se u rasponu od 51,52 do 74,73%. Fenilpropranoid metil kavikol se kreće od 2,49 do 18,97%. Etarsko ulje populacija T6, T-7, T-8 i T-10 karakteriše se povišenim 1,8 cineolom (4,44, 3,70, 4,01 i 3,43%, redom). Populacije T-3 i T-4 u etarskom ulju sadrže veći procenat geraniola (4,27 i 3,31%, redom), Najveći sadržaj germakrena D registrovan je kod populacije T-9 (4,30%) i T-10 (4,18%), dok se kod ostalih kretao od 2,17 do 3,69%.

The paper deals with the effect of pre-winter sowing on earliness and yield of spinach. Sowing was conducted late in the autumn (November-December), i.e. before harsh frosts. Spring sowing served as the control. It was established that pre-winter sowing significantly increased the earliness of spinach and decreased its yield. Due to favorable effect on earliness, pre-winter sowing should be applied in the production of this vegetable. Early spinach is a commodity which is highly requested on the market and is placed on the market at a high price., Spanać je ispitivan u rejonu Beograda (Radmilovac). Ispitivanja su trajala od 1994/95. do 1996/97. godine. Korišćena je predzimska i prolećna setva (kontrola). Predzimska setva je značajno povećavala ranostasnost spanaća. To se najviše ispoljilo u 1994/95. godini (blaga zima), gde je predzimski spanać bio ranostasniji za 24 dana. Na drugom mestu je 1996/97. godina, sa ostvarenom razlikom od 18 dana. U 1996/97. godini predzimski spanać je bio uspešniji za 6 dana. To nije slučajno, jer se radi godini koja nije bila naklonjena spanaću (hladno, vlažno vreme). U celini gledano, predzimska setva je povećala ranostasnost spanaća za 16 dana. Spanać je davao dobar prinos. Prolećna setva je bila osetno uspešnija, a razlika iznosi 3,71t/ha. Prinos je u proseku dostigao 12,35 t/ha (10,49 i 14,20 t/ha). .

Tomato investigations were carried out under greenhouse and field conditions. The aim was to determine the extent to which greenhouse conditions influence the chemical composition of tomato fruits. Plants grown under field conditions were used as the control. Tomato trials were performed during different periods. Greenhouse trials were carried out in the winter and the spring period (January-June), and field trials in the spring and the summer period (May-September). Zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) content was established in ripe tomato fruits. Greenhouse conditions were found to effect zinc and iron content in tomato, whereas copper content was unaltered., Paradajz je proučavan u stakleniku i na otvorenom polju. Proučavanja su obavljena da bi se odredio uticaj staklenika na hemijski sastav plodova paradajza. Otvoreno polje je uzeto kao kontrola. Ogledi sa paradajzom su izvođeni u različito vreme. U stakleniku su izvođeni u toku zime i proleća (januar-juni), a na otvorenom polju su izvođeni u toku proleća i leta (maj-septembar). U zrelim plodovima paradajza određen je sadržaj cinka (Zn), gvožđa (Fe) i bakra (Cu). Staklenik je uticao na sadržaj cinka i gvožđa u paradajzu, dok se sadržaj bakra nije menjao.